• Earthquakes and Structures
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• v.18 no.6
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• pp.731-742
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• 2020

Due to incessant earthquakes, many historic South Nias traditional timber houses have been damaged while some still stand today. As Nias is part of an extremely active tectonic region and the buildings are getting older by day, it is essential that these unique houses are well maintained and functioning well. A post-earthquake condition assessment was conducted on 2 selected buildings; 'Building A' survived the seismic shakings while 'Building B' got severely damaged. The overall condition assessment of "Building A' was found out to be poor and the main structural members were not performing as intended. In 'Building B', the columns were not well anchored to the ground, no tie beams to tie the columns together, and eventually, the timber columns moved in various directions during the earthquake. The frequent earthquakes along with deterioration due to lack of proper maintenance program are responsible for the non-survival of the buildings. Thus, a process guideline for managing the maintenance of these buildings was proposed. This is necessary because managing the maintenance works could help to extend the life of the buildings and seek to avoid the need for potentially expensive and disruptive intervention works, which may damage the cultural significance of the buildings.

• Journal of architectural history
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• v.16 no.5
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• pp.7-20
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• 2007

Bong-amsa Temple is a special temple in the custody of Jogye sect, a branch of Buddhism in Korea. Due to limited public access to this temple, its Geungnakjeon(paradise shrine) has been little known to outside. But it is known that the Geungnakjeon has been not yet explored from academic standpoints in terms of its historical establishment as well as applications, and it would be two-storied wooden pagoda or the like. In order to examine its historical establishment, this study investigated historical records related to Bong-amsa Temple and its intrinsic architectural style. As a result, it was estimated that the building was established around the transitional period ranging from the late Koryo dynasty to the early Joseon dynasty. And it was found that the Geungnakjeon is not the two-storied wooden pagoda, but the unique building including an incidental component called Chayanggan(遮陽間; a sort of stepped penthouse) in Korea. In order to examine its possible applications, this study compared this building with other Buddhist funeral articles in forms similar thereto, such as Buddhist pagoda(僧塔), sarira container(舍利器) and Gamnodo(甘露圖) which depicts Byeoknyeon Daeban(碧蓮臺畔; a palanquin carrying malignant spirit). Then, this study estimated its possible applications on the basis of relevant historical literatures. As a result, it was found that this building was used as Wondang(願堂; a sort of Buddhist prayer house) to wish royal family's going to Nirvana after death, and it was not Confucian-style architecture popularized in the era of Joseon dynasty, but Buddhist-style architecture built widely from the era of Koryo dynasty to the early Joseon dynasty.

• The Korean Journal of Quaternary Research
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.31-39
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• 2011

Phytolith of soil in earthenware buried in the wooden chamber tombs at the archaeological site in Hwangseong-dong, Gyeongju along Hyeongsan River are analyzed. The study area has adjoined the seat of government during approximately thousand years in Shilla Dynasty and can be regarded as being closely related to the agricultural activities using the floodplains of Hyeongsan River. By the analytical results, Phragmites, Paniceae and Andropogoneae as well as Oryza sativa are found in the lower horizons, indicating the agricultural activities in the nearby areas. It is suggested for understanding the use of earthenware that the comparisons of buried soils in the site and soils in the earthenware and analysis on the macro plant fossils of soil in the earthenware are needed.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF PACKAGING SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.51-61
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• 1995

This paper is discussed on the prospects of packaging industry and technologies of Japan for comming 21th century. It is clear that packaging industry depends on living style and social mechanizms. A trends of numerical consumption, amounts of money and composisition of packaging materials are one of a measure of development of packaging industry. Total consumption of packaging materials in Japan of 1965, 1980 and 1993 were $6,344.5{\times}10^3,\;15,898.7{\times}10^3\;and\;21,603.3{\times}10^3$ tons respectively and also, shipping money of packaging materials were $7,073{\times}10^{11},\;45,421{\times}10^{11}\;and\;63,902{\times}10^{11}$ yen, respectively. It is estimated from these data that the packaging industry is also increasing in future according of GNP of country. Compositions of packaging materials from 1965 to 1993, however, are somewhat changing according to development of new materials or social conditions such as platics packaging or wooden packaging materials. Technical forcasts of packaging industry are shown from view point of national living style, energy and resorces as well as environment of world based on forcasting committee of pulp & paper in Japan, report of research committee for the 21th packaging in JPI and materials of symposium in Kanagawa University in this paper. As a my conclusion, many functional packaging materials shall be developed in the future and accordingly Life Cycle Assesment plays a important role of packaging fields. Furthermore, I am estimating in future the new cellulosic materials such as nonwood fiber resources instead of paper, board, wooden containers and a part of plastic packaging materials shall be developed. This paper is constructed by three items as follow:

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.48 no.5
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• pp.618-630
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• 2020

Muna teakwood, especially from old stands, has been popular as raw material for timber industries in Indonesia for the past ten decades. Due to the scarcity of this wood, superior-grown seedlings of Muna teakwood have been developed and widely planted. Since there is no information on its characteristics, therefore, the aim of this research was to investigate wood characteristics of the 8-year-old superior-grown teak from Muna Island to ensure their proper utilization as raw material for wooden furniture. Wood discs and boards from basal area of three different trees were used as the samples. Macroscopic and microscopic anatomical characteristics were observed following the IAWA's list, while their physical-mechanical properties were measured following British Standard 373-57. Results showed that anatomical characteristics of this wood sample are similar to regular teakwood, but its heartwood portion is higher. Differences among trees are found in regards to wood texture, growth ring width, as well as early and latewood portion. The green moisture content was lower than that of fast-growing teak of a similar age. The wood is more stable than the old teakwood, but its specific gravity is lower. In general, mechanical properties of this wood were higher than those of the regular fast-growing teakwood, but lower than the old one. Based on its specific gravity, this superior Muna teakwood was categorized as a Strength Class of III. The wood is suitable enough for wooden furniture manufacturing.

• Journal of agriculture & life science
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• v.45 no.6
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• pp.21-32
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• 2011

This research is intended to study literatures relating to western rocking chairs style in early 20th century in order to provide basic data of designs for rockers of today in Korea and investigate characteristics of rocking chair from academic, formative and pragmatic perspectives. During the first half of 20th century, western rocking chairs (1925~1945) embodied actively the simple functionalism concept that furniture design must follow functionality considerations. Therefore, bare wood rocking chairs were without any surface decoration and tubular steel frame rocking chairs often included black leather upholstery in a bold attempt to express exposed structure. And the fact that tubular steel produced such lightweight furniture was crucial importance. Many Modernist designer created curvaceous lines of new pattern changes in their furniture. The structure of Modern rocking chair became all-important, for stylistic as well as functional reasons. Designers equated exposed structure of tubular steel and wooden frame with integrity and rationality and create an equalitarian style of design. Especially, designers in the early 20th century did use various brilliantly colored upholstery and wooden frame with simple forms of modern characteristics.

• Conservation Science in Museum
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• v.27
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• pp.57-66
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• 2022

This study conducted conservation treatment of a briefcase used by a soldier who fought in the Korean War as a member of the United Nations Forces. The zooid characteristics of its main material, leather, were analyzed in collaboration with the researchers at the National Palace Museum of Korea who have conducted relevant research. A plan for conservation treatment was established based on the results of this analysis. The briefcase was made of leather with a wooden frame. The many densely arranged tiny pores in different patterns on the leather's surface suggests calf leather. The wooden frame and leather had suffered deformation over long years of deterioration and thus required conservation treatment to enhance their structural stability. The conservation treatment began with the removal of contaminants from the exterior and interior of the briefcase. The stiffened leather was softened through humidification, and torn or separated areas were restored using cowhide glue. It is expected that the results of this conservation treatment and analysis of the leather material will serve as useful sources for basic research on leather items as well as wartime and military items.

• (The) Research of the performance art and culture
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• no.38
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• pp.111-142
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• 2019

Saeteo-gaeulgut-nori(Play) is derived from the fact that the folk song that was played when harvesting in the Shinhori (aka Satter) in Chongdong, Miryang City was associated with the play and played a sacrificial feast at the end of autumn threshing. Saeteo-gaeulgut-nori(Play) consists largely of three chambers. The first one is the entrance gut, 2) the second one is SeonghwangGosa(城隍告祀), 3) the sound of bench threshing(空床 打作), 4) the harvesting chapter 5) the dry grass threshin, 6) the wooden millstone play, and the third one is 7) Pan-gut. Milyang has developed a sense of agriculture to the extent that both the Sangwon play and the Jungwon play are designated as intangible cultural properties. Especially, since the tradition of the House of Representatives is weak nationwide, the status of Milyang Saeteo-gaeulgut-nori(Play) has a very important value. The overall sound of the autumn good play is that the characteristics of Gyeongsang Folk Song are rooted in the structure of the menaritri, It has the characteristics of folk songs well.

• Journal of architectural history
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• v.8 no.3 s.20
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• pp.23-38
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• 1999

The purpose of this study is to analogize the appearance of Korean Ancient Architecture in view of the Stone Remains from 3 Kingdom Period to Unificated Shilla Period. But in these period, there is no building remains but some stupas and fine arts. Especially, there are many architectural appearance and revealing signature in these Historical Stone remains. Architectural elements which are analogized by stone remains what has value as historical materials by preservation of original form from 3 Kingdom Preiod to Unificated Shilla Period are as follows : 1) Platform, the representative characteristic of Korean traditional architecture, was frame structure and accumulate structure. And circular or square footing stood a same shape column on it is put on the platform. 2) In the case of column, there used entasis column and inclined column and circular chamfer technique was applied on the top side of it. Upper side of column, capital and head pentrating tie that small bearing block was put on the center of it was joined. And longitu야nal rest(長舌) supported a cross beam. Capital and small bearing block had no bottom heel, and heel side was curved and straight. Centered bracket structure was often used, and multi bracket structure is not used yet. Inward incline technique was used. 3) Inward opening pair door which had lintel, threshold, doorjamb was usually used, Fixing stone was used for structural safety, and circular handle and lock was used for decoration. Handrail was used on the edge of wooden floor for decorative effect and safety. 4) Square rafter and circular rafter were used in the same period and so did flying rafter. Double eaves and single eave were used in the same period but, single eave was usually used. In this period, square rafter was usually used. This would be studied more by comparing with Japanese wooden architecture. 5) Hipped roof was used and half-hipped roof was not used yet. In front of th hip, there are small sculpture called Jap-Sang(雜像), and windbell was hang on the end of the hip rafter. Concave roof tile, convex roof tile, round eaver tile, decorative tile at end of roof ridge were used. Lotus style was well used on the face of roof tile for decoration. From the results of this study, wooden architecture of Unificated Shilla period was simple compare to Koryo dynasty and Chosun dynasty but, it had some brilliant character. It was hard work that analogized the form of non-existent wood architecture of Ancient Korean period by restricted stone remains. But, in addition to the results of this study and research of old documentations, more study should be go on.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Precision Engineering
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• v.15 no.12
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• pp.89-96
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• 1998

LOM (Laminated Object Manufacturing) process is one of rapid prototyping processes, where shapes are formed by accumulating cross sections of laser-cut paper. The process expects wide popularity since it is simple and the material is familiar to conventional mockup makers. However the dimensional accuracy of LOM parts is not so good as that of traditional wooden mockups, since the stack of adhesive-spread papers causes significant dimensional error. Also it is unclear how the other unknown environmental effects cause the errors as well. In this work the dimensional errors of LOM parts are measured and analysed. Experiments with test parts were performed in order to see the effects of part shape, moist, and sealer on dimensional variations. The characteristic of the paper is also analysed. Re-heating LOM parts, which is shown to have the effect of recovering dimensional changes, is applied to an example part.