• 한국농촌건축학회논문집
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• 제18권1호
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• pp.19-28
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• 2016

This research aimed to suggest a standard design that reflects Hanok design tendency, and present a selective design that can fulfill a building owner's intention beyond the simple function of building permit or report. In addition, this research attempted to become a standard by establishing a criterion in calculating the measurements of section design or primary framework members, in order to be a guideline for designing Hanok in different sizes and forms. The results are as follows. The building area of Hanok standard design was set to be below $85m^2$, with a straight type of $83.16m^2$ and an L-shape of $84.24m^2$. By dividing the plane into a straight type and L-shape, two straight types were suggested: 'general type' and 'large living room type.' The upper floor space, along with the main room and small room, was proposed as an option to be changed into a room where an underfloor heating is installed depending on the building owner's intention. In addition, a criterion for side design and calculation of framework measurements was suggested and applied, while a five-girder design without high pillars was suggested for material-assembling structure. Two types of pillars-circumference and square cylinder-were proposed for the building owner to choose from, and a pointed beam house and ikgong(orthogonally-projected bracket) house were suggested for pojak bracket structure so either of them could be chosen according to the building owner's taste and economic condition. Finally, the sectional size of main materials were divided according to the form of pojak bracket structure to be proposed.

• 한국농촌건축학회논문집
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• 제4권1호
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• pp.71-86
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• 2002

This research aims to illustrate the structure of the ancient Korean wooden buildings by a comparative study of the historical resources such as stone remains, wall paintings historiographies and excavations. As stone pagodas are the most typical stone remains, I selected for analysis some stone pagodas which contain architectural elements and results of the study are as follows: 1) The number of stories and structural modes of the base stone part show the wooden architectural aspects: they have one or two stories and their base part is constructed in the mode of assembling rectangular stones. 2) The body of the pagoda contains such architectural elements as pillars, door and windows, crossbeams, balcony, bracket sets. 3) The roof of the stone pagoda contains such architectural elements as eaves, roofs and modes of stone assembling. The results inferred through this research could be of help for further comparative studies with the other secondary materials by providing basic knowledge for it.

• 한국농촌건축학회논문집
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• 제4권1호
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• pp.45-60
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• 2002

This research is the second attempt to illustrate the phases of ancient Korean architecture through a comparative study of historical materials such as historical ruins, relics, stone remains and art products. Among these the stone stupa (budo), contains many architectural aspects of old times, which give clues to trace the characteristics of the antient Korean structures. The study brings about following results: 1. The pillar employs an entasis technique, and the bracket system (gongpo) consists of cross beams (changbang) and small supporting blocks (soro) thereupon. A type of the bracket arm (chomcha) is also found on top of the pillar. 2. Windows and doors are assumed from the carved features on the stone stupa to be pair-doors which could be folded twice sideways and upwards. 3. There are two types of eaves; the single eaves and the double eaves consisting of a rafter and a flying rafter. 4. The roof has furrows formed by the concave tiles and the convex ones and also the tiles at the edge of eaves. And there are evidences that a variety of small images of animal and human figures were decorated along on top of the eaves.

• 건축역사연구
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• 제8권3호
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• pp.23-38
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• 1999

The purpose of this study is to analogize the appearance of Korean Ancient Architecture in view of the Stone Remains from 3 Kingdom Period to Unificated Shilla Period. But in these period, there is no building remains but some stupas and fine arts. Especially, there are many architectural appearance and revealing signature in these Historical Stone remains. Architectural elements which are analogized by stone remains what has value as historical materials by preservation of original form from 3 Kingdom Preiod to Unificated Shilla Period are as follows : 1) Platform, the representative characteristic of Korean traditional architecture, was frame structure and accumulate structure. And circular or square footing stood a same shape column on it is put on the platform. 2) In the case of column, there used entasis column and inclined column and circular chamfer technique was applied on the top side of it. Upper side of column, capital and head pentrating tie that small bearing block was put on the center of it was joined. And longitu야nal rest(長舌) supported a cross beam. Capital and small bearing block had no bottom heel, and heel side was curved and straight. Centered bracket structure was often used, and multi bracket structure is not used yet. Inward incline technique was used. 3) Inward opening pair door which had lintel, threshold, doorjamb was usually used, Fixing stone was used for structural safety, and circular handle and lock was used for decoration. Handrail was used on the edge of wooden floor for decorative effect and safety. 4) Square rafter and circular rafter were used in the same period and so did flying rafter. Double eaves and single eave were used in the same period but, single eave was usually used. In this period, square rafter was usually used. This would be studied more by comparing with Japanese wooden architecture. 5) Hipped roof was used and half-hipped roof was not used yet. In front of th hip, there are small sculpture called Jap-Sang(雜像), and windbell was hang on the end of the hip rafter. Concave roof tile, convex roof tile, round eaver tile, decorative tile at end of roof ridge were used. Lotus style was well used on the face of roof tile for decoration. From the results of this study, wooden architecture of Unificated Shilla period was simple compare to Koryo dynasty and Chosun dynasty but, it had some brilliant character. It was hard work that analogized the form of non-existent wood architecture of Ancient Korean period by restricted stone remains. But, in addition to the results of this study and research of old documentations, more study should be go on.

• 건축역사연구
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• 제4권2호
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• pp.45-64
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• 1995

This study examines the Section of 'Housing Regulations' in The Chronicles of the Three States (${\ulcorner}$三國史記${\lrcorner}$ 屋舍條) to verify the residential architecture during the period of the Unified Silla Dynasty. Through the study, the basic architectural terms in the Section of 'Housing Regulations', such as the size of the building, glazing roof tile, animal-shaped ornamental piece on roof ridge, eave purlin, wooden bracket arms, roof decoration, decorative paintings, stone steps, wall structure, blind screen, folding screen, bedstead, and gate are analyzed, interpreted and defined, and, in addition, the forms and styles of the residential architecture during the period of the Unified Silla Dynasty are basically reconstructed.

• 건축역사연구
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• 제26권2호
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• pp.15-29
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• 2017

The purpose of this study is to comprehend strengthening Hwaban(flower-shaped support) design in the Two-lkgong style government buildings in the late Joseon period through the T-shaped wooden shrines, the architectures of royal palace and royal ancestral shrine. Following conclusions have been reached through the study. First, Janghwaban(the long plate carved with flower-shaped support) was installed in Injeongjeon(1805) for the first time. It took 40 years to introduce Janghwaban to the government building of Two-lkgong style compared with Injeongjeon. Second, the quantity of Hwaban had been increased from 1 to 5 for 300 years in the government building of Two-lkgong style. This had been steadily increased with the aim of strengthening design. Third, there was a limit to the increase in the quantity of Hwaban. The first reason was to control the rhythm between the Hwaban and the Pobyeok(the wall between Hwabans). The second reason was that if the Pobyeok was too narrow, it was difficult to plaster. The latter was solved by introducing the Janghwaban. Fourth, in attempting to stylize differently from Jusimpo(simple bracket system), the quantity of Hwaban increase played a very important role in the government building of the Two-lkgong style. Since the reconstruction of Gyeongbokgung Palace, Hwaban combined style with Ungong served as the norm of the royal palace architecture in the last Joseon period.

• 건축역사연구
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• 제17권5호
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• pp.71-94
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• 2008

This study examines the examples and changes of wooden member terms in Yeonggeon-euigwe(營建儀軌) in the era of Joseon Dynasty. As a result of examining examples, about 240 wood member terms were found on the basis of phonetic value and examples different from today's term use were also confirmed. Wood member terms were derived in variety and synonym and different style, that is, coexistence or transition of several notations as the term indicating the same member was found. Derivation of detail terms has the characteristic increasing on the basis of morpheme and formation of different notation followed Chinese notation or was caused by complex coinage features like a coined word of Korea by the meaning of a word and borrowed character notation borrowing sound and it is also related to the specificity of that time which had dual language system. The typical examples without different style for long were pillar, rafter, door and window. Examples with active generation and selection of different styles included beam, capital and bracket-system terms. Different styles were caused by the combination of several notations including borrowed character in the process of Chinese character notation borrowing sound, Korean unique character emphasizing and limiting combination of 木 (wood) with side of character and Chinese. Period showing remarkable change of example notation was the compilation of ${\ll}$the Hwa-Sung-Sung-Euk-Eui-Gue${\gg}$ 華城城役儀軌. ${\ll}$the Hwa-Sung-Sung-Euk-Eui-Gue${\gg}$ is the representative type uigwe made by printed type not by handicraft. Printing by type accompanies unification of the shape of a character necessarily and it was considered that it resulted in the unification of character of different style, the number of strokes and minute difference of strokes, and it was interpreted that common use of intentional notation with the unification of the shape of a character was achieved.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• 제42권3호
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• pp.244-250
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• 2014

부산 운수사 대웅전에 쓰인 주요 목부재의 수종을 식별하기 위하여 기둥, 보, 장여, 도리, 주두, 소로, 포재, 대공, 반자 등 총 72점에 대하여 조사하였다. 수종을 분석한 결과, 소나무속의 소나무류 67점, 서어나무속 4점, 참나무속의 상수리나무류 1점 등 3수종이 식별되었다. 기둥에서는 소나무류 14점, 서어나무속 4점, 도리에서는 소나무류 4점, 상수리나무류 1점이 식별되었다. 그 외의 부재는 모두 소나무류로 식별되었다. 기둥의 부재중 동바리에 사용된 서어나무속 3개는 수리 시에 사용된 것으로 생각된다. 불단의 조각재 1점은 오리나무속으로 식별되었다. 결론적으로 후대에 교체된 것으로 보이는 서어나무를 제외하면 기본적으로 운수사 대웅전 건축 가구부재에 거의 대부분 소나무류가 사용되었음을 알 수 있었다.

• 건축역사연구
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• 제17권4호
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• pp.97-112
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• 2008

In this study, I attempted to the architectural design characteristics of Daeung-Jeon in Sudeok Temple. For this purpose, After I set up several assumptions in the basis of the general characteristics of Korean wood architecture, and then, analyzed floor plan, structural formation and section sizes of structure and bracket members in relation to module and unit. As the results, the characteristics of the design process of plan and structure are follows. (1) 1 ja(尺), the unit applied to this building is measured $307.6{\sim}318.3mm$) and the average is 312.9mm (2) It is estimated that the floor plan designed on the basis of the top of columns. By the applied unit, every bay of the front side and the side is each designed by 15 ja and 8.5 ja. (3) The section is composed of piled members which have same section size. As basic module of section size called 'jae(재;材)', it is estimated at width 0.45 ja by height 0.75 ja. And as the secondary module, height between jae and is called 'gyoe(계;)' and it wes designed by three height size of 0.25 ja, 0.27 ja and 0.30 ja, (4) It is estimated that the section plan was designed by the order as follows. Firstly, the horizontal position of purlins wes decided on the basis of the intersection point of long and short rafters, and then the position and the section size of purlins and jangheyo(長舌) wes decided on the basis of the slope of roof and rafters. Secondly, going down from purlins, the members of structure composed of 'jae' and 'gyoe' was repeated. Lastly, for the purpose of linking the structure members located on the center line of adjacent purlins organically, the height of whaban(화반) was controlled.

• 농업생명과학연구
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• 제45권5호
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• pp.105-113
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• 2011

본 연구는 식물공장의 각 공정 간을 연결하는 육묘라인을 폐쇄형 레일로 설정하고, 그 레일 상에서 구름바퀴 이동을 하는 육묘베드가 있고, 이 육묘 베드위의 일정위치에 육묘트레이를 자동으로 올려놓는 자동적재장치를 개발하기 위하여 수행되었다. 이 장치의 개발을 위한 기초시험으로 바닥재 위에 육묘트레이를 올려놓고 밀기이송을 하는 시험을 실시하고, 밀기이송력의 변화를 측정 분석하여 최적의 육묘트레이 자동적재장치를 개발하였다. 바닥 위에 파종완료한 트레이를 올려놓고 밀기 이송을 할 때 최대 이송력은 이송속도 30 cm/s에서 트레이 3개를 이송할 때로 초기이송시점에서 최대 피크이송력과 초기 과도상태 이후 최대 정상상태 이송력이 각각 바닥재료가 고무판에서는 32.8 N, 29.4 N, 목재판 29.7 N, 22.5 N, 아크릴판 26.9 N, 19.6 N, 철판 27.6 N, 19.1 N으로 나타났다. 이 이송력의 변화는 모노레일 컨베이어가 트레이와 충돌 직후 최대로 발생했으며, 이후 점차 줄어들어 안정적으로 변화되는 것으로 나타났다. 트레이를 2개 이상 맞대어 밀기이송 시 트레이 외각 받침날의 겹침현상이 일어났다. 최종적으로 개발한 육묘트레이 적재이송장치는 100회의 작동시험 결과 작동에러는 없었으며, 최대 육묘트레이 적재이송 작업속도는 2초/매, 트레이 이송위치 최대오차는 0.5 cm로 나타났다.