• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.203-208
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• 1998

The study was carried out to screen mutagenicity of smoking materials for the determination of optimum smoking temperature for meat products. Wood materials employed for smoking were oak and apple trees. Temperatures of the generator for manufacturing of smoke flavoring were set to 250$^{\circ}C$, 400$^{\circ}C$ and 500$^{\circ}C$, respectively. Mutagenic activities of smoke flavoring were assayed according to Ames test using Salmonella typhimurium TA98 and TA 100. In oak wood smoke flavoring, Salmonella typhimurium TA98 without S-9 mix showed strong mutagenic activities at the concentration of 6$\mu\textrm{g}$/plate(250$^{\circ}C$), 4$\mu\textrm{g}$/plate(400$^{circ}C$) and 6$\mu\textrm{g}$/plate(500$^{\circ}C$). Salmonella typhimurium TA100 with S-9 mix showed strong mutagenic activities at the concentration of 10$\mu\textrm{g}$/plate(250$^{\circ}C$), 20$\mu\textrm{g}$/plate(400$^{\circ}C$) and 10$\mu\textrm{g}$/plate(500$^{\circ}C$). Salmonella typhimurium TA98 with S-9 mix showed strong mutagenic activities at the concentration of 30$\mu\textrm{g}$/plate(250$^{\circ}C$), 40$\mu\textrm{g}$/plate(400$^{\circ}C$) and 20$\mu\textrm{g}$/plate(500$^{\circ}C$). Salmonella typhimurium TA100 with S-9 mix showed strong mutagenic activities at the concentration of 30$\mu\textrm{g}$/plate(250$^{\circ}C$), 50$\mu\textrm{g}$/plate(400$^{\circ}C$) and 20$\mu\textrm{g}$/plate(500$^{\circ}C$). Salmonella typhimurium TA100 without S-9 mix showed strong mutagenic activities at the concentration of 10$\mu\textrm{g}$/plate(250$^{\circ}C$), 20$\mu\textrm{g}$/plate(400$^{\circ}C$) and 20$\mu\textrm{g}$/plate(500$^{\circ}C$). Salmonella typhimurium TA98 with S-9 mix showed strong mutagenic activities at the concentration of 30$\mu\textrm{g}$/plate(250$^{\circ}C$), 40$\mu\textrm{g}$/plate(400$^{\circ}C$) and30$\mu\textrm{g}$/plate(500$^{\circ}C$). Salmonella typhimurium TA100 with S-9 mix showed strong mutagenic activities at the concentrations 30$\mu\textrm{g}$/plate(500$^{\circ}C$). Salmonella typhimurium TA100 with S-9 mix showed strong mutagenic activities at the concentration of 30$\mu\textrm{g}$/plate(250$^{\circ}C$), 20$\mu\textrm{g}$/plate(400$^{\circ}C$) and 30$\mu\textrm{g}$/plate(500$^{\circ}C$). From these results, it could be concluded that optimum smoking temperature for meat products should be set below 400$^{\circ}C$, that the compounds like benzo[a]pyrene etc. contain a variety of mutagenic potentials, which could be generated at the higher smoking temperature.

• Safety and Health at Work
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• v.8 no.3
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• pp.250-257
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• 2017

Background: Tasks involved in traditional charcoal production expose workers to various levels of charcoal dust and wood smoke. This study aimed to identify specific tasks influencing lung function and respiratory symptoms. Methods: Interviews, direct observation, and task/symptom checklists were used to collect data from 50 charcoal-production workers on 3 nonwork days followed by 11 workdays. The peak expiratory flow rate (PEFR) was measured four times per day. Results: The PEFR was reduced and the prevalence of respiratory symptoms increased over the first 6-7 workdays. The PEFR increased until evening on nonwork days but not on workdays. Loading the kiln and collecting charcoal from within the kiln markedly reduced the PEFR and increased the odds of respiratory symptoms. Conclusion: Tasks involving entry into the kiln were strongly associated with a short-term drop in the PEFR and the occurrence of respiratory symptoms, suggesting a need for the use of protective equipment and/or the operation of an effective kiln ventilation system.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Combustion
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.1-8
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• 2017

This study was conducted to evaluate the fire retardant performance of exfoliated graphite nanoplatelets (xGnP) applied for particleboard. This work measured heat release rate(HRR), total heat release(THR) and smoke production rate(SPR) of xGnP added particleboard, using cone calorimeter to assess its fire characteristics according to the KS F ISO 5660-1 standard code. Heat release rates of all specimens treated by xGnP were less than the $200kW/m^2$ for a total experiment period of five minutes. Heat release rates of the specimens coated with xGnP were lower than those of the specimens made by mixing wood particles with xGnP directly. Meanwhile, the total heat release rates of xGnP coated specimen maintained quite lower level than the uncoated so the xGnP coating were effective in improving the fire retardant performance of particleboard. However, the smoke emission peaking problem at the initial combustion period, which was caused by adding base coating materials, should be resolved for further satisfaction as a fire retardant materials.

• Journal of Biosystems Engineering
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• v.28 no.5
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• pp.389-394
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• 2003

The concerns of wood vinegar increase with its various applications to food additive, functional drink, and in the sustainable farming. Chaff vinegar, a by-product of chaff charcoal which is produced by distilling smoke and having similar ingredients and efficacy with wood vinegar, contains harmful tar in the acceptable range and can be mass-produced. A chaff vinegar distiller, commercially mass-productive, was developed using a water cooling system. Initially distilled vinegar by the developed system contained little harmful tar in the acceptable range for the agricultural use and its acidity was about pH 3.2. Treatment of the chaff vinegar in the enhancing emergence test showed greater number of emerged seedlings, and vise-versa. Treatment of diluted in 100-holds showed 44.0% of emerged and 8.6% of not-emerged seedlings.

• Applied Chemistry for Engineering
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.469-474
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• 2010

Wood has an essential drawback such as high combustion ability. The purpose of this paper is to examine the combustion properties of the quercus variabilis and zelkova serrata dried at room temperature. The cone calorimeter (ISO 5660-1) was used to determine the heat release rate (HRR) and fire smoke index, as well as CO/$CO_2$ production and smoke obscuration. The total heat release (THR), $140.2\;MJ/m^2$ of the quercus variabilis under an external $50\;kW/m^2$ was high in comparison with THR $85.7\;MJ/m^2$ for the zelkova serrata. Furthermore, the quercus variabilis has high total smoke production (TSP), $3.50\;m^2$ compared with TSP $0.65\;m^2$ of zelkova serrata. Thease results depend on the bulk density of tested wood species. In addition, the CO/$CO_2$ production ratio of zelkova serrata and quercus variabilis was measured as 0.053, 0.043, respectively. Also, zelkova serrata showed an increase of fire-resistance attributed to char formation compared with that of quercus variabilis.

• Fire Science and Engineering
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.86-92
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• 2010

One of the limitation of wood as building materials is its flammability. The purpose of this paper is to examine the combustion properties of the Pinus rigida and Castanea savita which are grown in Korea and meet the desirable characteristics for use of construction materials. The cone calorimeter (ISO 5660-1) was used to determine the heat release rate (HRR) and fire smoke index, as well as CO and $CO_2$ production and smoke obscuration. The $HRR_{mean}$ of the Castanea savita and Pinus rigida at $50\;kW/m^2$ of radiant heat flux was $70.4\;kW/m^2$ and $68.5\;kW/m^2$. Furthermore, the THR of Castanea sativata was 120.8 MJ/kg and it was higher than the THR of Pinus rigida ($81.9\;MJ/m^$). These results are depend on the bulk density of tested wood species. The Castanea savita has high $CO_{mean}$ yield and high CO/$CO_2$ yield compared with that of Pinus rigida.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.48 no.5
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• pp.755-764
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• 2020

Due to pronounced mechanical performance and being environmental friendly, aqueous polymer isocyanate adhesive (API) has been widely applied in the production of formaldehyde-free wood products. In this study, flame retardant formaldehyde-free plywood was prepared by incorporation of flame retardants into the API adhesive. Partially phosphorylated poly (vinyl alcohol) (PPVA) which was prepared by reacting poly (vinyl alcohol) with phosphoric acid was used to replace PVA in API formula. In addition, Mg-Al layered double hydroxides (LDH) was chosen as additive flame retardant, replacing traditional filler CaCO₃ in API adhesive formula. And then, the flame retardant API adhesive with main agent (PPVA replacing PVA70wt.%, SBR emulsion 30wt.%), curing agent 10wt.% (accounts for of the main agent), and 20wt.% LDHs (accounts of the main agent) was used to prepare flame retardant plywood. The effect of application of PPVA and Mg-Al LDH on bonding strength of plywood was investigated. The flammability characteristics of the plywood were determined by cone calorimeter test (CCT). The results revealed that compared with the plywood prepared with API adhesive, the use of PPVA and LDH enhanced the flame retardancy of plywood without negatively affecting bonding strength. The CCT tests indicated that the heat release and smoke production flame retardant API plywood were lower than those of the ordinary API glued plywood. Promising developments for flame retardant API adhesive were expected in future applications of flame retardant formaldehyde-free plywood.

• Safety and Health at Work
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.86-90
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• 2014

Background: Urinary 1-hydroxypyrene (1-OHP) was selected as a biomarker of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) to explore the accumulation level in the bodies of workers at rubber smoke sheet factories in southern Thailand. Methods: Spot urine samples were taken from four groups of workers from June 2006 to November 2007. The nonexposure or control groups included habitual cigarette smokers and nonsmokers. The other two groups were workers exposed to particle-bound PAHs from rubber wood smoke and they were nonsmokers. All spot urine samples were analyzed for 1-OHP and creatinine levels. Results: The mean${\pm}$standard deviation urinary 1-OHP in the control group of habitual smokers and the nonsmokers was $0.24{\pm}0.16{\mu}mol/mol$ creatinine and not-detected to $0.14{\mu}mol/mol$ creatinine, respectively. In the workers, the 1-OHP levels on workdays had no significant difference from the 1-OHP levels on the days off. The yearly average 1-OHP level was $0.76{\pm}0.41{\mu}mol/mol$ creatinine whereas the average 1-OHP level during 10 consecutive workdays was $1.06{\pm}0.29{\mu}mol/mol$ creatinine (p > 0.05). Conclusion: The urinary 1-OHP levels of workers exposed to PAHs were high. The accumulation of 1-OHP in the body was not clear although the workers had long working hours with few days off during their working experience. Therefore, a regular day off schedule and rotation shift work during high productive RSS should be set for RSS workers.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.51 no.1
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• pp.23-37
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• 2023

One type of biomass that has promising potential for bio pellet production is spent coffee grounds (SCGs). However, previous studies have shown that SCGs in bio pellets cause a lot of smoke. Therefore, they need to be mixed with a material that has a higher calorific value to produce better quality pellets. One material that can be used is pine wood because it has a natural resin content that can increase the calorific value. The aim of this study was to examine the quality of bio pellets produced with SCGs and pine wood charcoal at different particle sizes. The charcoal was ground using either a hammer mill (HM) or a ball mill (BM). Pine wood charcoal was mixed with SCGs at ratios of SCGs to pine wood charcoal of 4:6 and 6:4 by weight, respectively, and the adhesive used a tapioca with a composition ratio 5% of the raw material. The bio pellets were produced using a manual pellet press. The quality of the bio pellets was assessed based on Indonesian National Standard (SNI) 8021-2014, and the physical observations include flame length, burning rate, and compressive strength. The average water content, ash content, and calorific value of the bio pellets were in accordance with SNI 8021-2014, but the density and ash content values were below the standard values. The BM variation of bio pellets had a higher compressive strength than the HM variation, and the 4:6 BM variation had the longest burning time compared with 4:6 HM.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Safety
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.72-77
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• 1993

Available Safe Egress Time(ASET) is the time available for occupants to evacuate safely In compartment fire, and It depends on the time of fire detection and hazardous conditions. The purpose of thls study Is to provide an analytical basis and experimental data for estimating the fire growth in compartments and the available safe egress time, and to compare the experimental data with those proposed equations. As a result, hazard order Is poison to CO, descent of smoke layer, poison to $CO_2$, burn to hot smoke layer, and lack of $O_2$, ASET is lengthened in this order. Also, The more fire load is increased, the more ASET is shorted.