• 건축역사연구
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• 제10권1호
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• pp.9-23
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• 2001

This study is for the Kyungduk-Dan(as a altar of Milsung-Daegun) and The Manun-Jae the characteristics(lay out and planning, window patterns, structure, materials) of the the Korean traditional house during the modern era. Before Manun-Jae was used for the house. The Kyungduck-Dan was constructed in August according to the Lunar Calender in 1927. The Manun-Jae(house for Ki-hun Kang, millionaire ) was completed in 1924. Modern Architectures brought to Korea with the bricks, the tiles, the flash doors, the plate grasses, the brass hardwares. These architectural material was used in positive. During the construction of Manun-Jae in 1924, it happened the architectural exchage among a korean, a chinese and a japanese constructor. Though using the air exhaust valve at the kitchen of Ukyung-Kak( old Anchae), it could be assume that the modern convenience and the improvement of residential environments was considered at that period during the construction of Manun-Jae. That construction was elected with the brick($222mm{\times}106mm{\times}50mm$), the chinese colored tile and plate glass such a modem materials. The new shape of the korean lattice window and the wooden flash-door with glass was used. In Ukyung-Kak, the Chan-Maru(service space) and the kitchen such as a service space or concise utility zone was organically connected. Especially, considered the domesitic activity and circulation, the western kitchen sink and the Chan-Maru(service space) was rationally placed. At the Manun-Jae and the Kyungduck-Dan, the architectural characteristic is that the new shape of windows was used. The lattice window at the Ondol room of Ukyung-Kak, was rgadually added the plate glass and the wood plate. The lattice window with the grid shape at kitchen of that building was adapted japanese grid lattice window in korea at that period. It is the sample that korean traditional house was typically influenced from the japanese resident culture. The Manun-Jae and the Kyungduck-Dan as the modern house kept the form of korean traditional architecture, and was partially adapted a modern characteristic space and modern architectural materials. During the japanese occupancy, these residence can be showed the transition in formally.

• 한국농림기상학회지
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• 제10권4호
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• pp.167-176
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• 2008

Airborne pollen is known as one of the major causal agents to respiratory allergic reactions. Daily number of pollen grains was monitored using Burkard volumetric spore traps at seven locations including Seoul and Jeju during 1997-2007. Pollen grains were observed throughout the year especially from February to November. They showed similar distribution patterns of species among locations except in Jeju, where Japanese cedar vegetation is uniquely found. Peak seasons for pollen grains from trees and weeds were March to May and August to October, respectively. Tree pollens were mainly composed of pine, oak, alder, and birch. Weed pollens were mainly from Japanese hop, Worm wood, and ragweed. Diameter of pollen grains, which has a typical range of $20{\sim}60{\mu}m$, has close relationship with allergenicity. Allergenicity of tree and weed pollens is higher than that of grass pollens in general. In the case of trees and shrubs, pine trees account for about 70% of all tree pollens. However, pine pollens are weak allergens. The remaining 30% of tree pollens, including alder trees, white birches, and oaks, are moderate to strong allergens despite the smaller numbers. Grass and weeds are also highly likely to cause allergies. Especially, the pollens of Wormwood and Japanese hop are highly likely to cause allergies. Daily fluctuations in the number of pollens have to do with a variety of meteorological factors, such as temperature and rainfall.

• 한국농촌건축학회논문집
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• 제18권3호
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• pp.1-8
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• 2016

Frank Lloyd Wright(1867-1959) had the confident concept that architecture should be at home in nature. His architecture was meant to bear an intimate relation to the earth and the sky, and should look as though it began there at the ground and contrasted with the sky. In handling all the details of house design elements, his efforts for being married to the ground was to conceive the void of the sky. This study is to research his thinking process and its development to the earth and the sky, and to analyze how such thought could reflect his houses. The mass of house are divided into three parts such as the foundation or base, body, and roof. These parts are respectively related to the earth and the sky. This study goes on regarding them as an analytical framework. The subjects of study are the Prairie houses in the early 20th century and the Usonian houses after 1930's. As results of this study, the earlier foundation as a platform appeared as a base and water table, and a strong baseline pressed the structures into the soil in the Prairie houses. The direct contact of wood and brick to ground were dominant details after Wiley house(1934). The base was almost invisible to the eye in the Usonian houses. Secondly, the pierlike shapes and delicate friezes of walls were anchored to the ground, and horizontal bands as trims or copings also got close to the earth. These characters had disappeared after the Allen house(1917), all components including exterior walls had been unified with the grid patterns in the Usonian houses. Thirdly, the overhanging cantilever roof had got to the earthbound by the reflection of shadow as well as their evident horizontal. He lowered the roof, lengthened and brought it closer to the ground. In this way, Frank Lloyd Wright intended his houses to be at home in nature. And also he tried to bind the houses to the earth and contrasted them with the sky. The houses would perform their highest function in relation to the earth and sky.

• 한국가구학회지
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• 제28권3호
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• pp.207-223
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• 2017

Jeonju-Jang is the wood furniture that was made in Chonbuk Jeonju province during the Joseon Dynasty, and was used by middle-upper social classes. It has value as a local cultural heritage because it has unique characteristics in terms of the shape of the furniture, the metal ornament and various functions are integrated in accordance with user's requirements. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to define the structural characteristics of the Jeonju-Jang through case studies of 16 existing artifacts in order to preserve and inherit the value as local cultural resources. The conclusion is as follows. First, Jeonju-Jang in the late period of Joseon Dynasty that is made up of one board to the bottom with the binding of the board. and the front wall, the Juibyuckkan and the Meoruemkan are omitted or made small, so the structure of the surface is simple. There are three or four drawers under the Cheon pan(top plate). There are drawers and shelf inside the hinged door. In the case of a two-layer type, there is a Gaegumeong type door which has half of one side hinged. Second, Jeonju-Jang of the Japanese Ruling Era had a Juibyuckkan by frame binding and an increase in the number of Meoruemkan. and it had independent legs. The Cheon-pan(top plate) was more left and right than both sides. Third, in the late Joseon Dynasty period as a feature of the metal ornaments, cast iron and yellow brass were used as materials. In the Japanese Ruling Era, nickel was mainly used. Various patterns were engraved and the number increased, and it became gorgeous surface as a whole.

• 한국실내디자인학회논문집
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• 제18권6호
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• pp.150-157
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• 2009

In the 1970's the Interior Design Associations was established and the activity of youth designers who werecalled the "first generation of Korean interior designers" were created. This study is aimed to analyze characteristics and trends of commercial interior design in the 1970's. The design methods include the documentary research and the actual proof research conducted. The frames of analysis were made by the background theories about Korean interior design, and the annual case studies were analyzed and estimated according to the design types. The design types were analyzed by the geometrical simplicity research, the romantic emotional expression, the Korean identity expression, the machine technical asthetic expression and the eclectic style with western classics. In the early 1970's, the abstract, brief, and simple expression were presented most frequently by the geometrical form and the repetition of the pattern. From the mid-1970's the romantic and emotional atmosphere of the youth culture that was popular at that time were expressed as vernacular design by the rough finishing of the natural materials such as plaster, brick, and wood floorings etc. The space such as a Korean food restaurant relates to the Korean traditional culture aims to be different through the expression by the Korean traditional patterns, furniture, and materials. In the late 1970's the metals and glass were used for the expression of the machine aesthetic form but was not popular because of the rare application. The type that revived the past western traditional form was presented by using the arch, dome, and the curved and luxurious moldings.

• 식물분류학회지
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• 제43권1호
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• pp.1-11
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• 2013

대극아과(Euphorbioideae)에 속하는 20종과 클로톤아과(Crotonoideae)의 1종을 대상으로 광학현미경과 주사 및 투과전자현미경을 이용하여 화분의 형태를 조사하였다. 화분형태학적 연구결과는 대극아과의 단계통 기원을 지지할 수 없으며, Stomatocalyceae족에서 나타나는 발아구연이 뚜렷하지 않고, 연속적이고 두꺼운 내표벽의 특징 등은 Stomatocalyceae가 대극아과로부터 독립시키는 것을 제안하고 있고, 이와 같은 해석은 기존의 계통분석 결과나 해부학적 결과와도 잘 일치하고 있다. 본 연구결과에서 나타난 이 족의 화분특징은 본 족이 화분형태적으로 깨풀아과(Acalyphoideae)와 연관성이 있음을 시사하고 있다. Stomatocalyceae의 2개의 아족은 화분형태적으로 잘 구별이 되는데: Hamilcoinae는 망상 혹은 미세망상의 표벽 무늬를 갖고 있고, Stomatocalycinae은 유공상의 표면에 작은 돌기가 존재한다. 대극족(Euphorbieae)의 세 아족은 서로 다른 유형으로 분류되는데, Euphorbiinae아족은 유공상, Neoguillauminiinae아족은 미세망상, Anthosteminae아족은 망상의 표벽무늬로 분류되어 Webster의 아족 분류체계를 잘 지지한다. Hureae와 Hippomaneae족은 유공상 패턴에 밋밋한 발아구연을 갖고 있어 유사한 화분형태를 보여주고 있다. 특히 Hura crepitans종에서 보여지는 표벽의 미세돌기는 Hippomaneae족의 Excoecaria속 종들과의 가까운 유연관계를 제시해준다. 기존 연구에 의하면 발아구연을 따라 독특한 비후된 내벽을 갖는 특징은 대극과에서 Euphorbieae족에서만 나타났다. 하지만 이번 연구에 의하면 동일한 비후된 내벽이 Maprounea brasiliensis와 Hura crepitans의 발아구연에서도 발견되었다. 대극족과 위 두 종에서 나타나는 유사한 내벽의 비후는 이들 간에 매우 가까운 유연관계가 있음을 보여주는 증거로 추측된다.

• 보존과학연구
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• 통권35호
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• pp.57-71
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• 2014

분황사 중문지 출토 치미의 복원과 제작기법에 대한 연구 결과, 치미는 몸체, 등, 배, 날개, 문양, 종대로 구분되고 몸체는 하단부와 상단부로 나눌 수 있다. 몸체와 날개는 테쌓기 하였으며 배면을 접착하였다. 테쌓기 과정에는 3종류의 타날도구를 이용하여 접합면을 두들겼고 전체 형태가 완성되면 외면을 손다듬질 하였다. 원공을 통하여 손이나 도구를 내부로 넣어 점토를 긁어내거나 덧발랐고 나뭇가지를 이용하여 표면을 평탄하였다. 문양은 틀을 제작하여 찍어 낸 후 몸체에 부착하였다. XRD분석과 TG-DTA분석 결과에서는 $867^{\circ}C$ 이상에서 상전이하는 트리디마이트 (Tridymite)를 동정할 수 없었고 $1,063^{\circ}C$에서 흡열반응이 나타난 점은 알바이트와 같은 알칼리장석이 $1,050^{\circ}C$에서 다른 광물로 변질한 결과로서 연구대상 치미는 $867^{\circ}C$이하의 소성온도를 경험한 것으로 판단할 수 있다

• 박물관보존과학
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• 제29권
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• pp.33-46
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• 2023

근·현대문화재란 우리나라의 근·현대기(개항기 무렵~현대)에 생산된 유형의 역사·문화적 자산을 총칭하는 개념으로 정의되고 있다. 그 중 인력거는 개항기 이후 약 40년간 우리나라 주요 교통수단으로 사용된 만큼 우리나라 근대 생활상을 보여주는 유물이다. 인력거 보존처리는 '몸체부', '덮개부', '바퀴부'로 나누어 진행하였으며, 상태조사 및 금속, 목재, 섬유, 도료에 대한 재질 분석값을 참고해 보존처리 과정을 수립하였다. 보존처리는 건식·습식세척, 접합, 안정화처리, 결손부 보강 및 복원 과정으로 진행하였고, 보존처리 결과, 육안적으로 관찰되지 않던 금속 문양 및 발판의 문양(꽃, 당초무늬 모양 등)을 노출 및 대상 유물의 안정성을 부여하였으며, 또한, 안전한 전시를 위해 전시용 지지대를 제작하였다.

• 한국산림과학회지
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• 제36권1호
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• pp.9-25
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• 1977

소나무 천연집단(天然集團)의 변이(變異)를 조사(調査)하기 위(爲)해 1971년(年), 1975년(年)에 각각(各各) 3개집단(個集團)을 조사(調査)한데 이어 1976년(年)에 강원도(江原道)의 이제군(麟蹄郡) 기린면(麒麟面) 진동리(鎭東里)(집단(集團) 7)와 정선군(旌善郡) 임계면(臨溪面) 약천리(藥川里) (집단(集團) 8) 그리고 삼척군(三陟郡) 하장면(下長面) 한소리(汗沼里)(집단(集團) 9)에서 각각(各各) 1개집단(個集團)(한 집단(集團)에서 20주(株))씩의 임분(林分)을 택(擇)하였으며 외형적(外形的)으로 우량(優良)하다고 생각되는 임목개체(林木個體)를 대상(對象)으로 조사(調査)하였다. 대상임목(對象林木)은 외부(外部) 형태학적(形態學的) 특성(特性), 침엽(針葉)의 특성(特性), 재질(材質)의 특성(特性)이 조사분석(調査分析)되었고 그 결과(結果)는 다음과 같이 요약(要約)된다. 1. 3개집단(個集團)의 평균임령(平均林齡)은 50~63년간(年間)에 있고 성장(成長)은 비슷하였다. 직관(直觀)으로 판단(判斷)할 때 삼척집단(三陟集團)이 우량수형(優良樹型)을 가진 것으로 생각되었다. 지하고율(枝下高率)은 정선집단(旌善集團)이 0.53으로 가장 높은 값이었고 수관지수(樹冠指數)는 0.91로서 불량(不良)하다고 생각되었다. 삼척집단(三陟集團)은 세지성(細枝性)이라는 점(點)과 분지각(分枝角)이 가장 예각(銳角)이란 점(點)에 있어서 바람직했다. 수관장(樹冠長)은 모두 비슷했다. 2. 지하고대(地下高對) 수고(樹高) 그리고 수관지수(樹冠指數)의 빈도분포(頻度分布)를 보면 집단간(集團間)에 차이(差異)가 있는 것으로 사료(思料)되었다. 3. 거치밀도(鋸齒密度)는 3개집단(個集團) 모두 약 27로서 집단간(集團間) 유의차(有意差)는 없었고 개체간차(個體間差)가 큰 것으로 나타났다. 특히 높은 밀도(密度)를 가지는 개체(個體)(40이상(以上)의 것)가 있었다. 기공열수(氣孔列數)와 수지도수(樹指道數)에 있이거도 집단간차이(集團間差異)는 없었고 개체간차이(個團間差異)는 컸다. 4. 수지도지수(樹指道指數)(R.D.I.)에 있어서는 집단(集團)8이 0.074로서 다른 두집단(集團)의 2-3배(倍)의 값을 보였다. 5. 10년단위(年單位) 평균(平均) 연륜폭(年輪幅)의 성장과정(成長過程)은 초기(初期)(30년(年)까지)에는 집단간(集團間)의 차이(差異)가 있었으나 그 이후(以後)가 되면서 같은 값에 접근(接近)했다. 6. 평균추재졸(平均秋材卒)에 있어서는 집단간(集團間)의 차이(差異)가 없었으나 Range에 있어서 차이(差異)가 있었다. 가령 집단(集團)8은 23~30인데 집단(集團)9는 16~36으로 7 : 20의 차(差)를 나타내고 있다. 7. 목재비중(木材比重)은 평균치(平均値)에 있어서 집단간(集團間)의 차이(差異)가 없었고 Range에 있어서도 그러하였다. 수령(樹齡)의 증가(增加)에 따라 비중(比重)은 증가(增加)하나 그 증감(增減)의 과정(過程)은 집단(集團)에 따라 차이(差異)가 있다. 8. 가도관장(假導管長)은 집단간차이(集團間差異)가 없고 Range 또한 비슷하고 수령(樹齡)의 증가(增加)에 따라 그 길이가 증가(增加)하고 있었다. 증가경향(增加傾向)의 집단간차이(集團間差異)가 없었다.

• 대한한방소아과학회지
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• 제26권3호
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• pp.64-73
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• 2012

Objectives The purpose of this study is to see the prevalence and the patterns of the use of complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) in children and adolescent patients with allergies. Methods We analyzed data on 547 children and adolescents (age from 0-18 years old) chosen from all regions throughout the country with allergic diseases, including atopic dermatitis, allergic rhinitis, asthma and allergic urticaria. We used multiple logistic regression modeling to predict CAM use based on predictor variables. Results The previous 12-months prevalence of CAM usage in overall was 70.7% (atopic dermatitis, 78.1%; allergic rhinitis, 52.9%; asthma, 70.3%; allergic urticaria, 86.3%). Central and southern regions displayed significantly lower rate of using CAM compare to the northern region, and CAM was less likely to be used for the allergic rhinitis patients than the atopic dermatitis patients. The most commonly used CAM type was natural products (62.2%). Top five of the most frequently used CAM modalities were softener water, vitamin, red ginseng, wood bathing and aloe oil. One of the main reasons for trying CAM was from the 'hope for a more effective outcomes in additional to the conventional medicine' (43.9%). The subjective effectiveness of CAM was found to be excellent in 74.0% of the patients, and 70.3% of the parents were willing to recommend CAM therapies to the others. Conclusions CAM is used widely to treat allergic diseases in children and adolescents in Korea. Korean medical doctors should actively discuss the use of CAM with the patients and provide information on the effectiveness and safety of CAM as guide in making choice for usage of CAM.