• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• 제21권1호
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• pp.15-20
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• 1993

X-ray diffractograms of the vessel elements and the wood fibers of Quercus variabilis BLUME were recorded and resolved into characteristic reflections of cellulose I. Some differences were observed in the ratio of integrated intensity and crystallinity index between vessel elements and wood fibers. Present results suggest that cellulose crystal structure in the hardwood species was varied with the elements of wood.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• 제35권2호
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• pp.16-22
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• 2007

The behavior of ramie fibers and some wood elements in the early stage of alkali swelling was examined. When the fibers were treated with alkali solution, they significantly shrank in length and swelled in wall thickness. Ramie fibers showed a shrinkage averaging 23% in length and a swelling averaging 92% in width in 100 seconds treating time. Dimensional changes showed different fashion in each element of woods. The tracheids of latewood especially in Pinus densiflora and Larix kaempferi woods swelled intensively and showed balloon swelling, but in the case of Cryptomeria japonica, it was hardly observed. The swelling morphology of libriform fibers was similar to that of tracheids. The walls of vessel elements and parenchyma cells also swelled considerably in thickness but, no balloon swelling was found in both elements. The differences of swelling in different elements can be interpreted in terms of the differences of organization and/or chemical components of the cell walls.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• 제39권5호
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• pp.406-419
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• 2011

This study was carried out to offer basic information on the wood anatomy of domestic yellow-poplar (Liriodendron tulipifera L.), a new plantation species selected by Korea Forest Service as one of the promising hardwood and bioenergy sources of the future, through comparison of stem wood with root wood in the qualitative and quantitative features. In the qualitative anatomical features, growth rings were distinct in stem wood but relatively less distinct in root wood. And stem wood appeared to have pores in radial multiples of 2 to 5, sometimes clusters but root wood to have pores in radial multiples of 2 to 3, rarely clusters. And numbers of bars in scalariform perforation plates were somewhat numerous in vessel elements of root wood than in those of stem wood. Interestingly, on the other hand, more extraneous materials in the wood rays of tap root than in those of lateral root and stem were confirmed in the chemical composition analyses. In the quantitative anatomical features, pore densities were significantly greater but vessel elements were considerably narrower in stem wood than in root wood. Vessel elements and wood fibers of root wood were considerably longer than those of stem wood. Rays were somewhat more numerous in stem wood than in root wood, and only ray heights of stem wood were more or less greater in cell numbers but both ray heights and widths of stem wood were lower in dimension than those of root wood. The anatomical differences between stem wood and root wood were thought to be associated with different growth environments between the stem above ground and the root below ground.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• 제38권6호
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• pp.490-497
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• 2010

국내산 밤나무 목재의 효율적 이용을 위한 기초 자료를 얻기 위하여 밤나무 7품종(단택, 이취, 이평, 만성, 은기, 유마, 축파)의 목섬유 및 도관요소 길이를 대상으로 방사방향 변이성을 조사하였다. 목섬유 및 도관요소 길이는 조재와 만재 부위를 구별하여 3연륜 간격으로 광학현미경과 화상분석기를 사용하여 측정하였다. 밤나무 수간에 있어 만재 목섬유의 길이가 조재의 것보다 다소 더 길었으며, 조재 및 만재 모두에 있어 연륜 증가에 따라 목섬유 길이가 증가하는 경향이 나타났다. 이와 유사하게, 만재 도관요소의 길이 역시 조재의 것보다 다소 더 길었으며, 조재 및 만재 모두에 있어 연륜 증가에 따라 도관요소의 길이가 완만하게 증가하는 경향을 보였다. 결론적으로 밤나무 수간에 있어서의 목섬유 및 도관요소의 길이는 성숙재와 미성숙재를 판단하는 재질 지표로 이용될 수 있을 것으로 생각된다

• 임산에너지
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• 제20권1호
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• pp.62-72
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• 2001

목재의 알칼리 팽윤특성을ㄹ 해명하기 위해 국내산 주요 침·활엽수 4수종의 주요 구성요소의 알칼리 팽윤 거동을 횡단면 절편을 이용하여 조사하였다. 그 결과, 일본잎갈나무의 가도관 직경은 잣나무보다 크게 팽윤하였으며, 가도관의 벽두께는 10% 이상의 알칼리 수용액에 처리시 높은 팽윤율을 나타냈다. 알칼리 처리에 의해 도관의 직경은 방사방향으로 수축하였고, 접선방향으로 다소 팽윤하였다. 목섬유의 세코벽두께는 5%의 알칼리처리에서도 수분팽윤에 비해 3배 이상의 높은 팽윤성을 나타앴고, 알칼리 처리후 일본잎갈나무의 가도관 직경, 목섬유 직경 및 세포벽두께는 거의 등방적인 수축현상을 보여주었다. 또한 미처리 시료에 비해 머서화 처리 구성요소의 세포직경은 수축되었고, 세포벽은 팽윤되었다. 알칼리처리 과정에서 셀룰로오스 결정형의 변화는 없었지만 상대결정화도와 미결정의 폭이 다소 증가되었다. 결론적으로 알칼리의 농도, 수종, 세포의 종류가 목재의 알칼리 팽윤 특성에 크게 관여하는 것으로 생각되었다.

• 건축역사연구
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• 제15권2호
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• pp.23-38
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• 2006

During the repair and restoration of the Daewoongjeon Hall of Youngguksa Temple, species identification and tree-ring dating for both present wood elements and charred ones excavated under the Hall, were conducted. The species of 74 wood elements of Daewoongjeon Hall, were identified as Pinus densiflora Sieb. et Zucc. and only 1 was identified as exotic Pinus species. The latter wood, which was used in the laths, seems to have been replaced during past repairs. Many documentary records and various artifacts pertaining to Youngguksa Temple are being excavated, but none described precisely the construction date of the present Daewoongjeon Hall. Also, from beneath the Daewoongjeon Hall, cornerstone and foundation of previous building and several charred wood elements were excavated. In comparing the direction of the stone columns of foundation of the previous structure and the existing Daewoongjeon Hall, the previous structure was rotated in an angle of approximately $15^{\circ}$. Therefore, in order to find the association of the previous structure with the present Daewoongjeon Hall, tree-ring dating was conducted. The dating of 41 original timbers and 14 roof-filling timbers of the present construction elements revealed that the last annual ring was of A. D. 1703 with complete latewood, indicating that those woods was cut some time between the autumn of 1703 and spring of 1704, and the building was erected in 1704 when we assume no period of wood storage. The year of the last annual ring of the charred elements, which were excavated from beneath the Daewoongjeon Hall, was analyzed as 1674. The cutting year of the woods used for the present building began in 1698, therefore, it can be presumed that the Daewoongjeon Hall before the fire was a structure that was elected shortly after 1674 and that a catastrophic fire occurred some time between 1674 and 1698.

• 한국가구학회지
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• 제23권2호
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• pp.222-228
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• 2012

Seonreung is the tomb of Seong-jong (A.D. 1457~1494), the 9th king of Joseon Dynasty (1392-1910) and his second queen Jeonghyeon-wanghu (1462~1530). We obtained dendrochronological dates of Jeongjagak (ceremonial hall) of Seonreung. It was known first built in 1495 and reconstructed in October 1706, We obtained tree-ring dates of 20 wood elements (beams, pillars, truss posts, cant strips, roof boards and roof loaders). Their outermost rings were dated from 1630 to 1705. The dates of bark rings in four elements were A.D. 1705 with completed latewoods, indicating that these woods were cut some time between the autumn of 1705 and spring of 1706. The results confirmed the reconstruction date Jeongjagak of Seonreung in 1706, suggesting that there was not so long period for wood drying or storage, i.e., less than 6 months. The dates of outermost rings prior to 1705 in other elements indicated that some outer rings of these elements were removed during wood processing. Tree-ring dating proved that the present Jeongjagak of Seonreung had been well preserved for more than 300 years.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• 제43권3호
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• pp.295-303
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• 2015

공주 마곡사 대웅보전은 17세기 조선시대 건축양식을 잘 보여주는 건축물이다. 본 연구의 목적은 건축에 쓰인 목부재의 수종을 분석하는 것이며, 연구를 위하여 기둥, 창방, 평방, 추녀, 사래, 활주 총 42개의 시료를 조사하였다. 수종분석 결과 기둥, 창방, 평방, 활주는 모두 소나무류(경송류)로 식별되었다. 그러나 추녀는 느티나무 또는 은행나무였으며, 사래는 외래산 소나무류로 확인되어 다른 부재와 차이를 보였다. 이는 지붕부 부재가 다른 부재에 비해 교체율이 높은 것과 관련이 있다고 판단된다. 특히 사래에 사용된 외래산 소나무류는 근래 보수 시에 사용된 것으로 추정된다.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• 제17권2호
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• pp.1-12
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• 1989

To study the structure of opposite wood in the angiosperms. samples were cut from stems and branchs of 10 spcies growing in Korea. The opposite side was defined as being along a line passing from the most wide annual ring of the tension wood on the upper side to the pith and extrapolated through the opposite side. lateral sides being on the right and left of this line. The stem woods growing almost horizontally were surveyed the structural features of the well-developed opposite wood for the tension wood. In the annual-ring of the well-developed opposite woods. an investigation was made on how the dimension of elements, microfibril angles. and cell wall layers change from tension side to opposite side. The structural characteristics of opposite wood in hardwoods realized in this study are as follows: 1. The vessel diameters increased continuously to ward the opposite side in which the values were maximum. The vessel length also increased toward opposite side. but the rates of increase were smaller than those in the vessel diameters. 2. The wood fiber length were decreased from tension toward opposite side. but the rates of decrement were f1actuated within the sampled species. 3. The microfibril angles had the minimum values on the tension side. then increased steeply toward the opposite side in which the values maximum. 4. In the percentage of elements the vessel elements increased continously at a relative rate from the tension to opposite side, whereas the values of the wood fibers were lower in the opposite than the tension side, but the' variation patterns of rays were not seem distinctly. 5. The component layers of the wood fiber in the opposite woods were very similar to the lateral woods.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• 제33권3호통권131호
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• pp.11-21
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• 2005

영광 불갑사의 대웅전에 쓰인 목재의 수종을 식별하기 위하여 기둥, 보, 평방, 창방, 도리, 사래, 추녀, 서까래 등 총 88점을 조사하였다. 수종은 경송류(소나무류), 전나무속, 참나무(상수리나무류), 느티나무 등 4수종이 식별되었다. 기둥과 사래는 느티나무의 비율이 높았으나, 다른 부재는 경송류가 대부분이었다. 기둥과 사래의 느티나무의 비율이 높은 것은 조선후기 이전에는 소나무보다 재질이 우수한 느티나무가 많이 사용되었기 때문이라고 생각된다.