• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• 제44권4호
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• pp.526-538
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• 2016

Fumigants are used worldwide for control of biological agents that damage wooden cultural property. To establish a policy for fumigant use, biological evaluation of insects and microorganisms considering many factors is required. This study was performed to evaluate biological sensitivity and wood penetration of three fumigants applied for control of biological agents that damage wooden cultural properties in Korea. Among these, methyl bromide and ethylene oxide can control insects and fungi when exposed directly. However, they were unable to completely control biological agents within deeper parts of wood. Ethanedinitrile, which was developed as an alternative fumigant, exhibited outstanding wood penetration and biocidal efficacy. Further research involving various environmental conditions is warranted.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• 제44권4호
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• pp.589-599
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• 2016

Korean wooden cultural heritages are treated by flame retardants to protect fire hazards. Two types of flame retardants are used to treat wooden cultural heritage. These flame retardants cause some problems such as surface whitening, discoloration, and cracks due to the chemical reaction caused by Korean traditional wood painting (Dancheong), flame retardant and wood humidity. The Korean government is trying to cut down on the amount of flame retardants for the wooden cultural heritage because of these problems. This study was carried out to find the cause of whitening by flame retardants treatment. The reaction between pigment and flame retardant chemicals was analyzed by infrared spectroscopy.

• 보존과학연구
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• 통권29호
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• pp.125-136
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• 2008

To investigate bioactive materials for development of natural conservative agent on organic cultural heritage, methanol extracts from 17 medicinal plants were screened for antifungal and insecticidal activity against 6 wood rot fungi and adult of Lasioderma serricorne. Antifungal activity of extracts was tested by using paper disc soaking method against wood-rot fungi. Among these extracts, the most significant antimicrobial activity was observed from the extract of Coptis japonica at 5 mg/disc against all wood rot fungi tested. The insecticidal activity of extracts was examined by topical application against L. serricorne adults. The extracts from Asarum sieboldii gave 83.3 % mortality at $25{\mu}g/adult$ for 24hr. From these result, the methanol extract from C. japonica and A. sieboldii described could be useful for conservation of organic cultural heritage against biological deterioration by wood rot fungi and L. serricorne.

• 보존과학회지
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• 제38권1호
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• pp.72-79
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• 2022

A paulownia wood has been widely used with various advantages as its low weight, permeability, convenient workability and aesthetic patterns for a long time. However, the related empirical researches and simultaneous evaluations of functionality are insufficient compared with acid-free archival boxes for now. In this study, the indoor and outdoor temperature and relative humidity control and heat release rate were evaluated under the controlled and uncontrolled circumstance in 2018. The paulownia wood storage box showed superior control effect of relative humidity than the acid-free archival box in constantly uncontrolled environment. Also, the possibility of the flame diffusion from the surface of the materials was higher for the paulownia materials, and the acid-free archival box showed more dangerous patterns in the early stages of the fire.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• 제49권1호
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• pp.82-92
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• 2021

Nakdong technique is an unfamiliar scorching treatment using an iron heated in a kiln over 1000℃. It is a typical convention in Asian countries to treat Nakdong on the surface of paulownia species. The scorching treatment changes the surface characteristics as well as the color of the wood. This study focused on the effects of functional features such as water resistance, anti-mold, anti-termite, and sound improvement because this treatment is usually used on paulownia wood-bodied musical instruments surface. It took 28'57" for Nakdong-iron treated surface to absorb a droplet of water. The absorbance time of iron treated surface was longer than that of torch treated one. There was no noticeable effect on the anti-mold test. On the anti-termite test, there was nearly 3% more mean mass loss on the torch samples than controlled and iron treated ones. In examining the sound radiation coefficient before and after Nakdong treatment, the Nakdong-iron treated surface showed an increase in the average value of 1.2 m4/kg s, which means that it has sound quality improvement. Through this research, the Nakdong technique results are expected to be used as basic-data for further research and give a practical idea for using the traditional treatment method on the wood surface.

• 보존과학회지
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• 제38권3호
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• pp.180-191
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• 2022

목조문화재의 대부분은 외부 환경에 그대로 노출되어 있어 위치와 크기에 의해 보존에 관련하여 많은 어려움을 가지고 있다. 그중 흰개미나 곰팡이에 의해 발생하는 생물학적 피해는 큰 비용과 시간을 소모하게 한다. 생물학적 피해를 예방하기 위해 목재 보존제를 처리하는 방식을 선택하여 사용한다. 목재 보존제를 선별하여 최악의 환경조건인 온도는 60±3℃, 습도는 55±5%, 광량은 0.35 W/m²로 열화 처리를 하여 화학적 변화를 분석하였다. 열화 과정을 통해 색차변화에서는 Control 군에 비하여 목재 보존제 처리에서 그 변화량이 감소하는 것을 확인하였다. 목재 보존제의 열화 과정에서 함유된 유효성분 함량을 측정한 결과에서도 비교 대상인 Wood Keeper A에 비해 Gori22와 Bondex Preserve III가 유효성분 함량이 높은 것을 확인하였다. 실험을 통해 목재 보존제가 열화 과정에서 목재 시편의 변화에 영향을 주는 정도와 유효성분의 함량을 측정하여 유효 기간 및 처리 기간을 예측할 수 있다. 추후 다양한 목재 보존제를 갖추어 선택적으로 환경이나 지형 및 기간에 맞추어 목재 보존제를 선정하는 데 주요 평가 요인이 될 가능성을 제시하였다.

• 보존과학연구
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• 통권32호
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• pp.25-35
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• 2011

천연물로부터 항균 및 방충작용에 효과적인 물질을 검색한 결과, 목초액과 세신추출물이 강한 생물활성을 나타내는 후보물질로 선발되었다. 천연 항균 및 살충제로서 선발된 목초액과 세신추출물은 자체에 색을 지니고 있어 이들을 이용하여 문화재 보존 처리제로 사용하였을 경우 유기질 문화재 재질에 나쁜 영향을 줄 수 있다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 섬유 재질에 대한 영향을 평가하기 위하여 무염색 섬유 시편과 염색 섬유 시편을 대상으로 두 종의 천연 살충소재를 $28^{\circ}C$ 온도와 70% 습도 조건에서 노출 실험을 실시하였으며, 천연 살충소재 처리 후 6개월 동안 이들 섬유의 색변화를 2주 간격으로 측정하였다. 그 결과 세신추출물의 경우 무염색 섬유뿐만 아니라 천연 염색한 붉은색과 푸른색의 섬유에서 또한 색변화가 크게 나타나지 않았으며, FT-IR spectrum 분석 결과에서도 초기 시편과 비교 시 큰 변화가 관찰되지 않았다. 그러나 목초액의 경우 무염색 면섬유에 있어서 3주차부터 뚜렷한 색변화가 관찰되었으며, FT-IR spectrum 분석 결과에서도 초기 시편과 비교했을 때 특정 파장대의 피크가 없어지는 것으로 나타났다. 그러므로 목초액의 경우 유기질 문화재 보존처리제로 적용할 경우 섬유 재질에 영향을 미칠 수 있어 사용에 제한을 두어야 한다.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• 제50권3호
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• pp.193-217
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• 2022

The Wooden Seated Amitabha Buddha Triad and Altarpiece have not been the subjects of definitive species identification and scientific analysis. In this study, visual investigation, portable X-ray fluorescence (p-XRF), species identification, and lacquer layer observations were carried out to determine the original materials and conservation status. Cracks, exfoliation and discoloration were detected during the visual investigation. The p-XRF data indicated that chrome oxide green, malachite, gold, cadmium red, cinnabar, minium, hematite, lead white, ink stick (Carbon), and copper were used for pigments and the coronet accessory. Tilia spp., Abies spp., and Pinus spp. were identified from both the Buddha Triad and Altarpiece. Finally, lacquer layer analyses of the base layer, lacquer layer, orange pigment layer, and gold leaf layer observed modern synthetic pigments likely used in previous conservation. As the Korean Cultural Heritage Charter and the International Charter for the Conservation and Restoration of Monuments and Sites clearly state that objects of cultural heritage must be conserved using their original materials, future conservation of these objects should utilize the data obtained in this study to employ traditional materials. Furthermore, a deterioration map diagnosis can be applied together with the obtained analysis data to understand the conservation status of and inform an appropriate and authentic conservation treatment for the Buddha Triad and Altarpiece.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• 제51권2호
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• pp.69-80
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• 2023

This study conducted scientific analyses on eight objects of wooden lacquerware to understand the manufacturing techniques of wooden lacquerware in the late Joseon Dynasty. The results of lacquer layer analysis with a microscope and scanning electron microscopy-energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry revealed that most samples were composed of 1-3 lacquer layers. Moreover, a red-colored layer was found to be red ocher and cinnabar, and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy analysis was carried out to determine the components of the lacquer layer. The detected components were mostly lacquer and partially cashew shell nut liquid.

• 보존과학회지
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• 제23권
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• pp.95-102
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• 2008

유기질 문화재 보존 천연 살생물제 개발을 위한 후보물질 조사를 위해 국내 자생하는 11종 수목을 대상으로 각 수목 메탄올 추출물의 9종 목재오염균과 궐련벌레 성충에 대한 항진균 및 살충활성을 조사하였다. 항진균 활성은 목재부후균과 표면오염균에 대해 각각 paper disc soaking 방법과 feeder strip 방법으로 측정되었다. 그 결과, 수목 중 황벽(Phellodendron amurense) 메탄올 추출물은 5 mg/disc에서 Coniophora puteana, Lentinus lepideus, Tyromyces palustris 그리고 Aspergillus niger에 대해 우수한 항균활성을 나타냈다. 또한, 수목 메탄올 추출물의 살충활성은 topical application 방법에 의해 측정되었으며 특히 주목(Taxus cuspidata)과 전나무(Abies holophylla) 메탄올 추출물을 궐련벌레 성충에 25 ${\mu}g$/adult의 농도로 24시간 처리했을 때 56.7%의 치사율을 보였다. 위의 결과로부터 주목과 전나무 그리고 황벽 메탄올 추출물은 각각 충과 목재오염균에 의해 야기되는 생물학적 열화에 대한 유기질 문화재 보존을 위해 유용하게 사용가능할 것으로 사료된다.