• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• 제50권1호
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• pp.31-45
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• 2022

After manufacturing the natural dyed actual size Hanji using 11 kinds of plant natural dyeing materials and 2 kinds of animal natural dyeing materials, the color characteristics and color change and color fastness after post-mordanting were compared and discussed. The hues of 13 types of natural dyed Hanji were black, PB, and RP, each with 1 type, YP with 3 types, and Y with 7 types. Among the natural dyeing materials, Chinese ink, indigo and Lac showed high color yield and color difference, and violet-root cromwell and gardenia seeds showed low color yield. The color fastness of Hanji dyed with turpentine diluted Ottchil, Pagoda tree seeds, Chinese ink and indigo was excellent, while that of gardenia seeds and violet-root cromwell were very poor. After post-mordanting of natural dyed Hanji with Al, Cu, and Fe mordants, the hue changes were show up the Alnus firma, clove, lac and cochineal. In addition, the color difference was very diverse and was overall the most biggest due to Fe mordant. After 72 hr. of UV irradiation on post-mordanting natural dyed Hanji, hue change was observed in 3 types and color fastness was improved in 8 types by post-mordanting. The Hue and color fastness are significantly different depending on the type of natural dying materials and post-mordants. Therefore, when dyeing Hanji with natural dyes, it is necessary to dye with sufficient knowledges and informations about the desired color and fastness.

• 한국생활환경학회지
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• 제24권5호
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• pp.654-664
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• 2017

The use of environmentally friendly finishing materials allows us to create a space where we can feel nature and to have stability and peace in the city center. In this paper, we examined the sensitivity of people to the three café spaces where wooden finishing materials are used in the space elements that change according to people's demands for environmentally friendly space due to pollution of living environment. First, we examined the wood and finishing materials and emotional vocabulary through literature review and previous research. Second, the values of L ^*, a ^*, b^* and sR, sG and sB values were extracted by using a line spectrophotometer (Ci6X). Third, we conducted a 7 - point scale questionnaire based on the extracted 13 pairs of emotional vocabulary. Using SPSS 21, frequency analysis by descriptive statistics, crossover analysis by visiting purpose and intention, and emotional lexical factor analysis were performed. Through the study, the following points were found. First, CB (The Coffee Bean), SB (Starbucks) and HS (Hollys Coffee) showed differences in CB (65%), SB (40%) and HS (37%) in the spatial analysis. Second, CB gave color similar to the color of wall and furniture wood, but HS changed the color or brightness of wood finishing color of furniture. HS or SB showed favorable use of wood color scheme. Third, SB (26.3%) and HS (19.7%) were selected by taste. Fourth, there were differences in the items of CB, 'local-exotic' and SB 'dark-bright' in the factor value. The use of wood finishing materials differed in the atmosphere evaluation depending on the spatial factors and the color of the furniture. However, in this study, there are many factors that are insufficient in the accuracy of the ratio of the applied wood finishing material to the space element and the amount of the survey. If we further study the evaluation of emotional image according to the ratio of wood finishing materials, we think that it is necessary to study now that interest in environmentally friendly is increasing.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• 제45권2호
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• pp.213-222
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• 2017

Heat treatment of wood is an attractive alternative environmentally-friendly treatment to add value of less valuable woods by improving color, dimensional stability, and natural durability. To improve the color properties of Korean white pine (Pinus koraiensis) and royal paulownia (Pauwlonia tomentosa), we treated the woods at $160^{\circ}C$, $180^{\circ}C$, $200^{\circ}C$, and $220^{\circ}C$ for 2 hours. Color change after heat treatment was evaluated using the CIE-Lab color system and survey was conducted to determine the consumer preferences towards color of heat-treated wood. Lightness ($L^*$) decreased with increasing temperature and the higher degree of change was obtained in royal paulownia. The red/green chromaticity ($a^*$) in both wood decreased after heat treatment at $160^{\circ}C$, and constantly increased after heat treatment at $180^{\circ}C$ to $220^{\circ}C$. Yellow/blue chromaticity ($b^*$) in Korean white pine tended to increase after heat treatment at $160^{\circ}C$, then decreased gradually afterwards. In royal paulownia, $b^*$ values linearly increased with increasing temperature. Overall color change (${\Delta}E^*$) increased with increasing temperature with higher degree obtained in royal paulownia. Samples with the clamps in both wood species showed lower degree of the change in $L^*$, $a^*$, b and ${\Delta}E^*$. The results of the consumer preferences test showed that the darker colors of heat-treated woods were more preferred by consumers compared to the lighter colors of untreated woods. Consequently, heat treatment could enhance the color properties of Korean white pine and royal paulownia woods for value added products.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• 제40권6호
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• pp.370-377
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• 2012

잣나무(Pinus koraiensis S. et Z.)와 로지폴소나무(Pinus contorta Dougl)를 이용하여 열처리 목재를 제조한 후 처리조건에 따른 재색변화를 조사하였다. 반응표면분석법에 따라 설정된 9가지 처리조건(처리온도 : 170, 180, 200, 220, $230^{\circ}C$, 처리시간: 90, 120, 180, 240, 270 min.)에서 열처리 시편들을 제조하였으며, 색차계를 이용하여 재색을 측정한 후 흰개미 저항성을 평가하기 위하여 진주에 설치된 흰개미 시험장에서 6개월 동안 야외노출시험을 실시하였다. 처리온도와 처리시간이 증가함에 따라 명도가 감소하였으며 감소폭은 시간보다 온도에 의한 영향이 더 큰 것으로 나타났다. 미국국립표준국(National Bureau of Standards : NBS)에서 제시된 방식에 의해 평가된 색차를 처리온도와 처리시간의 함수로 표현한 반응표면분석모델은 잣나무의 경우 $R^2$의 값이 0.92, 로지폴파인의 경우 0.88로 열처리조건에 따른 색채의 예측가능성을 보여주었다. 6개월의 야외시험결과 열처리 조건에 상관없이 흰개미 가해가 심하게 발생된 것으로 나타났는데, 이는 제조된 열처리 목재의 흰개미 저항성이 야외에 사용하기에 적합하지 않다는 것을 보여준다.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• 제22권2호
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• pp.30-36
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• 1994

Steam explosion process is one of the most efficient, pretreatment method for the utilization of lignocellulosic biomass. The carbxymethyl-cellulose(CMC) was prepared with steam exploded wood(EXW), pine(Pinus densiflora) and oak(Quercus mongolica), by standard method using isopropyl alcohol and monochloroacetic acid. The range of water solubility of carboxymethylated pine exploded wood was 45.2~66.8 % and those of oak was 60.7~84.7 %. The degree of substitution(D.S) of carboxymethylated pine exploded wood was 0.11~0.33 and oak exploded wood was 0.48~0.76. The color of carboxymethylated pine and oak exploded wood was brown-black. When carboxymethylated EXW was purified by sulfuric acid, the yield of carboxymethylated wood was lower than non-treated one. However, the color was still brown-black although after delignification. In carboxymethylated EXM prepared after delignification, the water solubility and degree of substitution(D.S) of pine were 81.4~95.9 % and 0.71~0.79, and those of oak were 76.2~89.5 % and 0.79~1.05. The values were higher than non-treated. The degree of substitution of purified carboxymethylated wood prepared with delignified EXM, pine and oak were 0.50~0.71 and 0.70~0.88. The color of carboxymethylated wood was white. In carboxymethylated wood preparde after delignification of EXM, swelling ratio and water retention value of pine were 95.9~96.5 and 580.0~751.2, those of oak were 76.2~89.5 and 124.3~307.6.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• 제37권6호
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• pp.566-577
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• 2009

실내에서 일어나는 목재의 표면 열화특성을 재색, 화학적 및 해부학적 변화 차원에서 분석하였다. 실험대상으로는 실내에서 장기간 보관중인 삼나무 목제품을 사용하였다. 실내 보존 초기에는 황색도와 적색도가 급격히 변하였고 5년 사이에 백색도의 감소가 두드러졌다. 화학성분의 분석결과 셀룰로오스, 헤미셀룰로오스, 리그닌 성분 모두 감소하였으나 리그닌의 감소가 더 컸다. 현미경 관찰 결과 5년이 경과한 목제품에서는 목재표면에서 2~3개 층에서 리그닌이 분해되어 중간층이 분리되었다. 실내 환경조건에서 발생되는 표면 열화 특성은 야외에서 발생되는 표면열화 특성과 매우 유사하였으나 그 정도는 미약하였다.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• 제23권2호
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• pp.26-31
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• 1995

Acetylcellulose(AC) was prepared with steam exploded wood(EXW) and EXW after delignification with sodium chlorite, pine (Pinus densiflora) and oak (Quercus mongolica) woods. The color of acetylated pine and oak exploded wood was brown, degree of substitution(D.S) of pine was 1.47~2.09, and this of oak was 1.49~2.29. The hemicellulose content of acetylated pine and oak exploded wood was 0~3.4% and 1.49~11.3%, individually. The degree of substitution of acetylated wood prepared from delignified EXW in the pine and oak wood was 0.50~0.71 and 0.70~0.88, individually. Hemicellulose content of acetylated EXW with sodium chlorite after delignification in the pine and oak wood was less than 1% and 0.6~2.5%. The color of acetylated wood after delignification was white. IR-spectra of acetylated pine and oak EXW after delignification were found that peaks at around 1740$cm^{-1}$ and 1200$cm^{-1}$ increase markedly, due to ester carbonyl group.

• 대한가정학회지
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• 제38권9호
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• pp.119-130
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• 2000

The purpose of this study was to confirm the possibility of screen printing with Natural dyes. The coloring matter such as sappan wood was used in order to obtain the colorant powder through the processes of extraction, low pressure concentration and the spray dry. After the screen printing on silk and cotton fabrics with colorant, K/S value changes of color and color fastness were measured. The main resets were as follows : 1. The viscosity of printing thickeners of sappan wood powder was about 15,200 cps, and the highest K/S value of the fabrics printed with sappan wood was obtained at 90$\pm$2$\^{C}$ of steaming temperature and 80 minutes of steaming time. 2. For the fabrics printed with sampan wood, adding of urea was not effective, since the more the concentration of urea increased, the more K/S values decreased. 3. For the natural dyes printing, the more the concentration of colorants increased, the more K/S values increased. In general, the K/S values of the printed fabrics were higher when treated with mordants rather than without mordants. Specifically, the λmax sappan wood was 520∼570 nm, and the K/S value was highest when treated with Cu mordant and lowest when treated with Sn. 4. Generally, the color fastness was relatively fair.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• 제46권3호
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• pp.221-230
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• 2018

본 연구에서는 자외선 노출에 의한 목재베니어의 광 열화를 방지하기 위하여 변색 요인을 제거하여 그 효과를 평가하고자 하였다. 목재 중 추출물함량이 높고 어두운 색상을 나타내며 고급용재로 사용되고 있는 대표 활엽수종인 walnut을 공시재료로 선택하여 광 열화 분석 및 방지법에 관한 연구에 사용하였다. 베니어 내 발색단을 함유하는 물질을 탈리하기 위해 실시한 알코올-벤젠, 과산화수소 및 차아염소산나트륨 수용액 처리 후 광 안정성 평가를 실시하였다. 광 변색인자로 알려진 추출물 성분의 제거 후에는 색 안정화 효과를 보이지 않았다. 한편, 리그닌 성분을 제거하기 위하여 과산화수소를 20, 30% 농도로 하여 $75^{\circ}C$에서 1시간 처리하였으며, 그 결과 표면색상에 대한 표백효과는 나타내었으나 추출물 용출에 따른 재색 유지가 어려우며 광 노출에 대한 안정화 효과를 나타내지 않았다. 반면, 차아염소산나트륨 수용액을 1, 2 및 3% 농도로 하여 동일 온도 및 시간 조건에서 처리 한 베니어의 광 노출 평가결과, 추출물 용출에 의한 재색변화는 나타났지만, 광 노출에 의한 색상 변화는 관찰되지 않았으므로 우수한 안정화 효과를 나타낼 수 있었다. 하지만, 3% 이상 농도에서는 베니어 표면의 거칠기와 손상이 발생되므로, walnut 베니어의 경우 적정 농도조건에서의 처리가 필요한 것으로 사료된다.

• 한국가구학회지
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• 제23권1호
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• pp.68-74
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• 2012

In this study domestic thinning and small diameter woods of Giant dogwood (Cornus controversa Hemsl) was used. To increase the utilizability of wood, the utilizability was proposed after manufacturing laminated wood by pressing and heating. The physical and mechanical characteristics of Laminated wood were investigated and the color change was measured, using a Chromaticity coordinates, after being pressed at 10% (45 mm), 20% (40 mm), 30% (35 mm) for 5 minutes, using Stopper, and then heated at $180^{\circ}C$ for 6, 12, 24 and 48 hours. The results were as follows. Wood density, compressive strength, MOR, MOE are increased with increasing pressing rate but decreased as heating time is increased after pressing. However, Color change is clear, dimensional stability is improved after pressing and heating.