• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• 제34권4호
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• pp.37-45
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• 2006

Recently, wood-framed houses has been built in the Korea for pension. Wood is good material for human healthy, while the construction lumbers are treated with preservative such as CCA (chromated copper arsenate), which contain some toxic elements for human body. However, if the waste woody biomass treated with various heavy metals, which has been collected from house construction or demolition, was fired in the field, and incinerated or landfilled after mass collection, such components will result in the toxic air pollutants in the burning or land fills, and spreaded into other areas. So the careful selection of wood and chemicals are required in advance for house construction, in particular, for environment-friendly housings. Therefore, this study was carried out to determine the content of toxic heavy metals in woody materials such as domestic hinoki and imported hemlock treated with CCA for housing materials, and the post-treated wood components such as organic fertilizer, sludge, dry-distilled charcoal and carbonized charcoal, to be returned finally into soil. The results are as follows. 1) The chemical analysis of toxic trace elements in various solid biomass required accurate control and management of laboratory environment, and reagents and water used, because of the error of data due to various foreign substances added in various processing and transporting steps. So a systematic analyzers was necessary to monitor the toxic pollutants of construction materials. 2) In particular, the biomass treated with industrial biological or thermal conditions such as sludge or charcoals was not fully dissolvable after third addition of $HNO_3$ and HF. 3) The natural woody materials such as organic fertilizer, sludge. and charcoals without any treatment of preservatives or heavy metal components were nontoxic in landfill because of the standard of organic fertilizers, even after thermal or biological treatments. 4) The CC A-treated wood for making the construction wood durable should not be landfilled, because of its higher contents of toxic metals than the criterion of organic fertilizer for agriculture or of natural environment. So the demolished waste should be treated separately from municipal wastes.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• 제7권3호
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• pp.86-95
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• 2004

This study was conducted to develop recycle revegetation methods for the restoration of the steep slopes by using fresh wood chip from construction sites. In general, the fresh wood chips can be used as soil media for the restoration works, because they can increase infiltration of rainfall and give enough porous to breathe and elongate for the root growth as well as economic value. The experiment was carried out to compare the effect of fresh wood chips from different mixing with soil, organic material and macromolecular compound which used for slope restoration works conducted by Hyunwoo green(Ltd.). The main results by monitoring for two years are summarized as follows; 1. The soil media made with low percentage of fresh wood chip covered quickly by herb plants. Especially, the soil mixture Type C (wood chip 20%) showed 80 percent ground coverage within two months after seeding. 2. The soil mixture type E (wood chip 40%) and type F (wood chip 50%) which contains more fresh wood chips than soil type C was under 30 percent ground coverage because wood plants are germinated well. If the restoration works aims at making forest, then the soil type E and F would be recommended than using soil type C. 3. Among the woody plants, Ailanthus alfissima, Pinus rigida, Pinus densiflora, and Albizzia julibrissin showed high percentage of germination rates and vigorous growth. In case of shrubs, Lespedeza cyrtobotria and Indigofera pseudo-tintoria scored high percentage of germination rates. 4. In native plants, Chrysanthemum indicum, Artemisia princeps, Lutos corniculatus and Imperata cylindrica showed high percentage of appearance. In case of introduced herbs, Coreopsis lanceolata, Coreopsis tinctoria and Oenothera oborata grew so vigorously. 5. The soil types which including fresh wood chips over 30-40 percentage showed the most diverse plant composition and the most effective germination rates and growth pattern with woody plants. 6. This works to develop recycle revegetation methods using fresh wood chips need more efforts for monitoring the exact effect of fresh wood chips as the soil media.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Industry Convergence
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• 제10권4호
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• pp.255-262
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• 2007

The main purpose of this study is to figure out of seismic structural behaviour of Gukrakjeon of Bongjung-Temple which is the oldest wooden architecture in Korea, and to evaluate in engineering aspect of seismic records. The non-lineal analysis is essential for accurate evaluation of wooden architecture in seismic behaviour. Based on the experimental test with applying cycle forces in joint specimens is focusing on not only to prove the structural characteristics, but also to evaluate damping ratio, As the result of this test, damping ratio is affected not the joint methods but the frame variations. The average damping ratio was 26%.

• Journal of the Korea Furniture Society
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• 제22권4호
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• pp.270-277
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• 2011

This study aims to find new solutions to the problem of utilization of materials and techniques represented in the development of modern lighting design. LED is an important component in modern lighting design and pine tree is one of the most popular domestic wood in furniture design in Korea. In this study, design is developed into various types of furniture such as a table, a chest, and a lighting, by researching manufacturing process and examining the use of slicing pine tree. The technique of slicing pine tree is a simple linear arrangement that was traditionally used in wooden furniture in Lee dynasty, with an emphasis on repetitive rhythm. The slicing technology is used to expand the usage of domestic pine tree. The beauty of natural wood is expressed with the transmission of light by applying this technique to the lighting design. It also brings new communication in between artificial lighting and natural wood combining this traditional technique and LED lighting in design. Finally, this study suggests particular value through the convergence of analog and digital by using the traditional wooden technique that keeps natural wood prints and new digital technology by using LED lighting. More discussions and research about this subject are expected continuously through this study.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• 제39권6호
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• pp.531-537
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• 2011

This research was performed to evaluate the decay hazard for exterior above-ground wood in Korea. The Scheffer index (decay hazard index) was determined using the climate data of 72 different locations obtained from the website of Korea Meteorological Administration (KMA), and the wood decay hazard map was created. Jeju, Seogwipo, Gwangju, and Jeonju showing above 65 of Scheffer index values were considered to be high decay hazard zones. The rest showed the values in the range between 35 and 65, meaning the moderate decay hazard zones. However, the annual Scheffer indexes largely varied, which suggests that many moderate decay zones could turn into high decay regions with the climate change. Especially, considering that Korean weather tends to turn into the weather of subtropical region, the decay hazard of Korea seems to have high possibility to be gradually increased.

• Journal of architectural history
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• 제15권2호
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• pp.55-76
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• 2006

History of architecture technology is the area where further studies are the most needed in Korean architecture history. This present study deals with architectural tools and woodworking of Baekje as a first step in exploration of Korean architecture technology history especially, that of Baekje dynasty. Based on the study of real artifacts and archeological sites showing the trace of tool use, function and forms of architectural tools were classified, characteristics of tools investigated, and woodworking technology analyzed. The main tools of analysis include Square, Black Inkpot, Hatchet, Saw, Chisel, Wood Hammer, Axe, and Plane. It is assumed that architectural technology during Baekje dynasty might have leapt into the new stage thanks to the regular use of iron tools. Compared to those of previous eras, iron tools of Baekje are more elaboratedly-designed and well-defined in function. In addition, wooden architectural tools from Baekje demonstrate the superiority of its woodworking technology Historical record also shows the fact that craftsman from Baekje participated in construction of temples of Shilla and Japan. Precise assessment of Baeje architecture technology is difficult because no Baekje wooden architecture is still remaining. The facts mentioned above, however, surely prove the excellence of architecture technology of Baekje.

• Journal of the Korean Solar Energy Society
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• 제23권4호
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• pp.81-88
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• 2003

Earth friendly system is applied widely to industries for maintaining development. The declaration of earth friendly characteristic which is an indication of the total amount of energy in evaluation of earth friendly material is not easy to apply to building materials Therefore, Accurate standards about earth friendly materials are necessary. Earth friendly building materials should be considered in the fields of energy and resource consumption, changes in urban climate and resident health, etc. Among these fields, energy and resource consumption has released toxic pollutants into the air, caused indoor moisture problems and exhausted resources continuously. Especially, moisture problem is an indicator of main factors of earth friendly characteristic. Timber, Soil. Cement Mortar and Charcoal are used to examine the sustainable properties of materials of moisture control. The result shows that wood, charcoal and soil is vivid in changes of moisture absorption and discharge in comparison with that of cement mortar.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• 제35권1호
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• pp.73-80
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• 2007

This study was carried out to separate the heavy toxic metals in eco-building materials by low-temperature pyrolysis, especially arsenic (As) compounds in CCA wood preservative as a solid in char. The pyrolysis was carried out to heat the CCA-treated Hemlock at $280^{\circ}C$, $300^{\circ}C$, $320^{\circ}C$, and $340^{\circ}C$ for 60 mins. Laboratory scale pyrolyzer composed of [preheater$\rightarrow$pyrolyzer$\rightarrow$1st water scrubber$\rightarrow$2nd bubbling flask with 1% $HNO_3$ solution$\rightarrow$vent], and was operated to absorb the volatile metal compound particulates at the primary water scrubber and the secondary nitric acid bubbling flask with cooling condenser of $4^{\circ}C$ under nitrogen stream of 20 mL/min flow rate. And the contents of copper, chromium and arsenic compounds in its pyrolysis such as carbonized CCA treated wood, 1st washing and 2nd washing liquors as well as its raw materials, were determined using ICP-AES. The results are as follows : 1. The yield of char in low-temperature pyrolysis reached about 50 percentage similar to the result of common pyrolytic process. 2. The higher the pyrolytic temperature was, the more the volatiles of CCA, and in particular, the arsenic compounds were to be further more volatile above $320^{\circ}C$, even though the more repetitive and sequential monitorings were necessary. 3. More than 85 percentage of CCA in CCA-treated wood was left in char in such low-temperature pyrolytic condition at $300^{\circ}C$. 4. Washing system for absorption of volatile CCA in this experiment required much more contacting time between volatile gases and water to prevent the loss of CCA compounds, especially the loss of arsenic compound. 5. Therefore, more complete recovery of CCA components in CCA-treated wood required the lower temperature than $320^{\circ}C$, and the longer contacting time of volatile gases and water needed the special washing and recovery system to separate the toxic and volatile arsenic compounds in vent gases.

• Korean Institute of Interior Design Journal
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• 제20권6호
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• pp.228-235
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• 2011

The 卍 shape which is used as an aesthetical feature for traditional architecture can be seen in the stair railings of the house shaped ceramic potteries in the Eastern Han dynasty(A.D. 25-220) but with the introduction of Buddhism, it has been widely used for the decoration of the sarira(small crystals of the cremated monks) case. After the shape was seen in the Yungang and Dunhwang grottoes mural paintings, the use of it has been expanded. In Korea during the excavation of the Gyeongju Anapji which was the Eastern palace of the Shilla dynasty, a 卍 shaped wood which had been used as a handrail was found and this shape was also used in the railings of the Shilsangsa Baekjangarn temple stone pagoda and lantern and in the sarira case excavated in the Songrimsa temple stone pagoda. In Japan, the Nara period(A.D. 710-794) when there were many cultural exchanges with the Korean peninsula, the handrails of the 2ndfloor of the main hall of Hoyu-ji temple has a 卍 shape. This can be confirmed that this shape has been widely used as a design in Asian Buddhist architecture. Gilsangoonhae(吉祥雲海) which is the symbolic meaning of this shape means for long life and luck which had been used generally for the window designs of temples, palaces, and houses. In this study, it is giving the definition the beginning and the symbolic meaning of the 卍 shape which is being used from the ancient times until nowadays and the change of this shape used for window designs.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• 제34권3호
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• pp.79-90
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• 2006

Tamarix chinenis blooms twice a you and its flowers, branches and leaves make the adjustment of tree shape. Propagation methods and growth characteristics of T. chinensis were studied in order to ascertain its potential use as one of vegetation resources for coast forestation and landscaping. The study results indicated that 1 or 2 you old hard wood cuttings showed higher rooting ratio than greenwood or semi hard wood cuttings. One to one mixture between vermiculite and pearlite appeared to be the best for bed soil, and sea sand and silt(loess) mixture was the next. Sea sand and granitic soil followed after. In terms of seasonal differences, spring cuttings showed the best rooting ratio, root number, and root length. Fall cuttings followed after spring cutting, and summer cuttings showed worst results regarding rooting ratio, root number, and root length. The best rooting promotion effects of growth regulators were observed with sea sand bed soils. There was no significant difference among growth regulators in terms of rooting and shoot growth. Low concentration below 100 ppm of growth regulators was enough for rooting promotion effect. In general, the number and mean length of roots and shoots were showed the excellent records in the sites with high rooting ratio. The study result strongly showed that T. chinensis can be considered as a suitable tree for coast forestation and landscaping because of its easy cutting propagation and rapid growth on saline lands.