• Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
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• v.51 no.3
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• pp.72-87
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• 2018

This study highlights a drainage gate and a ditch, which existed around the whole area of the western shore of Wolji Pond(月池) and focuses on a possible connection between the drainage facility on the western shore and the historical drainage system of Wolji Pond. Specifically, it primarily considered locations and the form of a drainage gate, the relationship between northwestern ditch of Wolji Pond and the drainage gate, and the establishment period and the character of the drainage facility on the western shore. The drainage gate found in excavation in 1975 is determined as the same facility as Surakgu(水落口) recorded on an actual measurement drawing, 1922. Therefore, it is highly probable that there were already the drainage facility in the western shore of Wolji Pond before the 1920s. The drainage gate constructed by processing rectangular stones has four drainage holes for controlling water level. The way of the drainage through the drainage holes is the same as that of the northern shore of Wolji Pond. From a cadastral map drawn in 1913, it is found that the ditch existed in northwest of Wolji Pond. The ditch was proximate to the drainage gate and shared the same axes. Hence, the ditch and the drainage gate are determined as a organic facility connected to the drainage system of Wolji Pond. In particular, the ditch existed in northwest of Wolji Pond is the basis for judging that the drainage facility in the western shore were established before the 1910s. Water flowed in through drainage holes of the drainage gate is drained into the northwest of Wolji Pond, through the ditch. The establishment period and the intention of the drainage facility on the western shore can be interpreted in two aspects. First, they might be 'a agricultural irrigation facility in the Joseon era', given that Wolji Pond was recorded as a agricultural reservoir, and that the whole northwestern area of Wolji Pond was used as farm land areas. Second, they might be 'a drainage facility for controlling the water level in creating Wolji Pond', given that the drainage gate was annexed to the lower shore forming the waterline of Wolji Pond, and that the hight of drainage holes on top of the drainage gate was similar to the full water level of Wolji Pond. Considering the related grounds and circumstance, the latter possibility is high.

• Journal of architectural history
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• v.29 no.6
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• pp.67-77
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• 2020

The purpose of this study is to reveal the wood joinery technique in the ancient era. Joinery is one of the core techniques in constructing timber frame architecture in the Korean peninsula. These techniques can be revealed by examining wooden members of ancient buildings. The members were excavated at the Donggung Palace and Wolji Pond, the historic site in Gyeongju. This study collects the data of 284 members excavated at the Donggung Palace and Wolji Pond and analyzes the details such as length, thickness, width, joint types, joint shapes. With the result of the analysis, this study tries to indicate the level of wood joinery techniques in ancient buildings.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
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• v.34 no.3
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• pp.67-77
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• 2016

This study was initiated from question raised on existing study achievement that purpose for Wolji construction simply was to build gardens. In this research, after raising a question on existing theory about the Wolji construction, another purpose of Wolji construction is investigated. Study result is as follows. First, two questions raised on Wolji construction are "Was Wolji constructed as a garden from the beginning?" and "Was Wolji region available land as now at time of creation?" However, it was verified that the purpose of Wolji construction was to use not as a garden but as a detention pond, and the land of such region was unserviceable at time of Wolji construction. Second, in terms of locations and Topography, it was confirmed that Wolji has a favorable condition for undercurrent function as it is positioned at the end point of flow path formed by gushout water spurting from the water flooded from Bukcheon, or low and wetland. Third, from hydraulic point of view, Bukcheon always has a possibility of flooding occurrence before completing river bank build up, and such flooding damage was curved at Guhwangdongwonji, and at Wolji once again in order to prevent the damage spread into the center of Wanggyeong. Fourth, from urban planning point of view, it was confirmed that urban functions were not established in Wolji region before Wolji construction, and urban planning was completed through the opening of roads and others, after Wolji construction. Fifth, it was confirmed that inflow and outflow device of Wolji, and vertical stone platform at western side of Wolji were the facilities to provide sufficient functions as detention ponds.

• (The)Study of the Eastern Classic
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• no.55
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• pp.173-192
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• 2014

Through excavation on Anapji Pond from March 1975 to December 1976, it was discovered that the whole area around Anapji Pond had been called East Palace (東宮) since 7th century and that the original name of East Palace was Wolji Palace (月池宮) through excavation in 1980. The excavation proved that the original name of Anapji Pond was 'Wolji.' In academic world, there are many scholars who recognize this place as the Crown Prince's palace for being called East Palace. East Palace (which is read Dong Palace with pronunciation in Korean alphabet) actually is another name for Crown Prince's palace. This place, however, cannot have served as Crown Prince's palace as 'independent, exclusive space.' After 7th century, there were detached palaces in Silla including East Palace South Palace North Palace and Yang Palace other than Jeong Palace in Wolseong. East Palace is a palace located in the east. The palace's name is based on bearing and it does not indicate Crown Prince's palace. This article proves that East Palace cannot have been Crown Prince's palace through newly analyzing materials related to Wolji Palace.

• Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
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• v.52 no.4
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• pp.124-141
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• 2019

This research explored the relationship between the water quality issue of Wolji Pond (Anapji Pond) with the maintenance of the channel flow circulation system. The water supply and drainage system closely related to the circulation system of pond has been reviewed, rather than the existing water supply and drainage system that has been analyzed in previous studies. As a result of reviewing the water supply system, it has been learned that the water supply system on the southeastern shore of Wolji Pond, being the current water supply hole, has been connected to the east side garden facility (landscaping stone, curved waterway, storage facility of water) between the north and south fence and the waterway. This separate facility group seems to have been a subject of the investigation of the eastern side of Wolji Pond, with the landscaping stones having been identified in the 1920's survey drawings. The water supply facility on the southeastern shore, being the suspected water supply hole, seems to have some connection with the granite waterway remaining on the building site of Imhaejeon (臨海殿) on the southern side of Wolji Pond. It is inferred that it provides clean water, seeing that the slope towards the southwestern shore of Wolji Pond becomes lower, the landscaping stones have been placed in the filter area, and it is present in the 1920's survey drawings and the water supply hole survey drawing of 1975. The water drainage facility on the northern shore is composed of five stages. The functions of the wooden waterway and the rectangular stone water catchment facility seem not to be only for the water drainage of Wolji Pond. In light of the points that there are wood plugs in the wooden waterway and that there is a water catchment facility in the final stage, it is judged that the water of Balcheon Stream (撥川) may be charged in reverse according to this setup. Namely, the water could enter and exit in either direction in the water drainage facility on the northern shore It also seems that the supply to the wooden waterway could be opened and shut through the water catchment facility of rectangular stone group as well. The water drainage facility on the western shore is very similar to the water drainage facility on the northern shore, so it is difficult to avoid the belief that it existed during the Silla Dynasty, or it has been produced by imitating the water drainage facility on the northern shore at some future point in time. It seems to have functioned as the water drainage facility for the supply of agricultural water during the Joseon Dynasty. The water supply and drainage facilities in Wolji Pond have been understood as a systematized distribution network that has been intertwined organically with the facility of Donggung Palace, which was the center of the Silla capital. Water has been supplied to each facility group, including Wolji Pond, through this structure; it includes the drainage system connecting to the Namcheon River (南川) through the Balcheon Stream, which was an important canal of the capital center.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
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• v.33 no.1
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• pp.12-20
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• 2015

After the great King Munmu constructed Donggung-palace and Wolji-pond in 674, original landscape could not be estimated due to lack of related materials for some 1,250 years until it was surveyed in 1922. Accordingly, the study, to estimate changes of Wolji-pond landscape more accurately, analyzed the study of Hara(1932) and pictures in the Japanese ruling period etc. - these had not been studied so far. The study results are as follows. As a result of comparing survey maps of 1922 and one of 1975, it was found that during 53 years, whole area excluding island showed eroded part by 2~4m, severely, there was mounding area which was lowered by 10m. And it was identified through survey map of 1922 and pictures of the 1950's that inside southern shore protection of the No. 1 construction site were many landscape-stones(景石) which can make imagine a hill; here was water path. Trace of such path etc. remained just before excavation. 2) The construction site No. 3 and 5 in peak shape were higher than construction site No. 1, 2, and 4. Accordingly, there is high possibility that construction stood on high stylobate. So it is wrong that construction site No. 3 and 5 are restored in same height as other construction sites. Comprehensive restoration basic plan made in 2012 was also wrong. As a result of estimating changes of landscape through pictures before excavation of Wolji-pond, the author could identify changes of landscape in mound area and pumice stones which showed much changes in drawing. The study has limit due to lack of space. But if more pictures can be analyzed, it could further help for estimating original landscape of Wolji-pond.

• Analytical Science and Technology
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• v.32 no.6
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• pp.262-270
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• 2019

The stable isotopic composition of bone collagen plays an important role in reconstructing palaeodiet, nutrition, palaeoenvironment and their lifestyle. This is the first case in extracting palaeodietary information and breastfeeding pattern of Goryeo people using stable isotope analysis due to the lack of human remains in this period. We analyzed human bone collagen excavated from Gyeongju Donggung palace and Wolji pond No.3. The average values of δ¹³C and δ¹⁵N are as follows: (δ¹³C(‰) = -19.5 ± 0.9‰, δ¹⁵N(‰) = 11.1 ± 1.1 ‰, (n = 4). Stable carbon isotope values shows a mainly C₃ based diet such as rice and barley. Stable nitrogen isotope results implies the protein sources attributed to terrestrial animals. There are various age groups in this study, which are adult, child and infant. Two individuals within early childhood age ranges (< 3 years) shows more elevated δ¹⁵N values than that of adult and this result implies the continuation of breastfeeding in this group until the age of 3. The results provide new insight into the breastfeeding pattern of Goryeo people, where breastfeeding and weaning practices have important implication for fertility, population dynamics, migration pattern and disease.

• Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
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• v.55 no.3
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• pp.102-118
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• 2022

Gyeongju, the capital of Silla, is the very essence of the culture and technology of the thousand-year-reign of Silla. However, few studies have been conducted on the landscape sites of the capital of Silla other than Donggung Palace and Wolji Pond, due to the lack of related data. Therefore, this study examined the construction characteristics and nature of the garden pond in Guhwang-dong, whose complete appearance was identified through excavation following Donggung Palace and Wolji Pond. Since the excavation of the garden pond in Guhwang-dong, Gyeongju, there have been disagreements in academia as to whether it is a palace pond or a temple pond of Bunhwangsa Temple. Considering the unique characteristic of the garden pond that it is divided into two periods, it was interpreted that it would have functioned as a ritual facility related to Ryong (oriental dragon) belief in the 6th to 7th centuries, the first period, and as a garden pond with enhanced landscaping functions in the 8th to 9th centuries, the second period. In addition, it is highly probable that it was the site of Cheongyeongung Palace (青淵宮) and Jochujeong Pavilion (造秋亭) mentioned in the literature records. The "ㄹ"- shaped waterway, a characteristic facility of the first period, was found; however, considering its width and depth, it is insufficient to conclude that it was a simple drainage facility. Rather, it is more likely that it functioned as a passageway for the conceptual entry of Ryong during Ryong rituals. Furthermore, some have suggested that it may have been a ceremony-related Yusang-goksu (流觴曲水) facility. These facilities related to Ryong rituals were reorganized in the second period. Specifically, the nature of the garden pond was changed centered on the landscaping function in connection with the addition of a curved revetment, garden stone, and pavilion buildings, and the dismantlement of the "ㄹ"-shaped waterway and hexagonal building. As for nature, it can be regarded as a royal facility in terms of decorative elements including the ritual function of the first period and the gwimyeonwa (ghost face tiles) of the second period. Judging from the fact that the upper part of the embankment adjacent to the west side of the site was removed, it is very apparent that the main building was located on the upper part of the embankment. There would not have been a large-scale building site because it served the functions of ritual and recreation, rather than being the residence of the king.

• (The)Study of the Eastern Classic
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• no.68
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• pp.145-171
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• 2017

This study aims to clarify the meaning of the Anapji which was one of the scenic places of historical interest during Silla Dynasty and of the Anapbupyeong(雁鴨浮萍) which was one of the greatest seven miracles (Dong-do-chil-gue(東都七怪) through appearance of the Anapji in poems. Anapji lies its original meanings on Anhaji(安夏池) and then it was shortened to Anji(雁池), apji(鴨池) while Dongho(東湖) has also been called since it is located in the South of Gyeongju. As of July 2011, the Ministry of Culture officially renamed Anapji and Imhaejeon Hall Site(臨海殿址) as the palace of Crown Prince-Gyonegju Donggung(慶州 東宮) and Wolji(月池) (Historical Site No. 18) and Wolji became the current name. While pond was made during Munmu of Silla, the name Anapji did not exist. Kim Si-Seup (1465~1471) in the early Chosun period referred to the pond as Anhaji(安夏池) and its name started being called as Anapji in the Geography of Korea (Sinjeung dongguk yeoji seungnam,(新增東國輿地勝覽)(Jungjong 25, 1530). Though modern scholar states that it was being called Anapji since there are always many ducks and wild geese in the pond, they fails to present the literature evidences. The author found the line in the poem -Anapji composed by writer Kim Chul Woo, which means that a wild duck and water bird get in and off the pond on their own and the record saying which means Dong-ho(東湖) from the phrase of Dongho-saw-sar-gi(東湖書社記) of Lee Su In(李樹仁)(1739-1822)-Confucian Scholar of Gyeongju was created due to the fact that many wild geese and ducks are flying over. Based on the facts foresaid, the literature evidences for the name of Anapji are presented in the paper. Anapji is a combined word between the Anapbupyeong(雁鴨浮萍) which is a flooding weed and Dong-do-chil-gue(東都七怪). Dong-do-chil-gue is an ancient form of Modern Eight Scenic Views. Eight Scenic Views -Gyeongju Parlgyong is just well-known as scenic places without grotesque elements Dong-do-chil-gue had before. However, the author also found the passage of Ilseongnok: Records of Daily Reflections saying that Anapji has a clod that is as wide as rock(盤石) and the clod also has moneywort on, which are undulating in the wind and clarified how the Anapbupyeong became one of the one of the greatest-seven miracles Dong-do-chil-gue and why the Anapbupyeong frequently appears in the poems of many writers.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.43 no.3
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• pp.1-12
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• 2015

The purpose of this study is to offer raw data regarding landscape plantings of traditional cultural heritages by surveying and analysing the actual flora and landscape planting species distributed in Donggung Palace and Wolji Pond in Gyeongju, Korea. The results are as follows. The flora were summarized as 149 taxa including 65 families, 117 genera, 134 species, 1 subspecies, 10 varieties and 4 forms. The naturalized plants were of 18 taxa including Rumex crispus, Trifolium repens, Ailanthus altissima, Veronica persica, Senecio vulgaris, Festuca myuros and the like. Invasive species included Rumex acetosella. As a result of the analysis of chronological changes in landscape planting species, 23 taxa were planted in 1979, whereas 48 taxa were planted in 2014. Therefore, the number of these species increased by 25 taxa. The landscape planting species were of 48 taxa including 6 taxa of evergreen trees, 2 taxa of evergreen shrubs, 27 taxa of deciduous trees, 12 taxa of deciduous shrubs and 1 taxa of other. In present conditions by sections, Section A was 25 taxa, 15 taxa of Section B, 13 taxa of Section C and 29 taxa of Section D. The species planted in common were 4 taxa including Pinus densiflora, Acer palmatum, Euonymus alatus and Rhododendron yedoense for. poukhanense. The problems in the present conditions of landscape planting were volunteer species, the occurrence of scrub and vines and the spread of invasive alien plants. To restore and improve the planting landscape and facilitate tree growth, scrub, volunteer species and invasive alien plants must be removed.