• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
• /
• v.29 no.1
• /
• pp.1-14
• /
• 1999

Ursodeoxycholic acid(UDCA) is a hydrophilic gall bladder acid and has been used as a effective drug for liver disease related to in1munity. This drug inhibits secretions of IL-2, IL-4, and $IFN-{\gamma}$ from T-cells and production of immunoglobulin from B-cells. Also it has been reported that UDCA inhibits production of IL-1 related to the progression of periodontal disease and activation of collagenases. The purpose of the present study was to elucidate the effects of UDCA on inhibition of periodontal disease progression using clinical, microbiological and histometrical parameters. Twelve pure bred, 16 month-old-beagle dogs were used in the study. After ligature-induced periodontal diseases were formed, experimental drugs were applied twice a day and then the results of clinical, microbiological, and histometrical parameters were measured at baselie(initiation of experiment) , 4weeks and 8weeks. The gel with UDCA(concentration 0.5%, 5% 3 dogs in each) was applied to experimental group, chlorhexidine to positive control group(3dogs) and the gel without UDCA(base) to negative control group. After induction of general anesthesia, the maxillary 2nd, 3rd premolars and 1st molar and the mandibular 2nd, 3rd, 4th premolars and 1st molar were ligated in one side selected randomly and were not ligated in the opposite side. The plaque index(PI), gingival index(GI), pocket depth(PD) and gingival crevicular fluid(GCF) volum were measured clinically. The PI and GI were measured at 3 buccal points of all experimental teeth and the GCF was measured only at the 3rd premolar in the maxilla and the 4th premolar in the mandible. In the microbiological study, the samples extracted from the 3rd premolar of the maxilla and the 4th premolar of the mandible at the center of buccal surface were analyzed aerobics, anaerobics and Streptococcus colony forming units, After clinical and microbiological examination at 8weeks, the dogs were sacrificed by carotid artery perfusion. The samples were fixed and sectioned including interproximal area, and the distance from cementoenamel junction(CEJ) to alveolar crest was measured. The results were that PI, GI and PD increased until 4 weeks and decreased at 8 weeks in three groups but the differences between all the groups were not significant. The 0.5% UDCA in non-ligated group showed remarkable decrease of GCF. The experimental group applied 5% UDCA decreased the number of aerobics and anaerobics. The distance from CEJ to alveolar crest was greater in the negative control group on both ligated and non-ligated sides, but the differences were not significant stastically.

• Journal of Global Scholars of Marketing Science
• /
• v.19 no.1
• /
• pp.47-58
• /
• 2009

The marketing environment has become competitive to an extent that requires firms to target their products at markets that span national boundaries. However, competitive clout cannot be achieved in global consumer markets unless firms thoroughly understand and adequately respond to the core values and needs of those consumers. Brand equity is one of the most important assets to a company. Especially in sportswear markets, brand equity is the crucial value added to a product by its brand name. Factors such as country of origin also influence customer's attitude towards brand equity. Therefore, this paper discusses the relationship between country of origin effect and brand equity, and how they influence consumers' loyalty for respective brands. This paper focused on the sports shoes market, because it is an increasing area of opportunity for world manufacturers. The objectives of this study were the following. (1) Test the effect of country of origin on brand equity. (2) Test how brand equity influences consumers' brand loyalty. (3) Find whether there are differences in the effects of country of origin and brand equity among the three countries. (4) Find whether there are differences in the effects of country of origin and brand equity among the different lifestyles. Based on the review of literature results, the hypotheses are concluded as the following: H1-a: Country image has positive influence on country of origin. H1-b: Product perception has positive influence on country of origin. H2-a: Perceived quality has positive effect on brand equity. H2-b: Perceived price has positive effect on brand equity. H3: Country of origin has positive effect on brand equity. H4: Brand equity has a positive impact on brand loyalty. Research model was constructed (see Fig. 1). After data analysis, the following results were concluded: sports shoes purchase behavior showed significant differences among Korean, Chinese, and American consumers for favorite brand, purchased brand, purchased place, information usage, and favorite sports games. The results of this study also extend the research of the relationship among country of origin, brand equity and brand loyalty to the sports shoes market. Brand equity was proven to have a significant relationship with brand loyalty for all countries. The factors which can influence brand equity are different for different countries. The third finding of this paper is that we identified different three lifestyles, adventurer, follower, and laggard, for Korean, Chinese and American consumers. Without the nationality boundary, seeing the emergence of a new group of consumers who have similar preferences and buy similar brands is more important. All of the consumers consider brand equity to keep their brand loyalty. Perceived price is the only factor which can influence brand equity for adventurers; brand is more important for them. The laggards were not influenced by any factor. All of the factors expect perceived price are important for the followers. Marketing managers should consider brand equity when introducing their brand into a new market. Also localization is the basic strategy that all the sports shoes companies should understand. But as a global brand, understanding the same characteristics for each country is more important to build global strategy.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
• /
• v.36 no.1
• /
• pp.39-45
• /
• 2009

This study was carried out to investigate the effect of dietary supplementation of Acanthopanax (A) senticosus and Eucommiaceae on the expression of lipogenic, myogenic and oxidative stress genes in broiler chickens. Birds were subjected (assigned) to one of the following 5 dietary treatments: control (CON), A. senticosus 0.5% (T1), 1.0% (T2), Eucommiaceae 0.5% (T3) and 1% (T4). Each treatment was replicated 8 times with 4 birds per replication, housed in 4 birds per cage. Birds were arranged according to randomized block design. Feeding trial was conducted from day 4 to 35th day of age. Liver and muscle tissues were collected for analysis. Broilers subjected to 1% A. senticosus had higher feed conversion ratio than the other treated birds whereas no significant differences were found in body weight, weight gain and feed intake. The gene expression levels of fatty acid synthase were not different among the treatments while the transcription factor $PPAR{\gamma}$ was highly expressed in Eucommiaceae but not in control and A. senticosus. The gene expression levels of myogenin were high in both A. senticosus and Eucommiaceae compared to control group. MyoD also showed high expression in treated groups furthermore, Eucommiaceae stimulated the expression of MyoD more than that of A. senticosus. The antioxidant gene expressions (SOD, CAT, SOD, GPX) generally were not much different among the treatments, however, SOD and GPX were stimulated in broilers consumed 1% Eucommiaceae diet. The result of this experiment showed that dietary supplementation of A. senticosus and Eucommiaceae in broiler may improve the antioxidant defence system through SOD and GPX without affect of growth performance in broilers.

• Archives of design research
• /
• v.18 no.4 s.62
• /
• pp.105-118
• /
• 2005

Housing environment for human beings has been diversified and more convenient due to the development of high technology and civilization brought by industrialization in the 20th century. In the 21st century, how to overcome the ecological limit of biased development-centered advancement, that is, how to preserve and hand over a clean and healthy 'sustainable environment' to our next generations has been one of the most-talked about issues. Environmental symbiosis means a wider range of environmental harmony from micro-dimensional perspective to macro one. The three goals of a environmentally friendly house are to preserve global environment, to harmonize with the environment around, and to offer a healthy and comfortable living environment. From the point of view of environmental symbiosis, houses should be designed to save energy and natural resources for preservation of global environment, to collect such natural energy resources as solar heat and wind force, to recycle waste water, and recycle and reduce the amount of the waste matter. Now, the environmentally-friendly house became a new social mission that is difficult to not only challenge but also realize without conversion to a new paradigm, ecologism.

• IMMUNE NETWORK
• /
• v.5 no.2
• /
• pp.78-88
• /
• 2005

Background: Collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) in mice is animal model of autoimmune disease known as rheumatic arthritis in human. We investigated CII-specific CD4+ T cell receptor usage in CIA mice. Methods: In CIA model, draining lymph node (dLN) CD4+ T cells and splenocytes at $3^{rd},\;5^{th},\;8^{th}$ week, we investigated CII-specific T cell proliferation, production of IL-17, IFN-${\gamma}$, TNF-${\alpha}$, IL-4 and IL-10. And we also performed anti-CII IgG Ab measurements in serum level, TCRV ${\beta}$ usage and T cell clonality with RT-PCR-SSCP analysis. Also, we performed proliferative response against CII when CII-specific T cell subset is deleted. Results: CIA mice showed more increase in the serum level of anti-CII IgG than normal mice after induction of arthritis. And the level of anti-CII IgG2a in CIA mice was increased after $3^{rd}$ week after primary immunization, while anti-CII IgG1 was decreased. Draining LN CD4+ T cells have proliferated against CII stimulation at $3^{rd}$ week after $1^{st}$immunization. CD4+T cells derived from dLN of CIA mice produced proinflammatory cytokine IFN-${\gamma}$, IL-17 etc. Draining LN CD4 T cells of CIA presented higher proportion of CD4+V ${\beta}3$+subset compared to those of normal mice at $3^{rd}$ week after $1^{st}$ immunization, and they were increased in proportion by CII stimulation. Draining LN CD4+ T cells without TCRV ${\beta}3+/V{\beta}8.1/8.2+/V{\beta}$10b+cells were not responsive against CII stimulation. But, CII-reactive response of TCRV ${\beta}3-/V{\beta}8.1/8.2-/V{\beta}$10b- T cells was recovered when $V{\beta}3+$ T cells were added in culture. Conclusion: Our results indicate that CD4+$V{\beta}3+$ T cells are selectively expanded in dLN of CIA mice, and their recovery upon CII re-stimulation in vitro, as well as the production Th1-type cytokines, may play pivotal role in CIA pathogenesis.

• Journal of The Korean Association For Science Education
• /
• v.18 no.3
• /
• pp.399-413
• /
• 1998

This study is based upon the survey for the GALT(Group Assessment of Logical Thinking) full version and short version used in the science education researches for investigating the cognitive levels of students in secondary schools. The main discussions include the annual trends of two GALT versions appeared in the research papers, the distributions of the students' cognitive levels obtained by two GALT versions, the purposes of the GALT used in the researches, and the results of two GALT versions applied to the same group of high school students. The summarized results are as follows. The frequency of the GALT short version used in the research papers has been increased recently relative to that of the full version. For the same grade students, the fraction of students in the formal operational cognitive level obtained from the GALT short version was always bigger than those obtained from the full version. The purposes of the GALT employed in the researches are classified into two groups. One group includes the papers in which the subjects were subgrouped into three cognitive levels from GALT results and it was used as an independent variable to analyze the dependent variable. In this case, the analyzed results might be altered depending on the version of GALT used. The other one includes the papers in which the GALT results were used as a covariable or the GALT scores were used directly without subgrouping the subjects by cognitive levels. For this group, the research results would not depend on the GALT version. When both of the GALT versions were tested on the same group of students with two months interval, the fraction of formal operational level obtained from the short version was bigger than that obtained from the full version.

• Journal of Hospice and Palliative Care
• /
• v.6 no.2
• /
• pp.172-176
• /
• 2003

Purpose : This study was designed to evaluate the perception of cancer in the students of Korea University. Methods : 1,000 students of Korea University were surveyed by questionnaire from March 2001 to September 2002. Nine hundred ninety two complete questionnaires were returned. The data were analyzed by descriptive statistics, and Chi-square analysis using the SPSS program. Results : 701 students (76.1%) replied that cancer is a curable disease. However, the degree of satisfaction for cancer treatment with modem clinical medicine was low (37.5%). Moreover, they thought that there was no difference between the efficacy of treatment by chemotherapy, alternative medicine, or dietary modification. But, the positive evaluation for the effectiveness of chemotherapy in the students who had cancer patients in their families was higher than that in the students without the experience of cancer patients in their families. Six hundred ninety four students (75.3%) replied positively for euthanasia in terminal cancer patients. And they thought that the dignity and the right of the patients were the most important point that should be considered in making the decision of euthanasia. Conclusions : The credibility to modem clinical medicine for cancer treatment was relatively low in the students of Korea University who had no cancer patients in their families. So, further studies and trials will be warranted to evaluate the causes of these results and improve the credibility of modem clinical medicine for cancer treatment in the general population.

• Korean Journal of Applied Biomechanics
• /
• v.12 no.2
• /
• pp.91-107
• /
• 2002

This research got the following conclusion as result that analyzed high clear action kinematically to 4 C girls' junior high school badminton players who are situated in Chungchong-bukdo. 1. Most of the subject didn't rotate their right shoulder and elbow joint at back swing and moved speedy to shuttle cock. And an cooperation action of joint decreases displaying only a good action on both subject`s specification joint part. 2. When the subject S1 and S2 swing slowly and largely the joint of shoulder and elbow and then the speed of right wrist and racket head is fast, the cooperation action of joint is better than other subject. 3. An angle change of right shoulder showed angle that all subjects are great being caused in softness of joint and angular velocity was exposed that load enough Impact force and increase the speed of racket head as angular velocity decreases rapidly in Impact except subject S3. 4. All subjects of right elbow angle change showed similar form and was exposed that subject S2 sees form of impact stage serious bends from back swing and do not use force effectively in angular velocity. 5. Angle of right wrist appeared that the speed of shuttle cock is decelerated because fast bends of wrist is not formed shortly after Impact because all subject do not accomplish big angle shortly after back swing. Angular velocity can assume that the subject S1 and S4 are using and move fast strong snap shot offering angular velocity value of Impact stage sound (-). 6. While size of Impact stage knee angle accomplishes angle that is big both subject, hip joint angles sees small angle and is playing swing that do on upper body and arm without using strong waist force that is composition action with knee and hip joint.

• The Korean Journal of Mycology
• /
• v.25 no.1 s.80
• /
• pp.46-67
• /
• 1997

From 1985 to 1993, we collected 20 isolates throughout Kangwon and obtained 6 isolates from other sources. A. mellea formed rhizomorph actively, and some of A. osroyae were poor in the formation of rhizomorph and some without formation of rhizomorph. A. tabescens was active in the growth of aerial mycelium and poor in the development of rhizomorph. In A. gallica, the mycelium development among the isolates were variable greatly, and especially in isolate A8(KNU-250), the mycelial development was similar to that of A. osroyae, but A8(KNU-250) showed the feature of A. gallica to change medium into brown color. In PCR-RFLP analysis of the IGS region in rDNA, the homology between each isolate in the A. mellea and A. ostoyae showed 100% homology. A. tabescens showed $0.919{\sim}0.974$ homology, and A. gallica showed $0.619{\sim}1.000$ homology. A19 and A12 showed 100% homology as the same group, but compared with other subgroups they showed less than 10% homology as $0.051{\sim}0.108$ value. In RAPD analyses, the isolates of A. mellea showed high homology among themselves as $0.983{\sim}1.000$, and A. ostoyae also showed high similarity. The homology between isolates of A. tabescens showed $0.594{\sim}0.953$ value because A. gallica showed $0.280{\sim}0.733$ value, and the variations between isolates were greater than other species. Especially, A19 and A22 were identified as new novel group which were remoted from other groups, and the homology between these two isolates showed 0.921 value, and the genetic similarity between these groups and other 4 groups showed less than 7% as $0.012{\sim}0.069$ value. Of 5 species identified in this study, 4 species were identified as A. mellea, A. ostoyae, A. tabescens, and A. gallica that were already reported ones and 1 species was suggested as a new specie in Korea.

• The Korean Journal of Nuclear Medicine
• /
• v.37 no.6
• /
• pp.355-363
• /
• 2003

Purpose: Regional contractility can be calculated using the regional volume change of left ventricle measured by gated myocardial SPECT image and curve of central artery pressure obtained from radial artery pressure data. In this study, a program to obtain the regional contractility was developed, and reproducibility of regional contractility measurement was assessed. Materials and Methods: Seven patients(male:female=5:2, $58{\pm}11.9$ years) with coronary artery diseases underwent gated Tc-99m MIBI myocardial SPECT twice without delay between two scans. Regional volume change of left ventricle was estimated using CSA (Cardiac SPECT Analyzer) software developed in this study. Regional contractility was iteratively estimated from the time-elastance curve obtained using the time-pressure curve and regional time-volume curve. Reproducibility of regional contractility measurement assessed by comparing the contractility values measured twice from the same SPECT data and by comparing those measured from the pair of SPECT data obtained from a same patient. Results: Measured regional contractility was $3.36{\pm}3.38{mm}Hg/mL$ using 15-segment model, $3.16{\pm}2.25{mm}Hg/mL$ using 7-segment model, and $3.11{\pm}2.57{mm}Hg/mL$ using 5-segment model. The harmonic average of regional contractility value was almost identical to the global contractility. Correlation coefficient of regional contractility values measured twice from the same data was greater than 0.97 for all models, and two standard deviations of contractility difference on Bland Altman plot were 1.5%, 1.0%, and 0.9% for 15-, 7-, and 5-segment models, respectively. Correlation coefficient of regional contractility values measured from the pair of SPECT data obtained from a same patient was greater than 0.95 for all models, and two standard deviations on Bland Altman plot were 2.2%, 1.0%, and 1.2%. Conclusion: Regional contractility of left ventricle measured using developed software in this study was reproducible. Regional contractility of left ventricle will be a new useful index for myocardial function after analysis of the clinical data.