• The Journal of Advanced Prosthodontics
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• v.8 no.6
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• pp.479-488
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• 2016

PURPOSE. The aim of this study was to test the modulus of elasticity (E) across the interfaces of yttria stabilized zirconia (YTZP) / veneer multilayers using nanoindentation. MATERIALS AND METHODS. YTZP core material (KaVo-Everest, Germany) specimens were either coated with a liner (IPS e.max ZirLiner, Ivoclar-Vivadent) (Type-1) or left as-sintered (Type-2) and subsequently veneered with a pressable glass-ceramic (IPS e.max ZirPress, Ivoclar-Vivadent). A $5{\mu}m$ (nominal tip diameter) spherical indenter was used with a UMIS CSIRO 2000 (ASI, Canberra, Australia) nanoindenter system to test E across the exposed and polished interfaces of both specimen types. The multiple point load - partial unload method was used for E determination. All materials used were characterized using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and X - ray powder diffraction (XRD). E mappings of the areas tested were produced from the nanoindentation data. RESULTS. A significantly (P<.05) lower E value between Type-1 and Type-2 specimens at a distance of $40{\mu}m$ in the veneer material was associated with the liner. XRD and SEM characterization of the zirconia sample showed a fine grained bulk tetragonal phase. IPS e-max ZirPress and IPS e-max ZirLiner materials were characterized as amorphous. CONCLUSION. The liner between the YTZP core and the heat pressed veneer may act as a weak link in this dental multilayer due to its significantly (P<.05) lower E. The present study has shown nanoindentation using spherical indentation and the multiple point load - partial unload method to be reliable predictors of E and useful evaluation tools for layered dental ceramic interfaces.

• The Bulletin of The Korean Astronomical Society
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• v.36 no.2
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• pp.141.1-141.1
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• 2011

New CCD BVR light curves of BD And are presented. Our light curves with nearly equal depths for both primary and secondary eclipses show well-defined photometric waves outside eclipse for all of BVR bandpasses. The orbital period is greatly revised as $0.^d92580519$ which is twice longer than that known previously. Sixteen timings from our observations and thirteen ones from the SuperWASP measurements were calculated. All available timings over 76 years, including ours, were analyzed to figure out the dynamical behavior of the system. It was found that the recent CCD O-C residuals varied in a cyclical way with a period of $9.^y18$ and a semi-amplitude of $0.^d0046$. The secondary period of $9.^y18$ is the most shortest one among those which have been ever found in the short period RS CVn binary stars. The periodic variation most likely arises from the light-travel time effect due to a low-mass ($m_3{\sim}0.88\;M_{\odot}$) tertiary companion moving in an orbit with an large eccentricity ($e_3$=0.70) and a low inclination ($i_3{\sim}28^{\circ}$). The Applegate mechanism could not operate properly in both components because the model parameters require too much large luminosity changes of ${\Delta}L/L_{p,s}$ > 10. The new light curves were synthesized using the 2003 version of Wilson-Divinney code. It was found useful to model two huge spots on the surface of the hotter star and a third-light in order to minimize the residuals from the observations. Astronomical basic parameters were deduced from our photometric solution.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.50 no.4
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• pp.554-570
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• 2020

Purpose: This study aimed to develop and test a structural equation model of health-related quality of life among older women following bilateral total knee replacement based on a literature review and Wilson and Cleary's model of health-related quality of life. Methods: One hundred ninety three women who were diagnosed with osteoarthritis, were older than 65 years, and were between 13 weeks and 12 months of having a bilateral total knee replacement were recruited from an outpatient clinic. Data were collected from July 2017 to April 2018 using a structured questionnaire and medical records. Data were analyzed using SPSS/WIN 22.0, AMOS 22.0, and Smart PLS 3.2.4. Results: The fitness of the hypothetical model was good, with coefficients of determination (R²) ranging between .28 and .75 and predictive relevance (Q²) between .26 and .73. The standardized root mean square residual of the model fit indices for the hypothetical model was .04; which explained 64.2% of physical and 62.5% of mental health-related quality of life. Self-efficacy, symptom status, functional status, and general health perceptions had a significant direct effect on physical health-related quality of life, while social support, symptom status, and general health perceptions had a significant direct effect on participants' mental-health-related quality of life. Conclusion: To improve the physical and mental quality of life of older women who receive bilateral knee replacement, nursing-based intervention strategies that reduce symptoms, improve functional status, and increase health perceptions, self-efficacy, and social support are needed. The most important factor is the symptom status.

• The Bulletin of The Korean Astronomical Society
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• v.41 no.1
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• pp.41.2-41.2
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• 2016

The follow-up BVRI photometric observations of NSVS 1461538, which was discovered as an $Algol/{\beta}$ Lyr eclipsing variable by Hoffman, Harrison & McNamara (2009), were performed for three years from 2011 to 2013 by using the 61-cm telescope and CCD cameras of Sobaeksan Optical Astronomy Observatory (SOAO). New light curves have deep depths both of the primary and secondary eclipses, rounded shapes outside eclipses and a strong O'Connell effect, indicating that NSVS 1461538 is a typical W UMa close binary system rather than an $Algol/{\beta}$ Lyr type binary star. A period study with all the timings shows that the orbital period may vary in a sinusoidal way with a period of about 5.6 yr and a small semi-amplitude of about 0.008 d. The cyclical period variation was interpreted as a light-time effect due to a tertiary body with a minimum mass of $0.66M{\odot}$. The first photometric solution with the Wilson-Devinney binary model shows that the system is a W-subtype contact binary with the mass ratio ($q=m_c/m_h$) of 3.46, orbit inclination of 85.6 deg and fill-out factor of 30%. From the existing empirical relationship between parameters, the absolute dimension was estimated. The masses and radii of the component stars are $0.28M{\odot}$ and $0.71R{\odot}$ for the less massive but hotter primary star, respectively, and $0.96M{\odot}$ and $1.21R{\odot}$ for the more massive secondary, respectively. Possible evolution of the system is discussed in the mass-radius and the mass-luminosity planes.

• The Korean Journal of Community Living Science
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.61-73
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• 2005

This study aims to examine the socio-demographic heterogeneity of community participation in rural Korea. Data was collected through interviews with 1,870 rural householders and housewives who have lived in Up or Myen as an administrative unit of rural communities, and analyzed by the SPSS/PC Win V.10 program. The statistical techniques used for this study were frequency and percentile. The major findings of this study were as follows. Firstly, the extent to which rural people have participated in community organizations were: cooperative groups, $80.8\%$; religious groups, $20.6\%$; learning groups, $12.7\%$; political groups, $9.8\%;$ civil groups $6.7\%$; and voluntary groups, $5.3\%$. Whereas the numbers were high for community participation in groups related to agricultural production, participation in civil and voluntary groups were lower. Secondly, it showed that people who lived in urbanized and high population density areas were more likely to participate in community groups. The diversity of community organizations was different according to the level of rurality. Thirdly, farm householders were more likely to participate in religious, civil and voluntary groups than non-farm householders. Fourthly, people with higher education, females, those in the 40 to 50 age groups were more likely to participate in community organizations. Fifthly, even though men are more likely to participate in political parties, women were more likely then men to agree that women should participate in political parties. This empirical study could support the results of Sundeen (1988) and Wilson and Musick (1997) in that education was related positively to community participation. In addition, we concluded that community participation in a rural development process has two main considerations: philosophical and pragmatic. This implies that there is room for government to enable and facilitate 'true' community participation. That can be done through policy reform which creates a permissive environment for community decision-making and input, in addition to simply supporting community development through financial assistance.

• Proceedings of the Plant Resources Society of Korea Conference
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• 2000.10b
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• pp.60-64
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• 2000

This examination of vegetation is conducted from lune to Oct. 1999 through on the spot survey, centering on the habitat of Abies koreana around Imgeolryeong, langteomok, and Jeseokbong in Mt Jiri and Yeongsil path and Seongpanak path in Mt. Halla. Species composition tables of the Abies koreana community by altitude and slope in Mt. Jiri and Mt. Halla are made based on the community composition tables examined in quadrat. The Abies koreana-Saso quelpaertensis community in a west slope of Mt. Halla is found that Abies koreana of 4-6m in height forms subtree layer and that of 8-9m in height the tree layer and it reflects a difference between community structure by slope and main composition species. While the tree layer of Abies koreana community is 12-14 in height around the area of 1, 290-1, 560m above the sea of Imgeolryong and path from Baekmudong to Jangteomok, it is 8-12m in height in the area of 1, 680-1, 780m above the sea of path from Jangteomok to Jeseokbong. It means that community structure depends on area and attitude. This study finds out that commonly appearing composition species similar to coverage and presence are Lepisorus thunberianus, Quercus mongolica, Soidago virga-aurea var. asiatica, Ligularia fischeri, Carex lanceolata, Clintonia udensis, Magnolia sieboldii, Betula ermani, Acer Pseudo-sieboldianum, As soil environment of surveyed area, pH of surveyed spots is similar in Mt. Jiri and Mt. Halla, electrical conductvity is higher in Mt Jiri, and contents of organic matter is relatively higher in a west slope of Mt. Jiri and Mt. Halla and lower in their south and west slopes. Contents of organic matter and total nitrogen show that the area of 1, 550m above the sea in a west slope of Mt. Halla is some higher. For pH and contents of total nitrogen and organic matter, Mt. Halla is higher than Mt. Jiri but for electrical conductivity , Mt. Jiri is relatively higher than Mt. Halla.

• Plant Resources
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• v.3 no.2
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• pp.138-147
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• 2000

This examination of vegetation is conducted from June to Oct. 1999 through on the spot survey, centering on the habitat of Abies koreana around Imgeolryeong, Jangteomok, and Jeseokbong in Mt Jiri and Yeongsil path and Seongpanak path in Mt. Halla. Species composition tables of the Abies koreana community by altitude and slope in Mt. Jiri and Mt. Halla are made based on the community composition tables examined in quadrat. The Abies koreana-Saso quelpaertensis community in a west slope of Mt. Halla is found that Abies koreana of 4-6m in height forms subtree layer and that of 8-9m in height the tree layer and it reflects a difference between community structure by slope and main composition species. While the tree layer of Abies koreana community is 12-14 in height around the area of 1,290-1,560m above the sea of Imgeolryong and path from Baekmudong to Jangteomok, it is 8-12m in height in the area of 1,680-1,780m above the sea of path from Jangteomok to Jeseokbong. It means that community structure depends on area and attitude. This study finds out that commonly appearing composition species similar to coverage and presence are Lepisorus thunberianus, Quercus mongolica, Solidago virga-aurea var. asiatica, Ligularia fischeri, Carex lanceolata, Clintonia udensis, Magnolia sieboldii, Betula ermani, Acer pseudo-sieboldianum. As soil environment of surveyed area, pH of surveyed spots is similar in Mt. Jiri and Mt. Halla, electrical conductivity is higher in Mt Jiri, and contents of organic matter is relatively higher in a west slope of Mt. Jiri and Mt. Halla and lower in their south and west slopes. Contents of organic matter and total nitrogen show that the area of 1,550m above the sea in a west slope of Mt. Halla is some higher. For pH and contents of total nitrogen and organic matter, Mt. Halla is higher than Mt. Jiri but for electrical conductivity, Mt. Jiri is relatively higher than Mt. Halla.

• Culinary science and hospitality research
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• v.21 no.5
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• pp.192-203
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• 2015

Internal marketing has been considered as a way of achieving higher service quality and customer satisfaction in the service industry. However, the definitions and implementation of internal marketing varies by researcher. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to explore an explanatory internal marketing mix that can be utilized in the foodservice industry. Using a web-based survey method, a total of 405 usable samples were collected and used in the data analysis. Five internal marketing components (i.e., vision, development, reward, employee motivation, and internal communication) were adopted from previous literature, and the results indicated significant impacts of the internal marketing mix on employee job satisfaction.

• The Transactions of the Korean Institute of Electrical Engineers C
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• v.51 no.10
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• pp.492-499
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• 2002

This paper presents the method for an estimation of discharge current waveform in short gap discharge by radiated electromagnetic fields. The method of current waveform estimation is to use the one antenna method (single field method) with a measured electric or magnetic field at given field point by a time domain antenna. In order to verify the availability of the estimation theory, the discharge current waveform estimation was performed by one antenna methods using the measured electric fields of Wilson & Ma and compared with experiments. In addition diagnosis technique for power equipments is able to prevent from large accidents by finding signs of tile accidents before they happen. From the results of the estimation of discharge current, we have a possibility for the application of insulation diagnosis technique for power equipments using S$F_6$ gas. From this point of view, this paper simulated discharge progress and partial discharge by using needle-plan electrodes system in S$F_6$, studied the distribution of frequency spectrum of the radiated electromagnetic waves using a biconical antenna and a spectrum analyzer. From the experimental results of this study, according to the consideration of the mutual relation between frequency spectrum of the radiated electromagnetic waves and discharge progress, it was confirmed that detecting Partial discharge and estimating discharge progress in S$F_6$ could be Possible.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.96 no.2
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• pp.131-137
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• 2007

The first evidence has been provided about the variation within trnL-trnV and trnF-trnT spacer regions of cpDNAs in Korean fir and Manchurian fir, revealed by PCR-RFLP analysis. Four cpDNA haplotypes have accordingly been recognized by being analyzed using the trnL-trnV/Tru11 primer-enzyme combination and 3 haplotypes using the trnF-trnT/TagI combination, which exhibited inter and intraspecific variation. A total of 6 cpDNA haplotypes were recognized by pooling the PCR-RFLP variants observed in both combinations. Haplotypes 2 and 3 were common for both species investigated, whereas haplotypes 1, 4, and 5 were detected only in Korean fir and haplotype 6 was detected only in Manchurian fir. Although haplotypes 2 and 3 were common in both species, haplotype 2 was major haplotype for Korean fir and haplotype 3 was one of the 2 major haplotypes for Manchurian fir. Restricted occurrence of haplotype 4 in Mt. Halla and haplotype 5 in Mt. Jiri of the Korean fir may represent the existence of geographic isolation by the sea between them. Diagnostic potential of individual haplotypes in discriminating between the two species as well as between their populations is discussed.