• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.38 no.4
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• pp.337-342
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• 2018

This study was conducted to perform the suitability analysis of whole-crop rye (Secale cereale L.) based on the climatic information in the Republic of Korea to present useful information for producers and policy makers to determine the site-selection for the cultivation of the whole-crop rye. The criteria to analyze the climatic suitability of whole-crop rye was developed firstly. Then, the climatic suitability map for spatial analysis was developed through weighted overlaying the raster layers of climatic items in the evaluation criteria. Meanwhile, 16 geographically representative weather stations were selected to show examples of the calculation process of the climatic suitability score of a specific cultivation area. The results of the climatic suitability mapping indicated that the climatic conditions in most arable lands of the Republic of Korea such as the coastal, southern, western areas in the southern region of the Korean Peninsula and central areas in Jeju Island are suitable for the cultivation of whole-crop rye. The climatic suitability scores of the 16 weather stations were all in line with the results of the climatic suitability map.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.7 no.3
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• pp.153-156
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• 1987

With a purpose of evaluation rye crop as winter green feed, a cultivar was sown in autumn and harvested at booting, heading, milk, dough and yellow-ripe stages, and processed into silage. The quality of the silage was assessed in terms of ammonia-N, recovery rate in dry matter, pH, and the composition of organic acids. The results obtained are: 1. The recovery rate in dry matter from the silage was the highest when harvested at yellow stage (P<0.01). The ratio of ammonia-N to total-N was low when the rye crop was harvested during milk (9.4%) and dough ( 12.7%) stages (P$NH_3-N$. 3. Silage quality based on the composition of organic acids was highly evaluated when the crop was harvested during milk, and dough stages. 4. Considering both the DM yield and quality of the silage, it was found that rye crop should be harvested at dough stage and ensiled.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.35 no.3
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• pp.245-250
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• 2015

This study was conducted from October 2014 to May 2015 to explore forage production and feed values of Italian ryegrass, Rye and whole crop barley as winter forage crops in the Southern region of Korea. The experimental location was over 10 points for each species and each sampling point area was $1m^2$ (Width: 1 m ${\times}$ Length: 1 m). Air mean temperature and rainfall in the Southern region of Korea during the experimental period was $6.95{\pm}5.75^{\circ}C$ and $70.45{\pm}54.68mm$, respectively. Fresh forage yield of Italian ryegrass, the most cultivated forage in the Southern region of Korea, was $44.4{\pm}7.0ton/ha$. The percentage of dry matter for whole crop barley was $28.9{\pm}7.0%$. Crude protein (CP) was higher in Italian ryegrass ($10.7{\pm}5.3%$) while total digestible nutrient (TDN) had the highest value in whole crop barley. Crude protein was not significantly different by location. However, the neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF) and total digestible nutrient value of forage from Jeonbuk province were higher than in forage from Gyeongnam province.

• Korean Journal of Organic Agriculture
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.419-432
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• 2010

This study was conducted to determine effects of applying cattle slurry and mixed sowing with legumes such as hairy vetch or forage pea on productivity, feed values and organic stock carrying capacity of whole crop barley and rye as winter forage crops, and to obtain organic forages together with higher soil fertility. Experimental plots consisted of 7 treatments, which were non-fertilizer, chemical fertilizer (containing phosphate and potassium: P+K), chemical fertilizer (containing nitrogen, phosphate and potassium: N+P+K), organic fertilizer, cattle slurry, cattle slurry application (mixture with hairy vetch), and cattle slurry application (mixture with forage pea) plots. Each treatment was triplicates, and seven treatments were allocated in a completely randomized block design. For whole crop barley or its mixture crops, annual dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP), and total digestible nutrients (TDN) yields of N+P+K plots were significantly (P<0.05) higher than other plots except for cattle slurry plots. The CP content of barley or its mixture crops was significantly higher tor N+P+K plot (9.8%) and mixture plots with legumes (8.6~9.7%) than those of other treatments. As 450 kg Hanwoo heifers were fed diets included 70% whole crop barley or 70% mixture crops with legumes, mixture plots are capable of raising average 1.7 to 1.8 heads/ha a year. For rye or its mixture crops, annual DM, CP, and TDN yields represented 6.9~7.1, 0.5~0.6 and 4.3~4.4 ton/ha, respectively. The N+P+K plot contained 10.8% CP, which was higher (P<0.05) than all other treatments. In case of 450 kg Hanwoo heifers fed diets included 70% rye or 70% mixture crops with legumes, mixture plots can rear average 1.9 heads/ha a year. When it was considered based on crop yields and organic stock carrying capacity, applying cattle slurry to whole crop barley or rye had the comparable yields and feed values to chemical fertilizer application. Moreover, whole crop barley and rye within cattle slurry plots had a greater combination with hairy vetch and forage pea, respectively, and their mixture crops with legumes had higher crude protein and TDN yields within cattle slurry plots. In conclusion, it would be expected that mixed sowing with legumes in the application of cattle slurry to grass crops could be substituted for imported organic grains as dietary protein sources in feeding organic livestock.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.32 no.2
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• pp.117-124
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• 2012

This study was conducted to estimate Hanwoo carrying capacity when whole crop barley or rye as winter forage crops was grown on different applying sources (chemical fertilizer, cattle or organic fertilizer) and mixed sowing combination with hairy vetch or forage pea during the period of 2008~2010. The experimental plots within whole crop barley or rye were consisted of 7 treatments, which were non-fertilizer, chemical fertilizer (P+K), chemical fertilizer (N+P+K), organic fertilizer, cattle slurry, cattle slurry with hairy vetch, and cattle slurry with forage pea. Each plot was triplicates and experimental treatments were allocated in the randomized complete block design. For whole crop barley, annual mean dry matter (DM) and total digestible nutrients (TDN) yields were the highest in N+P+K plots, but there were no significant differences among organic fertilizer, cattle slurry and mixed sowing with legumes. The TDN and RFV were the highest in mixed sowing plots of forage pea plus cattle slurry application. As 450 kg Hanwoo heifers were fed diets included 70% whole crop barley, organic fertilizer, cattle slurry application and mixed sowing with legumes plots is capable of raising average 2.5 to 2.9 heads/ha a year. For whole crop rye, annual DM, crude protein, and TDN yields of application groups and mixed sowing treatment with legumes showed 6.69~7.13, 0.46~0.51 and 3.95~4.18 ton/ha, respectively. In case of 450 kg Hanwoo heifers fed diets included 70% forage rye, it is estimated that cattle slurry application (mixed sowing with legumes) plots can rear average 3.1~3.3 heads/ha a year. It can be concluded that, on the basis of DM yield, not only mixed sowing with legumes by applying cattle slurry rather than single sowing of whole crop barley or whole crop rye enhanced production yield and feed values, but also it could be a substitute for imported grains as dietary protein sources in the case of feeding Hanwoo.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.38 no.4
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• pp.202-209
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• 2018

This study was conducted to compare annual productivity of whole crop rice and winter crops in paddy field of southern region in Korean peninsular. Whole crop rice (WCR) varieties used in this experiment were Suwon 605, Yeongwoo, and Mogwoo bred at the National Institute of Crop Science (NICS), and Rye (Gogwoo), Italian ryegrass(IRG, Greenfarm) and Triticale (Choseong) were used as winter crops. Each crop was cultivated using the standard cultivation method and harvesting of whole rice was carried out about 30 days after heading date. The dry matter (DM) content was the lowest in Italian ryegrass (p<0.05), and the highest value was 29.4% in triticale. The dry matter yield of rye was the highest (p<0.05), and there was no significant difference between Italian ryegrass and triticale (p>0.05). There was no difference in forage quality among seeding time of each species, but there was a difference among the species (p<0.05). In particular, rye showed lower CP, IVDMD, TDN and RFV values than other species. The average dry matter production of whole crop rice was 18,484 kg/ha, but there was no significant difference among the cultivars (p>0.05). Crude protein (CP) content was significantly lower in Mogwoo than other and TDN and RFV values were the highest in Mogwoo. In the annual productivity evaluation, combination of rye-Suwon 605 showed the highest DM yield at 26,515kg/ha. Based on the above results, it was concluded that the combination of Suwon 605-rye (Gogwoo) was the most effective cropping system for annual forage production using whole crop rice and winter crop in the southern region of Korean peninsular.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.29 no.3
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• pp.187-196
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• 2009

The objectives of this study were to evaluate the different cutting dates on the changes of feed quality among five cereals (barley, wheat, rye, triticale and oat) for whole crop silage. Field trials were conducted at paddy field in Yesan, Chungnam Province and the aerial parts were clipped 10 days from 15 March to 15 June. Changes of acid detergent fiber (ADF) content in relation to different cutting dates was described by a quadratic curve for 5 winter cereals crops. ADF content reached a maximum at 5 days after heading in barley cultivar 'Youngyang', 7 days in wheat 'Keumkang', 18 days in rye 'Gogu', 1 days in triticale 'Shinyoung' and 10 days in oat 'Samhan'. Neutral detergent fiber (NDF) content were linearly increased as growing after overwintering and stagnated or slightly decreased after heading. The crude protein were linearly decreased throughout the growth period of 5 whole crop cereals. Digestible dry matter (DDM) content were decreased from early stages to heading and subsequently increased as grain filling. Relative feed value (RFV) for 5 crops were decreased as growing and subsequently increased as grain filling after heading. Barley cultivar for only forage use 'Youngyang' were lower at ADF and NDF content and higher at DDM and RFV after heading than those of other cereals for forage use. So, barley for whole crop silage was a good crop with high feed quality and high proportion of spikes compared with other winter cereal crops. Wheat cultivar for grain 'Keumkang' were higher at crude protein than those of other four cereals from overwintering to maturing and were higher at DDM and RFV after heading than those of rye, triticale and oat. Rye cultivar with cold tolerant and high fresh yielding 'Gogu' were highest at ADF and NDF content and lowest at DDM content and RFV. So, rye was a crop with low quality for forage use compared to other winter cereal crops. Triticale cultivar with flourishing and high yielding 'Shinyoung' was intermediated between barley and rye, and were linearly increased at DDM yield by different cutting dates. Oat cultivar with cold tolerant and high tillering 'Samhan' were lower at ADF and NDF content and higher at crude protein before heading, but after heading, there are not especially advantages compared to barley, wheat or triticale.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.40 no.4
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• pp.196-202
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• 2020

Rye, whole-crop barley and Italian Ryegrass are major winter forage species in Korea, and yield monitoring of winter forage species is important to improve forage productivity by precision management of forage. Forage monitoring using Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) has offered cost effective and real-time applications for site-specific data collection. To monitor forage crop by multispectral camera with UAV, we tested four types of vegetation index (Normalized Difference Vegetation Index; NDVI, Green Normalized Difference Vegetation Index; GNDVI, Normalized Green Red Difference Index; NGRDI and Normalized Difference Red Edge Index; NDREI). Field measurements were conducted on paddy field at Naju City, Jeollanam-do, Korea between February to April 2019. Aerial photos were obtained by an UAV system and NDVI, GNDVI, NGRDI and NDREI were calculated from aerial photos. About rye, whole-crop barley and Italian Ryegrass, regression analysis showed that the correlation coefficients between dry matter and NDVI were 0.91~0.92, GNDVI were 0.92~0.94, NGRDI were 0.71~0.85 and NDREI were 0.84~0.91. Therefore, GNDVI were the best effective vegetation index to predict dry matter of rye, wholecrop barley and Italian Ryegrass by UAV system.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.33 no.4
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• pp.275-280
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• 2013

We examined the use of basic forage data and indicators of forage productivity in different regions of Korea. The productivity of winter forage crops was evaluated from mid to late May 2012 by directly collecting information from farmhouses. A survey of winter forage crop productivity was conducted with 66 farmers in 16 regions; including, Italian ryegrass (IRG) from 22 farmers in 11 regions, whole crop barley from 21 farmers in eight regions, rye from 11 farmers in five regions, and IRG mixed with whole crop barley from 12 farmers in six regions. The results indicated that the Konju region exhibited higher yields of dry matter (DM) forage (15,128 kg/ha) and that the Dangjin region (reclaimed land) showed the lowest (3,885 kg/ha). The average yield of DM forage was 9,418 kg/ha. Yields of whole crop barley and IRG mixed with whole crop barley were comparatively higher than those of rye and IRG. We conclude that overall forage productivity was influenced by farmer's cultivation ability rather than the forage cultivation environment.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.19-23
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• 1986

This experiment was conducted to find out the change of composition and yield of whole crop rye plant by the maturity stage such as boot, heading, milky, dough and yellow ripe. The results of this experiment were as follows: The yield of whole plant was significantly (P<0.01) higher in the dough stage than in the other stages, and stalk yield of whole plant was significantly (P<0.01) higher in the dough stage than in the other stages, and stalk yield of whole plant was the highest in the part of whole plant, ear yield in the yellow ripe stage. Leaf and stalk yield in the ratio of part yield to whole plant yield remarkably decreased according to the passage from boot to yellow ripe stage, but ear yield increased. Dry matter yield increased with advancing maturity stage, and was the highest in the yellow ripe stage (P<0.01). Crude protein contents of whole plant and each parts gradually decreased, and crude fiber content increased with advancing maturity stage.