• Journal of Korea Technical Association of The Pulp and Paper Industry
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• v.48 no.3
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• pp.5-13
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• 2016

This study investigated the effects of different factors on the migration of a fluorescent whitening agent (FWA) from paper treated with FWAs to non-fluorescent papers. FWA migration experiments were carried out in vertical and friction contacts between the papers dyed with FWAs and non-fluorescent papers. During the experiments, we identified the effects of the addition and types of FWAs, contact time, temperature, and relative humidity (RH) on FWA migration. The fluorescence indices of the non-fluorescent papers were measured before and after the migration experiments, and the Student's t test, a statistical tool, was utilized to compare results from different migration experiments. In vertical contact experiments, FWA migration to non-fluorescent paper was observed at $30^{\circ}C$ and 70% RH; this was attributed to the high moisture content of the paper. FWA migration did not occur significantly at $23^{\circ}C$ and 50% RH. In the friction contact experiments, FWA migrations were identified at both temperature conditions and RH percentages. The addition and types of FWAs did not increase the fluorescence index of non-fluorescent papers. Therefore, it was concluded that the moisture content of paper and the friction contact affected FWA migration from the papers containing internal and surface FWAs.

• Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Scientists of Korea
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• v.40 no.4
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• pp.341-347
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• 2014

This study was aimed to investigate skin whitening effects of Nomura's jellyfish (Nemopilema nomurai) hydrolyzed extracts (NHE). The extracts were prepared through the hydrolysis of N. nomurai using commercial proteolytic enzymes such as Protamex, Alcalase, Flavourzyme and Neutrase with optimum pHs (pH 5-8) at $55^{\circ}C$. Their whitening activities were examined from the inhibition of melanin synthesis using B16-F1 cell lines. Among the examined samples, Neutrase-treated extract (N-NHE) showed the most significant inhibition effect on melanin synthesis by 89.9% at a concentration of $100{\mu}g/mL$. This sample decreased the expression of tyrosinase and TRP-1 (tyrosinase related protein-1) proteins as well. These results suggested the potential application of NHE as whitening ingredients in cosmetic preparation.

• Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Scientists of Korea
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• v.29 no.1
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• pp.151-167
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• 2003

Melanin biosynthesis is a human defense mechanism to protect skin from UV irradiation and also determines colors of hair and skin. However, as a interest on skin-whitening increases, researches to prevent pigmentation and hypersynthesis of melanin in skin are being actively in progress. Active components used as a whitening agent in cosmeceuticals are kojic acid, arbutin, vitamin C and hydroquinone. However, until now, because comparison researches among them in the aspect of both melanin formation and cellular toxicity have not been performed, we can't exactly estimate merits and defects of them as a whitening agent. To this end, we performed experiments to compare their effects on cell viability and melanin formation. As a first step, in vitro tyrosinase inhibition assay was done. While kojic acid and hydroquinone showed strong inhibition activities(their IC$\_$50/s are all < 100uM), arbutin and vitamin C showed weak activities. IC$\_$50/s of arbutin and vitamin C are 100uM and 400∼500uM, respectively. In B16BL6 melanoma cells, like in vitro tyrosinase inhibition assay, arbutin and kojic acid showed more strong inhibition effect on melanin synthesis than vitamin C. And unlike arbutin, vitamin C and kojic acid induced cell death at high concentration. Although arbutin showed no cytotoxicity, it has side effect to induce morphological change at high concentration.. In this paper, we suggest both kojic acid and arbutin have stronger ability to inhibit melanogenesis than vitamin C. And they also have side effect, that is, kojic acid induces cell death like vitamin C and arbutin changes cell morphology respectively.

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.298-304
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• 2015

Dendrobium loddigesii (DL) is a valuable and versatile herbal medicine with the anecdotal claims of anti-oxidant and anti-inflammation. In the present study, we investigated the whitening effects of DL under various conditions with B16F10 melanoma cells. The DL extract inhibited melanin contents and tyrosinase activity in a dose-dependent manner, compared with untreated group. Treatment of the DL extract effectively suppressed the ${\alpha}$-MSH-stimulated melanin formation, tyrosinase activity and dendrite outgrowth. Moreover, the ${\alpha}$-MSH-induced mRNA expressions of tyrosinase-related protein-1 (TRP-1), tyrosinase-related protein-2 (TRP-2), microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (MITF) and protein expression of tyrosinase were significantly attenuated by DL treatment. These results indicate that DL may be a great cosmeceutical ingredient for its whitening effects.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.23 no.11
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• pp.1336-1341
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• 2013

The purpose of this study was to research the whitening effects of the extract from Angelica gigas Nakai, which is one of the most widely used herbal medicines in Asia. For whitening effects, the tyrosinase inhibition effect of the A. gigas Nakai extract was shown to be greater than 70% at 1,000 ${\mu}g/ml$ concentration. The result of measuring the cell toxicity effect of the extract from A. gigas Nakai on melanoma cells showed 99% toxicity at 500 ${\mu}g/ml$ concentration. The microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (MITF), tyrosinase related protein-1 (TRP-1), tyrosinase related protein-2 (TRP-2), and tyrosinase mRNA expression inhibitory effect by reverse transcription-PCR of the extract from A. gigas Nakai were decreased by 85.7%, 123.9%, 68.8%, and 208%, respectively, at 50 ${\mu}g/ml$ concentration. All these findings could verify that extract from A. gigas Nakai could have an effect on whitening. Moreover, extract from A. gigas Nakai has great potential as a cosmetic ingredient.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.51 no.1
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• pp.52-57
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• 2019

The objective of this study was to evaluate the anti-melanogenic effects of crude polysaccharide fractions from Annona muricata L. (ALP) in 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine (IBMX) stimulating hormone-induced mouse B16F10 melanoma cells. The inhibitory effect of ALP on tyrosinase activity was approximately $33.88{\pm}0.79%$ at 5 mg/mL. Additionally, the B16F10 cellular tyrosinase and melanin synthesis inhibition activities by ALP were $54.21{\pm}4.76$ and $56.74{\pm}6.97%$ at $250{\mu}g/mL$, respectively. Similarly, whitening-related protein tyrosinase, tyrosinase-related protein 1 (TRP-1) and TRP-2, and microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (MITF) were reduced by ALP treatment. These results indicated that ALP could be used as a functional cosmetic ingredient after confirming its whitening activity related to melanin content.

• Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Scientists of Korea
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• v.48 no.4
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• pp.295-302
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• 2022

In this study, we investigated the anti-oxidant, anti-aging, and skin whitening effects of Korean mistletoe (Viscum album var. coloratum). The mistletoe fraction was composed of four types: hexane (HX), ethyl acetate (EA), butanol (BU), and methylene chloride (MC). In total phenol content assay, HX showed the highest phenol content among four fractions. In addition, EA significantly increased 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging and catalase-like activities, and MC significantly increased superoxide dismutase (SOD)-like activity. When we compared IC₅₀ value in the hyaluronidase and elastase inhibition assay, MC had the lowest IC₅₀. In addition, we also performed tyrosinase inhibition assay to demonstrate the possibility of Korean mistletoe as a cosmetic component. HX showed the highest tyrosinase inhibition rate among the fractions.

• Korean Journal of Pharmacognosy
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• v.53 no.2
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• pp.70-78
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• 2022

The objective of this study was to assess the effect of preventing pigmentation caused by external stimuli, promoting skin regeneration and whitening of the skin composition containing complex extract of Dendrobii Caulis and Centella asiatica (CE). We evaluated cell viability, tyrosinase and melanin inhibition activity, skin irritation test, and skin moisturizing and regenerative effects using CE. As a result of the tyrosinase inhibitory activity, 100 ㎍/mL CE (35.31%) showed higher value than kojic acid (21.32%). The results of melanin synthesis inhibition in B16F10 melanoma cells after treatment with α-melanocyte stimulating hormone showed a similar level of activity to that of arbutin, indicating an excellent whitening effect. In clinical test of the skin composition containing CE, we confirmed that CE is non-irritated in human skin primary irritation test as well as have a high skin moisturizing and regenerative effect. From these results, we suggested the CE not only prevents skin damage and pigmentation caused by external stimuli but has remarkable skin brightening activity and skin regeneration effect.

• 한국약용작물학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2007.05a
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• pp.209-210
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• 2007

• Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.269-273
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• 2014

Coralline algae, the algal whitening phenomenon-causing seaweeds, are characterized by calcareous deposits in the cell wall. The viability of the coralline algae Lithophyllum yessoense and Corallina pilulifera was quantitated using a triphenyltetrazolium chloride assay and eight calcification inhibitors. Among these inhibitors, ferric citrate showed the strongest inhibition of coralline algae viability. The concentrations of ferric citrate conferring 50% inhibition were 1.7 and 3.8 mM for L. yessoense and C. pilulifera, respectively. Thus, at a specific concentration and in a localized area, ferric citrate may be used to prevent the blooming of coralline algae.