• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• v.44 no.1
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• pp.6.1-6.11
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• 2019

Objectives: The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of whitening mouth rinses alone and in combination with conventional whitening treatments on color, microhardness, and surface roughness changes in enamel specimens. Materials and Methods: A total of 108 enamel specimens were collected from human third molars and divided into 9 groups (n = 12): 38% hydrogen peroxide (HP), 10% carbamide peroxide (CP), 38% HP + Listerine Whitening (LW), 10% CP + LW, 38% HP + Colgate Plax Whitening (CPW), 10% CP + CPW, LW, CPW, and the control group (CG). The initial color of the specimens was measured, followed by microhardness and roughness tests. Next, the samples were bleached, and their color, microhardness, and roughness were assessed. Data were analyzed through 2-way analysis of variance (ANOVA; microhardness and roughness) and 1-way ANOVA (color change), followed by the Tukey post hoc test. The Dunnett test was used to compare the roughness and microhardness data of the CG to those of the treated groups. Results: Statistically significant color change was observed in all groups compared to the CG. All groups, except the LW group, showed statistically significant decreases in microhardness. Roughness showed a statistically significant increase after the treatments, except for the 38% HP group. Conclusions: Whitening mouth rinses led to a whitening effect when they were used after conventional treatments; however, this process caused major changes on the surface of the enamel specimens.

• Applied Chemistry for Engineering
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.348-353
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• 2005

The extracts from natural and fermented products such as Artemisia plants, Rhodiola Salientness, fermented soybeans and soybean paste were used to investigate the whitening effect. 10 g of Artemisia plant were added to 300 mL of ethanol and extracted by sonification at room temperature for 3 h. The extract was further partitioned by the equal volume percent in the order of the n-hexane, chloroform and ethyl acetate. 5 g of Rhodiola salientness was also added to 150 mL of methanol and extracted at the room temperature for 12 h. The effluents from a chromatographic column ($3.9{\times}250mm$, $C_{18}$, $15{\mu}m$) were collected and concentrated in two parts. The extraction of fermented soybeans and soybean paste were done by 60% ethanol. In this work, tyrosinase inhibitory activity and melanin inhibitory effect were measured to confirm the whitening effect. The water layer of Artemisia princeps Pampan showed the good inhibitory of antioxidant, while the hexane layer of Artemisia iwayomogi Kitamura and the chloroform layer of Artemisia princeps Pampan had the excellent melanin inhibitory effect. The Rhodiola salientness had the superior whitening effect to the arbutin in in-vivo melanin production ratio assay. However, the fermented soybeans and soybean paste did not show any whitening effect.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine Ophthalmology and Otolaryngology and Dermatology
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.51-62
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• 2007

Objective : The aim of this study is to assess the effect of Schizandrae Fructus on melanin synthesis inhibition and whitening effect. Methods : We assessed inhibitory effects of Schizandrae Fructus on melanin-release from B16F10, on melanin production in B16F10, on mushroom tyrosinase activity in vitro, on tyrosinase activity in B16F10 and effect of Schizandrae Fructus on the expression tyrosinase, TRP-1, TRP-2, PKA, ERK-1 ERK-2, AKT-1, MITF in B16F10. Results and Conclusion : 1. Schizandrae Fructus inhibited melanin-release, melanin production in B16F10. 2. Schizandrae Fructus inhibited tyrosinase activity in vitro and in B16F10. 3. Schizandrae Fructus suppressed the expression of tyrosinase, TRP-1, TRP-2, PKA, ERK-2 in B16F10.

• Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Scientists of Korea
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.65-72
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• 1998

In this study, we demonstrated the whitening effect of Lagenaria leucantha through the melanin biosynthesis of S bikiniensis and inhibition of melanogenesis in cultured Bl6 melanocytes. And we confirmed the whitening effect of Lagenaria leucantha through the depigmentation of gold fish in vivo. The melanogenesis of B$_{16}$ melanocytes was founded to be activated dose and time dependently by the treatment of u- MSH. When the B$_{16}$ melanocytes was treated with 200nM of $\alpha$-MSH, the morphology of melanocytes was remarkably changed. The melanin content and the synthesis of tyrosinase were strikingly increased. Lagenaria ieucantha inhibited the melanin formation stimulated by $\alpha$-MSH without affection of cell viability. However, Lagenaria leucantha didn't inhibit tyrosinase activity and showed weak suppression on the synthesis of tyrosinase. These results suggest Lagenaria leucantha might inhibit melanin formation with tyrosinase independent manner. Lagenaria ieucantha also inhibition melanin biosynthesis with 18mm inhibition zone in S.bikiniensis. To evaluate the inhibitory activity of melanogenesis of Lagenaria leucantha in vivo, we examined its effect on depigmentation of gold fish. Lagenaria ieucantha remarkably reduced the size and density of melanophores in gold fish. These results suggest that Lagenaria ieucantha can be used as a whitening agent in cosmetics.ics.s.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.50 no.2
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• pp.277-282
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• 2022

Whitening effect of the extract of Phaseolus angularis (PA) shell was investigated for its potential application as a functional ingredient for cosmetic products. The tyrosinase inhibitory effect, which is related to whitening, was 76.4% at a concentration of 1,000 ㎍/ml. Cell viability of melanoma cells was measured to test toxicity of the PA shell extract at concentrations showing at least 90% viability. In addition, western blot and RT-PCR assays of the PA shell extract showed concentration-dependent decreases of MITF, TRP-1, TRP-2 and tyrosinase protein and inhibitory effect of mRNA expression. These findings suggested that extract from PA shell has great potential as a cosmeceutical ingredient with whitening effect.

• Journal of Biosystems Engineering
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.20-30
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• 1987

Major rice grain losses both in quality and in quantity are incurred in the whitening process which is indispensable in the milling process. Rice whitening it performed by two different whitening actions known as abrasive and frictional. In Korea, abrasive-type whiteners equipped with a emery-stone roller have been adopted in the whitening system in large scale milling plants, but not in customary small scale. However, researches on this type whitener have rarely been conducted in Korea. This study was attempted to establish design criteria or a modified abrasive-type whitener which is aerated with blower. The factors considered in this study were three levels of feedscrew pitch (20, 27, 34 mm) and three levels of clearance(11, 13, 15 mm) between surfaces or emery-stone roller and screen and two levels of moisture content (14.5%, 15.7%, w.b.) of brown rice. Also, the effect of aeration on whitening performance was examined, and a system performance consisting of one pass in the aerated abrasive-type and two passes in the existing friction type was compared with the performance of the existing whitening system consisting of three passes in friction type only. The latter system is prevailed in customery small milling plants. The results of this study are summarized as follows. 1. The interactions between feed-screw pitch and chamber clearance of the aerated abrasive-type whitener had great effect on the performance of the machine. When the value of a nondimensional parameter, $C^2/(P{\cdot}d_p)$, expressing the relations between feed-screw pitch, P, and chamber clearance, C, ranged from 0.40 to 0.45, the performance of the aerated abrasive-type whitener was the best. 2. Aeration to the abrasive-type whitener gave positive effect on milled and head rice recoveries. 3. The whitening system involving the aerated abrasive-type whitener, which has appropriate feed-screw pitch and chamber clearance as described in item 1 above, produced more milled and head rice recoveries by about 1.5% and 2.0%, respectively, than the existing frictional whitening system. The former also consumed less electricity by about 10% (0.9KwH/1000kg).

• The Journal of Korean Medicine Ophthalmology and Otolaryngology and Dermatology
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.1-11
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• 2012

Objective : Paeoniae radix alba(PRA) can enrich the blood and regulate menstruation, astringe yin and arrest sweating, calm the liver and arrest pain. This study was designed to investigate effects of PRA on skin whitening and elasticity using melanoma cells. Methods : In this experiment, effect of PRA on cell viability, inhibition of melanin synthesis and inhibitory effect on tyrosinase and elastase. Results : 1. More than $1,000\;{\mu}g/ml$ of PRA treated group showed lowered proliferation rates significantly compared to non-treated control group. 2. All of treated groups were lower levels of melanin synthesis respectively. 3. PRA did not show inhibitory effect on tyrosinase activities in vitro. But, PRA suppressed tyrosinase activities in B16F10 cells significantly. 4. PRA suppressed elastse type 1 activities in dose-dependent manner in vitro. But, PRA slightly suppressed elastase type 4 activities in vitro, and PRA also slightly suppressed elastase activities in vivo. Conclusion : These results suggest that PRA can inhibit melanin synthesis through ihhibitory action on tyrosinase activity and inhibt elastase activity, and also suggest that these results can be used for the study on maintaining skin whitening or elasticity.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine Ophthalmology and Otolaryngology and Dermatology
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.1-13
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• 2007

Objective : This study was performed to assess the whitening effect of Bombysis Corpus on melanin synthesis. Methods : The whitening effects of Bombysis Corpus were examined by in vitro melanin production assay. We assessed inhibitory effects of Bombysis Corpus on melanin-release from B16F10, on melanin production in B16F10, on mushroom tyrosinase activity in vitro, on tyrosinase activity in B16F10, effect of Bombysis Corpus on the expression tyrosinase, TRP-1, PKA, ERK-1 ERK-2, AKT-1, MITF in B16F10. Results : 1. Bombysis Corpus inhibited melanin-release, melanin production in B16F10. 2. Bombysis Corpus inhibited tyrosinase activity in vitro and in B16F10. 3. Bombysis Corpus suppressed the expression of tyrosinase, TRP-1 in B16F10. 4. Bombysis Corpus suppressed the expression of PKA in B16F10. 5. Bombysis Corpus suppressed the expression of ERK-1, ERK-2, AKT-1 in B16F10. 6. Bombysis Corpus suppressed the expression of MITF in B16F10. Conclusion : The study shows that Bombysis Corpus inhibited melanin production on the melanogenesis.

• Korean Journal of Pharmacognosy
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• v.47 no.4
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• pp.343-351
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• 2016

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the whitening effect of aerial part of Pueraria lobata and mechanisms. Aerial part of Pueraria lobata, dose-dependently reduced the melanin content. Aerial part of Pueraria lobata, significantly decreased cellular tyrosinase activity, while there was not any effect on tyrosinase in cell-free conditions. To elucidate the mechanisms behind the aerial part of Pueraria lobata, treated melanogenesis regulation, the expressions of melanogensis related genes, proteins, and the activity of ${\alpha}-glucosidase$ were determined. Aerial part of Pueraria lobata, significantly inhibited gene and protein levels of MITF, tyrosinase and TRP-1. It suppressed the ${\alpha}-glucosidase$, leading to inhibition on the maturation of tyrosinase. Also aerial part of Pueraria lobata, was observed to have the high antioxidant activity. These results suggested that whitening effect of aerial part of Pueraria lobata, should be due to the down-regulation of MITF, tyrosinase and TRP-1 expression and the intercepting maturation of tyrosinase through suppressing ${\alpha}-glucosidase$. Another should be the high anti-oxidant activity. The findings show the possibility that aerial part of Pueraria lobata, can be used as a potential skin-whitening agent.

• Journal of Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.58 no.4
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• pp.333-338
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• 2015

The objective of this study was to investigate the whitening effect of Salvia miltorrhiza Bunge water extract (SM-W) in human epidermal melanocyte (HEM). Mushroom tyrosinase inhibitory effect of SM-W was approximately 42% at $1,000{\mu}g/mL$. The HEM cellular tyrosinase and melanin synthesis inhibition activity were 26 and 25% at $5{\mu}g/mL$, respectively. Whitening related proteins and mRNAs including tyrosinase, tyrosinase related protein 1 (TRP-1) and TRP-2, and microphthalmia associated transcription factor were reduced by SM-W treatment. In addition, the cAMP expression inhibitory effect of SM-W was decreased by 41% at $5{\mu}g/mL$ concentration. These results indicated that Salvia miltorrhiza Bunge could be used to the possible utilization of functional cosmetic ingredients by confirming whitening activity related with melanin content.