• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제42권4호
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• pp.577-584
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• 2018

Background: Ginseng (Panax ginseng) is a widely used traditional herbal supplement that possesses various health-enhancing efficacies. Various ginseng products are available in market, especially in the Korean peninsula, in the form of drinks, tablets, and capsules. The different ginseng types include the traditional red ginseng extract (RGE), white ginseng, and black red ginseng extract (BRGE). Their fermented and enzyme-treated products are also available. Different treatment regimens alter the bioavailability of certain compounds present in the respective ginseng extracts. Therefore, in this study, we aimed to compare the antioxidant and immune-stimulating activities of RGE, BRGE, and fermented red ginseng extract (FRGE). Methods: We used an acetaminophen-induced oxidative stress model for investigating the reduction of oxidative stress by RGE, BRGE, and FRGE in Sprague Dawley rats. A cyclophosphamide-induced immunosuppression model was used to evaluate the immune-stimulating activities of these ginseng extracts in BALB/c mice. Results: Our results showed that most prominently, RGE (in almost all experiments) exhibited excellent antioxidant effects via increasing superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase activities in the liver and decreasing serum 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine, aspartate aminotransferase, and lactate dehydrogenase levels compared with the groups treated with FRGE and BRGE. Moreover, RGE significantly increased the number of white blood cells, especially T and B lymphocytes, and antibody-forming cells in the spleen and thymus, and it also activated a number of immune cell subtypes. Conclusion: Taken together, these results indicate that RGE is the best supplement for consumption in everyday life for overall health-enhancing properties.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제35권4호
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• pp.421-428
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• 2011

This study evaluated cholineresterase inhibitory activity of Korean white ginseng extract (WGE), red ginseng extract (RGE), and black ginseng extract (BGE) and the cholinergic effect on scopolamine (SCOP)-induced amnesic mice. WGE, RGE, and BGE inhibited acetylcholineserase (AChE), as well as butyrylcholineserase (BuChE) in a concentration-dependent manner. BGE presented strong inhibition of AChE with an $IC_{50}$ value of 1.72 mg/mL, followed by WGE (5.89 mg/mL), RGE (6.30 mg/mL), respectively. The inhibitory activity of the three ginseng extracts on BuChE showed similar values among the groups. To better understand the mechanisms of the possible effect of ginseng extract on the cholinergic function, this study assessed the expression of the cholinergic markers of choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) and AChE using western blot and RT-PCR analysis in the brains of amnesic mice. Treatment with ginseng extracts led to inhibition of AChE expression and, the activation of ChAT expression in the hippocampus and the cerebral cortex of amnesic mice as induced by SCOP. The results suggest that ginseng extracts including BGE, appear to modulate the metabolism of acetylchoine (ACh), which would greatly increase synaptic ACh levels and most potently revert SCOP-induced amnesia.

• 동의생리병리학회지
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• 제38권1호
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• pp.38-45
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• 2024

To compare and analyze the improvement effects of white ginseng extract, red ginseng extract, and black ginseng extract on cognitive dysfunction and memory impairment caused by scopolamine in rats. In the cognitive behavioral test, the tendency of the SCOP+B group to overcome the escape time delay induced by scopolamine administration was observed, unlike the SCOP group. The frequency on plat form was significantly increased in the group treated with ginseng extracts compared to the SCOP group. As a result of measuring the duration time on goal quadrant, the time spent in the quadrant was significantly increased in the SCOP+B group compared to the SCOP group. In the hippocampus, the SCOP-treated group significantly decreased the activity of AChE compared to the normal group, but the ginseng extract-treated groups significantly increased it compared to the SCOP group. After sacrificing the rats after the behavioral test, the expression of PSD95 protein in the excised brain was significantly decreased in the SCOP group compared to normal, but it was observed that the SCOP+R and SCOP+B groups were significantly increased compared to the SCOP group. CREB1 protein expression was significantly increased in the SCOP+R group, and the expression of Cdk5 was significantly increased in the SCOP+B group. Ginseng extracts significantly restored the memory damaged by scopolamine suggesting that red ginseng increased the expression of CREB1 and PSD95 proteins, and black ginseng increased the protein expression of Cdk5 and PSD95 to induce memory recovery.

• 한국식품영양학회지
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• 제24권1호
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• pp.138-143
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• 2011

홍삼 추출물(5종)과 흑삼 추출물(2종)과 중국산 인삼 추출물(9종)의 말톨 정성, 지방산 조성비, 페놀성 화합물 함량을 분석하고, 이를 패턴 분석하여 특징적 요인을 정하고, 이를 통해 추출물의 정성 분석에 대한 가능성을 측정하였다. TLC를 이용한 maltol의 분석에서 백삼 추출물은 모두 불검출, 홍삼 흑삼 추출물은 모두 검출되어 말톨의 검출 여부는 정성 분석을 위한 특징적 요인으로 볼 수 있었다. 지방산 조성의 경우 palmitic과 linoleic acid가 인삼 추출물의 주요 지방산이었고, palmitic은 백삼, linoleic 은 홍삼 추출물이 높게 나타났다. 이 두 지방산의 조성을 비교한 비율Pal/Lin)의 경우 백삼 추출물에서 56.7~64.3%, 홍삼 추출물에서 32.0~38.5%로 두 값의 차이가 크게 나타나, 이 수치 역시 분석을 위한 특징적 요인으로 볼 수 있었다. 페놀성 화합물의 경우 추출물 속에서 maltol, caffeic acid, syringic acid, p-coumaric acid, ferulic acid와 cinnamic acid의 존재를 확인 할 수 있었다. 백삼 추출물은 페놀성 화합물이 비슷한 비율로 존재하는 패턴을 보였지만, 홍삼 추출물은 말톨의 함량비가 크게 높았다. 페놀성 화합물 중 maltol과 cinnamic acid의 비율을 측정한 결과, 백삼 추출물에서는 5이하의 수치가 나온데 비해 홍삼 흑삼 추출물에서는 53~289의 수치를 보여 이 역시 정성 분석을 위한 특징적 요인으로 판단되었다. 실험 결과에 의해 선정된 Pal/Lin 비율과 maltol/cinnamic acid 비율과 같은 특징적 요인을 통해 인삼 추출물에 대한 정성 분석의 가능성을 확인할 수 있었다.

• 디지털융복합연구
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• 제14권5호
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• pp.459-471
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• 2016

이 연구에서는 백삼(WG), 홍삼(RG) 흑삼(BG) 추출물의 효능차이를 비교하고자 항산화 및 항염 활성을 측정하였다. 세포독성 측정 결과 WG, RG, BG 모두 95% 이상의 세포 생존율을 나타내었고, 페놀함량, DPPH, ABTS 라디컬 소거능, ROS 생성량을 조사한 결과 WG와 RG에 비해 BG가 높은 항산화 활성을 보였다. NO생성 저해활성은 RG가, $PGE_2$생성 저해활성은 WG가 높았다. 염증성 사이토카인 생성량 감소에 미치는 영향을 측정한 결과, IL-$1{\beta}$ 생성량의 경우, WG와 RG가, IL-6 생성량의 경우 BG가 가장 큰 것으로 확인하였다. TNF-${\alpha}$ 생성량은 WG, RG, BG 모두 대조군과 비교하여 차이가 없었다. 이상의 분석 자료가 건강기능 식품과 기능성 화장품 원료 개발 등 전 임상단계의 기초적 자료로 가치가 있을 것으로 판단된다.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제33권4호
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• pp.349-354
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• 2009

흑삼의 속성제조와 ginsenoside $Rg_3$ 함량을 극대화하고자 흑삼 제조시 포도주스에 24시간 침지한 후 $120^{\circ}C$에서 30분간 3회 반복 증숙하여 흑삼을 제조한 후 HPLC 방법을 이용하여 ginsenosides를 분석하였다. 포도주스에 침지하여 제조한 흑삼의 ginsenoside $Rg_3$ 함량은 10.91 mg/g으로 구증구포 방법으로 제조한 흑삼보다 약 2배 가량 함량이 증가되었다. 총 사포닌 함량은 14.97 mg/g으로 전통적인 구증구포 방식으로 제조한 흑삼 (12.79 mg)보다 그 함량이 높았다. 흑삼의 단회투여 (200 mg/kg, p.o.)에 의한 뇌조직 AChE 활성은 투여 24시간 후에 유의적으로 억제되는 효과를 보여주었다. 따라서 본 연구에 적용한 새로운 제조방법은 ginsenoside $Rg_3$를 강화하는 흑삼의 속성제조에 효과적인 방법으로 판단된다. 또한, AChE 활성억제를 통해 흑삼이 뇌기능 개선에 대한 잠재적인 효능을 가지고 있는 것으로 사료된다.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제43권2호
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• pp.179-185
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• 2019

Background: Oxidative stress induces the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), which play important causative roles in various pathological conditions. Black ginseng (BG), a type of steam-processed ginseng, has drawn significant attention due to its biological activity, and is more potent than white ginseng (WG) or red ginseng (RG). Methods: We evaluated the protective effects of BG extract (BGE) against oxidative stress-induced cellular damage, in comparison with WG extract (WGE) and RG extract (RGE) in a cell culture model. Ethanolic extracts of WG, RG, and BG were used to evaluate ginsenoside profiles, total polyphenols, flavonoid contents, and antioxidant activity. Using AML-12 cells treated with $H_2O_2$, the protective effects of WGE, RGE, and BGE on cellular redox status, DNA, protein, lipid damage, and apoptosis levels were investigated. Results: BGE exhibited significantly enhanced antioxidant potential, as well as total flavonoid and polyphenol contents. ATP levels were significantly higher in BGE-treated cells than in control; ROS generation and glutathione disulfide levels were lower but glutathione (GSH) and NADPH levels were higher in BGE-treated cells than in other groups. Pretreatment with BGE inhibited apoptosis and therefore protected cells from oxidative stress-induced cellular damage, probably through ROS scavenging. Conclusion: Collectively, our results demonstrate that BGE protects AML-12 cells from oxidative stress-induced cellular damages more effectively than WGE or RGE, through ROS scavenging, maintenance of redox status, and activation of the antioxidant defense system.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제41권4호
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• pp.615-619
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• 2017

Background: Black ginseng has a more potent biological activity than non-steamed ginseng. We investigated the effects of long-term intake of dietary black ginseng extract (BG) on antioxidant activity in aged mice. We also compared the effects of BG on cognitive deficits with those of white ginseng extract (WG) and red ginseng extract (RG). Methods: Ten-month-old mice were fed an AIN-93G-based diet containing 10 g/kg (low dose, L) or 30 g/kg (high dose, H) WG powder, RG powder, or BG powder for 24 wk. We measured serum lipids, the activities of antioxidant enzymes, and malondialdehyde levels. Additionally, the protein expression levels of choline acetyltransferase and vesicular acetylcholine transporter, which are presynaptic cholinergic markers in the cortex and hippocampus of the brain, were measured by western blotting. Results: Triglyceride levels were reduced in all the extract-treated mice, except those in the LBG group. High-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels in the HBG group were higher than those in the control group. Total cholesterol levels were reduced in the LBG group. Additionally, glucose levels in the HBG group were significantly reduced by 41.2%. There were lower levels of malondialdehyde in the LBG group than in the control group. Furthermore, glutathione reductase activity increased in the HWG group and the HRG group. The protein expression levels of choline acetyltransferase and vesicular acetylcholine transporter significantly increased in all the ginseng-treated groups. Conclusion: The results suggest that supplementation with the tested ginseng extracts may suppress the cognitive decline associated with aging, via regulation of the cholinergic and antioxidant defense systems.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제42권8호
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• pp.1190-1196
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• 2013

연구에서는 백삼이나 홍삼의 기억력 개선 효과 연구를 기초로 흑삼의 기억력 개선효과 여부를 판단하고자 scopolamine으로 유도된 시험동물에게 7주간 시료 물질(백삼, WG; 홍삼, RG; 흑삼, BG) 추출액을 투여한 후, 행동학적인 평가 및 뇌 조직 내 malondialdehyde 농도, ChAT 활성 변화를 비교 분석하여 기억력 및 학습능력 손상에 대한 개선효과를 알아보고자 하였다. 수동회피시험에서 BG군과 RG군의 latency time이 scopolamine 투여한 PC군(positive control)에 비해서 유의적으로 길어지는 결과를 나타냈다. 수중미로시험에서도 BG군과 RG군의 scopolamine에 의한 기억 손상이 유의적으로 개선되어 NC군의 escape latency 수준 정도로 낮아짐을 확인할 수 있었다. 또한 probe test에서도 BG군과 RG군에서 장기 기억력 손상이 유의적으로 개선됨이 확인되었다. BG군과 RG군의 뇌조직 ChAT 효소 활성은 PC군에 비해 각각 42%, 71% 수준의 유의성 있는 활성증가를 보였다. 지질 과산화도 malondialdehyde 측정 결과에서 PC군 대비 RG군과 BG군에서 각각 37%, 33% 수준의 유의성 있는 감소를 보였다. 이상의 결과를 요약하면 시험물질 가운데 흑삼의 반복 경구투여는 scopolamine으로 유도된 흰쥐에서 기억력 감퇴를 개선하는 데 가장 효과적인 것으로 사료된다.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제40권2호
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• pp.160-168
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• 2016

Background: Ginseng (Panax ginseng Meyer) is a well-characterized medicinal herb listed in the classic oriental herbal dictionary as "Shin-nong-bon-cho-kyung." Ginseng has diverse pharmacologic and therapeutic properties. Black ginseng (BG, Ginseng Radix nigra) is produced by repeatedly steaming fresh ginseng nine times. Studies of BG have shown that prolonged heat treatment enhances the antioxidant activity with increased radical scavenging activity. Several recent studies have showed the effects of BG on increased lipid profiles in mice. In this study report the effects of water and ethanol extracts of BG on hypercholesterolemia in rats. To our knowledge, this is the first time such an effect has been reported. Methods: Experiments were conducted on male Sprague Dawley rats fed with a high-cholesterol diet supplemented with the water and ethanol extracts of BG (200 mg/kg). Their blood cholesterol levels, serum white blood cell levels, and cholesterol-metabolizing marker genes messenger RNA (mRNA) expression were determined. Liver and adipose tissues were histologically analyzed. Results: We found that BG extracts efficiently reduced the total serum cholesterol levels, low-density lipoprotein (LDL) levels with increased food efficiency ratio and increased number of neutrophil cells. It also attenuated the key genes responsible for lipogenesis, that is, acetyl-coenzyme A (CoA) acetyltransferase 2, 3-hydroxy-3-methyl-glutaryl-CoA reductase, and sterol regulatory element-binding protein 2, at the mRNA level inside liver cells. Furthermore, the BG extract also reduced the accumulation of fat in adipose tissues, and inhibited the neutral fat content in liver cells stained with hematoxylin and eosin and oil red O. Conclusion: Administration of BG extracts to Sprague Dawley rats fed with high-cholesterol diet ameliorated hypercholesterolemia, which was mediated via modulation of cholesterol-metabolizing marker genes. This data throw a light on BG's cardioprotective effects.