Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine (동의생리병리학회지)

The Physiological Society of Korean Medicine and The Society of Pathology in Korean Medicine (대한동의생리학회·한의병리학회)
권호 표지
DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

Comparative Study of White, Red, and Black Ginseng Extract on Improves the Learning and Memory Impairments by Increases of Synaptic Protein Expression in Scopolamine-induced Dementia Rats

  • Dong Hoon Kwak (Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine & Brain Research Institute, Wonkwang University) ;
  • Seoul Lee (Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine & Brain Research Institute, Wonkwang University)
  • Received : 2024.01.17
  • Accepted : 2024.01.29
  • Published : 2024.02.25
Download PDF
⟨ Previous Next ⟩

Abstract

To compare and analyze the improvement effects of white ginseng extract, red ginseng extract, and black ginseng extract on cognitive dysfunction and memory impairment caused by scopolamine in rats. In the cognitive behavioral test, the tendency of the SCOP+B group to overcome the escape time delay induced by scopolamine administration was observed, unlike the SCOP group. The frequency on plat form was significantly increased in the group treated with ginseng extracts compared to the SCOP group. As a result of measuring the duration time on goal quadrant, the time spent in the quadrant was significantly increased in the SCOP+B group compared to the SCOP group. In the hippocampus, the SCOP-treated group significantly decreased the activity of AChE compared to the normal group, but the ginseng extract-treated groups significantly increased it compared to the SCOP group. After sacrificing the rats after the behavioral test, the expression of PSD95 protein in the excised brain was significantly decreased in the SCOP group compared to normal, but it was observed that the SCOP+R and SCOP+B groups were significantly increased compared to the SCOP group. CREB1 protein expression was significantly increased in the SCOP+R group, and the expression of Cdk5 was significantly increased in the SCOP+B group. Ginseng extracts significantly restored the memory damaged by scopolamine suggesting that red ginseng increased the expression of CREB1 and PSD95 proteins, and black ginseng increased the protein expression of Cdk5 and PSD95 to induce memory recovery.

Keywords

Acknowledgement

This study was supported by a grant from Wonkwang University 2023.

References

  1. Tucker-Drob EM. Cognitive Aging and Dementia: A Life Span Perspective. Annual review of developmental psychology. 2019 Dec;1:177-96. PubMed PMID: 34046638. Pubmed Central PMCID: PMC8153102. Epub 2019/12/01.eng.
  2. Szakaly Z, Szente V, Kover G, Polereczki Z, Szigeti O. The influence of lifestyle on health behavior and preference for functional foods. Appetite. 2012 Feb;58(1):406-13. PubMed PMID: 22119479. Epub 2011/11/29. eng. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2011.11.003
  3. Baek NI, Kim DS, Lee YH, Park JD, Lee CB, Kim SI. Ginsenoside Rh4, a genuine dammarane glycoside from Korean red ginseng. Planta medica. 1996 Feb;62(1):86-7. PubMed PMID: 8720394. Epub 1996/02/01. eng. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-2006-957816
  4. Xiang YZ, Shang HC, Gao XM, Zhang BL. A comparison of the ancient use of ginseng in traditional Chinese medicine with modern pharmacological experiments and clinical trials. Phytotherapy research : PTR. 2008 Jul;22(7):851-8. PubMed PMID: 18567057. Epub 2008/06/21. eng. https://doi.org/10.1002/ptr.2384
  5. Wang LC, Wang B, Ng SY, Lee TF. Effects of ginseng saponins on beta-amyloid-induced amnesia in rats. Journal of ethnopharmacology. 2006 Jan 3;103(1):103-8. PubMed PMID: 16153793. Epub 2005/09/13. eng. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2005.07.010
  6. Jin SH, Park JK, Nam KY, Park SN, Jung NP. Korean red ginseng saponins with low ratios of protopanaxadiol and protopanaxatriol saponin improve scopolamine-induced learning disability and spatial working memory in mice. Journal of ethnopharmacology. 1999 Aug;66(2):123-9. PubMed PMID: 10433468. Epub 1999/08/05. eng. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-8741(98)00190-1
  7. Gao S, Hendrie HC, Hall KS, Hui S. The relationships between age, sex, and the incidence of dementia and Alzheimer disease: a meta-analysis. Archives of general psychiatry. 1998 Sep;55(9):809-15. PubMed PMID: 9736007. Epub 1998/09/15. eng. https://doi.org/10.1001/archpsyc.55.9.809
  8. Zhang JT, Qu ZW, Liu Y, Deng HL. Preliminary study on antiamnestic mechanism of ginsenoside Rg1 and Rb1. Chinese medical journal. 1990 Nov;103(11):932-8. PubMed PMID: 2177392. Epub 1990/11/01. eng.
  9. Yamaguchi Y, Haruta K, Kobayashi H. Effects of ginsenosides on impaired performance induced in the rat by scopolamine in a radial-arm maze. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 1995;20(6):645-53. PubMed PMID: 8584605. Epub 1995/01/01. eng. https://doi.org/10.1016/0306-4530(95)00008-C
  10. Oh JH, Choi BJ, Chang MS, Park SK. Nelumbo nucifera semen extract improves memory in rats with scopolamine-induced amnesia through the induction of choline acetyltransferase expression. Neuroscience letters. 2009 Sep 11;461(1):41-4. PubMed PMID: 19463889. Epub 2009/05/26. eng. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neulet.2009.05.045
  11. Petersen JD, Chen X, Vinade L, Dosemeci A, Lisman JE, Reese TS. Distribution of postsynaptic density (PSD)-95 and Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II at the PSD. The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience. 2003 Dec 3;23(35):11270-8. PubMed PMID: 14657186. Pubmed Central PMCID: PMC6741048. Epub 2003/12/06. eng.
  12. Wang SQ, Fang F, Xue ZG, Cang J, Zhang XG. Neonatal sevoflurane anesthesia induces long-term memory impairment and decreases hippocampal PSD-95 expression without neuronal loss. European review for medical and pharmacological sciences. 2013 Apr;17(7):941-50. PubMed PMID: 23640442. Epub 2013/05/04. eng.
  13. Sultana R, Banks WA, Butterfield DA. Decreased levels of PSD95 and two associated proteins and increased levels of BCl2 and caspase 3 in hippocampus from subjects with amnestic mild cognitive impairment: Insights into their potential roles for loss of synapses and memory, accumulation of Abeta, and neurodegeneration in a prodromal stage of Alzheimer's disease. Journal of neuroscience research. 2010 Feb 15;88(3):469-77. PubMed PMID: 19774677. Pubmed Central PMCID: PMC2843415. Epub 2009/09/24. eng. https://doi.org/10.1002/jnr.22227
  14. El-Husseini AE, Schnell E, Chetkovich DM, Nicoll RA, Bredt DS. PSD-95 involvement in maturation of excitatory synapses. Science (New York, NY). 2000 Nov 17;290(5495):1364-8. PubMed PMID: 11082065. Epub 2000/11/18. eng. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.290.5495.1364
  15. Taft CE, Turrigiano GG. PSD-95 promotes the stabilization of young synaptic contacts. Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London Series B, Biological sciences. 2014 Jan 5;369(1633):20130134. PubMed PMID: 24298137. Pubmed Central PMCID: PMC3843867. Epub 2013/12/04. eng. 12
  16. Dhavan R, Tsai LH. A decade of CDK5. Nature reviews Molecular cell biology. 2001 Oct;2(10):749-59. PubMed PMID: 11584302. Epub 2001/10/05. eng. 10/05
  17. Angelo M, Plattner F, Giese KP. Cyclin-dependent kinase 5 in synaptic plasticity, learning and memory. Journal of neurochemistry. 2006 Oct;99(2):353-70. PubMed PMID: 17029592. Epub 2006/10/13. eng. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-4159.2006.04040.x
  18. Angelo M, Plattner F, Irvine EE, Giese KP. Improved reversal learning and altered fear conditioning in transgenic mice with regionally restricted p25 expression. The European journal of neuroscience. 2003 Jul;18(2):423-31. PubMed PMID: 12887424. Epub 2003/07/31. eng. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1460-9568.2003.02746.x
  19. Benito E, Barco A. CREB's control of intrinsic and synaptic plasticity: implications for CREB-dependent memory models. Trends in neurosciences. 2010 May;33(5):230-40. PubMed PMID: 20223527. Epub 2010/03/13. eng. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tins.2010.02.001
  20. Brightwell JJ, Gallagher M, Colombo PJ. Hippocampal CREB1 but not CREB2 is decreased in aged rats with spatial memory impairments. Neurobiology of learning and memory. 2004 Jan;81(1):19-26. PubMed PMID: 14670355. Epub 2003/12/13. eng. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nlm.2003.08.001
  21. Genoux D, Haditsch U, Knobloch M, Michalon A, Storm D, Mansuy IM. Protein phosphatase 1 is a molecular constraint on learning and memory. Nature. 2002 Aug 29;418(6901):970-5. PubMed PMID: 12198546. Epub 2002/08/29. eng. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature00928
  22. Mouravlev A, Dunning J, Young D, During MJ. Somatic gene transfer of cAMP response element-binding protein attenuates memory impairment in aging rats. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 2006 Mar 21;103(12):4705-10. PubMed PMID: 16537429. Pubmed Central PMCID: PMC1401230. Epub 2006/03/16. eng.
  23. Bartolotti N, Bennett DA, Lazarov O. Reduced pCREB in Alzheimer's disease prefrontal cortex is reflected in peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Molecular psychiatry. 2016 Sep;21(9):1158-66. PubMed PMID: 27480489. Pubmed Central PMCID: PMC4995548. Epub 2016/08/03. eng. https://doi.org/10.1038/mp.2016.111