• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제12권4호
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• pp.323-335
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• 1983

홍삼(紅蔘)과 백삼(白蔘) 항산화작용(抗酸化作用)에 의한 노화억제작용(老化抑制作用)을 구명(究明)하기 위하여 80% ethanol extract 및 수포화(水飽和)부탄올로 이행(移行)한 saponin을 시료(試料)로 하여 in vitro 및 in vivo 실험(實驗)을 통하여 홍삼(紅蔘)과 백삼(白蔘)의 노화억제작용(老化抑制作用)을 비교(比較)하였다. DPPH에 대한 전자공여능(電子供與能)(EDA), TBA value 및 peroxide value에 의한 과산화지질생성억제작용(過酸化脂質生成抑制作用), superoxide dismutase 및 peroxidase의 활성측정(活性測定)등으로 홍삼(紅蔘)과 백삼(白蔘)의 노화억제작용(老化抑制作用)을 비교(比較)한 결과(結果), 홍삼(紅蔘)은 장기간(長期間)에 걸친 연속투여(連續投與)에서 백삼(白蔘)보다 과산화지질생성억제작용(過酸化脂質生成抑制作用). superoxide dismutase 및 peroxidase의 활성(活性)을 유의성(有意性)있게 증가(增加)하였다. 생체내실험(生體內實驗)에서 홍삼(紅蔘)이 백삼(白蔘)보다 노화억제작용(老化抑制作用)이 현저한 것은 증삼(蒸參) 및 가공처리중(加工處理中) saponin pattern의 변화(變化)에 기인(起因)하며 백삼(白蔘)의 PT/PD ratio가 0.401인데 반(反)해 홍삼(紅蔘)의 PT/PD ratio가 0.561로서 triol saponin이 증가(增加)되었기 때문이다.

• 한국식품과학회지
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• 제28권5호
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• pp.922-927
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• 1996

수삼으로 제조된 백삼 제품들의 가공방법의 차이에 따른 성분 변화에 대한 조사로서 원료삼인 수삼과 전통적인 방법으로 제조한 백삼, 태극삼 A, 새로운 방법으로 제조된 태극삼 B의 일반성분, 추출수율, 사포닌 함량 및 조성, 유리당 조성을 비교 분석 하였다. 4가지 시료의 조단백질은 13.34-15.33%, 조지방은 1.04-2.05%, 조회분은 3.13-5.25%, 총 식이섬유는 9.72-15.46%, 당질은 64.75-73.48% 범위의 함량이었다. 추출수율은 열수 추출이 80% 메탄올 추출보다 전체적으로 약 2배 이상 높게 나타났으며, 가공하지 않은 수삼의 열수 추출 수율이 56.4%로 가장 높았다. 사포닌 함량은 열수 추출시 수삼의 총 사포닌이 2.40%로 가장 많이 추출되었으며, 태극삼 A는 태극삼 B보다 비율로 볼 때 약 20% 이상 적은 1.45%의 총 사포닌 함량을 나타내었다. Ginsenoside 조성은 열수 추출시 $ginsenoside-Rg_1$이 수삼은 36.52%이지만 태극삼 A와 B는 68.66, 67.89%고 약 2배의 함량을 나타내었다. $Ginsenoside-Rb_1$은 태극삼 A차 B에 18.41, 17.43%만이 함유되어 있었다. 한편 태극삼 A와 태극삼 B의 총 사포닌 양에는 큰 차이가 있었지만 ginsenosides의 조성비에 있어서는 서로 큰 차이가 없는 것으로 나타났다. 80% 메탄올 추출의 경우에도 가공방법이 다르게 제조된 백삼 제품별로 ginsenoside조성에 큰 차이를 나타내었다. 수삼과 백삼에서는 열수 추출과 80% 메탄올 추출 모두에서 함량비는 다를지라도 fructose, glucose, sucrose, maltose만이 함유되어 있었지만 열 처리된 태극삼 A와 B에는 rhamnose도 각각 2.56, 4.01%씩 함유되어 있었다.

• 농업과학연구
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• 제11권2호
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• pp.295-302
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• 1984

저장 홍, 백삼 중의 Phenol계 화합물의 함량 및 항산화 활성을 측정하여 다음과 같은 결과를 얻었다. 1. 홍, 백삼중은 유리형 Phenol계 화합물의 함량은 결합형 보다 적었다. 2. 유리 Phenol계 산의 함량은 저장기간이 긴것 일수록 적었으나 결합형의 phenol 산의 함량은 별차이가 없었다. 3. 홍, 백삼중 전체 Phenol계 화합물의 50~80%를 차지하는 maltol의 함량은 홍삼과저장기간이 오랠수록 많았다. 4. 항산화 활성은 백삼에 비하여 홍삼이 강하였으나 저장기간에 따르는 차이는 인정되지 않았다.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제37권4호
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• pp.442-450
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• 2013

The aim of this study was to determine and compare the preventive effect of Korean White Ginseng and Red Ginseng on oxidative stress in $H_2O_2$-treated HepG2 cells. The roots of ginseng were extracted with 70% methanol and partitioned with butanol to obtain saponin fractions, which have been known as bioactive constituents of ginseng. 2',7'-Dichlorofluorescein diacetate (DCF-DA) assay and malondialdehyde (MDA) content were measured for evaluating intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation. Also, mRNA expressions and activities of antioxidant enzymes were analyzed to determine the antioxidant activity of saponin or non-saponin fractions of ginsengs. According to DCF-DA assay, $H_2O_2$-induced MDA release and ROS generation were significantly reduced by treatment with saponin fractions of white and red ginseng roots. Also, saponin fractions increased effectively intracellular antioxidant enzyme activities including catalase, glutathione peroxidase and superoxide dismutase in $H_2O_2$-treated HepG2 hepatoma cells. In general, red ginseng was more effective than white ginseng for reducing oxidative stress. These results indicate that administration of red ginseng may certainly contribute relatively stronger than white ginseng to prevent from damaging liver function by oxidative stress.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제31권4호
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• pp.217-221
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• 2007

Ginseng has been widely used for the management of anxiety and emotional instability, but there is little experimental evidence supporting these clinical applications. The anxiolytic-like effect of ginseng saponin and polysaccharide fractions of white (WG) and red ginsengs (RG) was investigated using the elevated plus-maze test. The saponin (SF) and polysaccharide (PF) fractions were orally administered to male ICR mice for 3 days and behavioral test for the anxiolytic activity were performed. SF significantly increased the time-spent open arms and number into the in the open arm entries. However, PF weakly increased the time-spent in the open arms, but did not increase number into the open ann entries. The WG showed more potent anxiolytic-like effect than that of RG. The anxiolytic-like activities were antagonized by flumazenil, but not by esmolol. These findings suggest the saponin fractions of WG and RG promote the anxiolytic-like activity by antagonizing GABN/benzodiazepine receptors in mice.

• Food Science and Biotechnology
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• 제17권4호
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• pp.850-856
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• 2008

White, red, and extruded ginsengs were studied against 8 strains of food-borne pathogens and/or food spoilage microorganisms. The ginseng powders were extracted with different extractants and screened for antimicrobial activity using the disc diffusion and broth dilution techniques. The results showed that the yield of extraction was higher with increase of aqueous solution content and temperature. Preliminary screening revealed that the red ginseng extracts were most active, that has been found to be highly effective against all tested microbe except Listeria monocytogenes. Moreover, Bacillus subtilis has shown highly susceptible, which the diameters of inhibition zone values of 28 extracts were between 7 and 14 mm. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) recorded for the different crude ginseng extracts against microorganism using ranged from 6.25 to 100 mg/mL, indicated that the methanol extract of ginseng were more effective than ethanol and water extracts. The 60% methanol extract of red ginseng had the greatest effects against B. subtilis with MIC and MBC values at 6.25 mg/mL.

• Journal of Biosystems Engineering
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• 제23권6호
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• pp.607-614
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• 1998

An automatic grading algorithm was developed to replace the manual trading of white ginseng. The algorithm consists of three consecutive stages, (a) image acquisition and preprocessing, (b) mathematical feature extraction, and (c) grade decision using artificial neural network. Mathematical features such as area ratio, mean and standard deviation of graylevel, skewness of graylevel histogram, and the number of run segment are extracted from five equally divided parts of ginseng. An artificial neural network model was used to classify white ginsengs into three categories. The performance of the algorithm was evaluated using 120 ginseng samples and the rate of successful classification was 74%.

• 한국약용작물학회지
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• 제20권1호
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• pp.27-35
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• 2012

This study was conducted to investigate changes in composition of ginsenosides and color of processed ginsengs prepared by different steaming-drying times. Processed ginsengs were prepared from white ginseng with skin by 9-time repeated steaming at $96^{\circ}C$ for 3 hours and followed by hot air-drying at $50^{\circ}C$ for 24 hours. As the times of steaming processes increased, lightness (L value) decreased and redness (a value) increased in color of ginseng powders. Crude saponin contents and ginsenosides compositions in processed ginsengs prepared by different steaming-drying times were investigated using the HPLC method, respecively. Crude saponin contents according to increasing steaming-drying times decreased in some degree. In the case of major ginsenosides, the contents of $Rb_1$, $Rb_2$, Rc, Rd, Rf, Re, $RG_1$, Re were decreased with increase in steamimg times, but those of $Rh_1$, $Rg_3$, $Rk_1$ were increased after especially 3 times of steaming processes. Interestingly, in black ginseng were prepared by 9 times steaming processes, the content of ginsenoside $Rg_3$ was 8.20 mg/g, approximately 18 times higher than that (0.46 mg/g) in red ginseng. In addition, the ratio of the protopanaxadiol group and protopanaxatiol group (PD/PT) were increased from 1.9 to 8.4 due to increasing times of steamming process.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제37권4호
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• pp.483-490
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• 2013

Gamma-irradiation (0-7 kGy) of ginseng is permitted in Korea for the purpose of microbial decontamination; with strict labeling, traceability and monitoring requirements. An identification study was conducted to determine the photostimulated-luminescence (PSL) and thermoluminescence (TL) properties of gamma-irradiated fresh and white ginsengs cultivated in different areas. Dose- dependent PSL-based screening was possible for white ginseng samples; however, inappropriate results from non-irradiated fresh ginseng samples were obtained, showing intermediate (700 to 5,000) or positive ($T_2$ >5,000, irradiated) PSL counts due to the abundance of minerals on the surfaces of the samples. TL analysis of separated minerals from all non-irradiated samples gave TL glow curves of low intensity with a maximum peak after $300^{\circ}C$. However, well-defined irradiation-specific (high intensity with a maximum peak at about $200^{\circ}C$) glow curves were observed for all the irradiated samples, regardless of their type and origins. TL ratios (first glow curve /second glow curve) were also determined to confirm the irradiated (>0.1) and non-irradiated (<0.1) results. SEM-EDX (scanning electron microscope-energy dispersive X-ray) and XRD (X-ray diffraction) spectroscopic analyses showed that feldspar and quartz minerals were the main source for the typical radiation-specific luminescence properties.

• Journal of Applied Biological Chemistry
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• 제52권1호
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• pp.21-27
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• 2009

인삼은 가공처리방법에 따라 홍삼과 발효홍삼으로 구분된다. 또한, 이들의 가공처리방법에 따라 인삼의 효능을 나타내는 사포닌의 함량이 차이가 있다. 따라서, 본 연구에서 인삼, 홍삼 및 발효홍삼이 대식세포에서 LPS에 의한 염증에 대한 항염효과 및 그 기전을 규명하고자 하였다. 마우스의 대식세포인 RAW264.7 세포에서 LPS에 의해 유도되는 염증관련인자인 NO 및 COX-2의 발현 및 TNF-$\alpha$, INF-$\gamma$ 그리고 NF-${\kappa}B$의 활성을 인삼, 홍삼 그리고 발효홍삼에 의한 항염효과 차이를 비교 하였다. 그 결과, 인삼 및 홍삼 그리고 발효홍삼 모두에서 LPS에 의한 NO의 생성을 억제시키는 것을 확인하였으며, TNF-$\alpha$ 및 INF-$\gamma$의 생성 또한 억제시키는 것을 알 수 있었다. 또한, 인삼 및 홍삼 그리고 발효홍삼 모두 COX-2의 발현 및 LPS에 의한 $I{\kappa}B$의 인산화를 억제시킴으로써 NF-${\kappa}B$의 활성을 억제시키는 것임을 알 수 있었다. 홍삼이 인삼과 발효홍삼에 비하여 NO의 생성을 더 효과적으로 억제시키는 것은 각각의 제조과정에서 나타나는 인삼사포닌의 조성의 차이에 따른 것으로 추정된다. 본 연구는 단순한 동물세포 수준에서의 비교 차이이며 좀 더 정확한 기전의 규명을 위해서는 향후 동물실험을 통한 비교 실험이 수행되어야 할 것이다.