• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제20권3호
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• pp.256-261
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• 1996

Comparative biological activities of 70fr methanol extracts from the main roots and rhizomes of both red and white ginsengs were investigated using several in vitro experimental models. The main root of red ginseng and the rhizome of white ginseng strongly inhibited lipld peroxidation of hepatic microsomes induced by the non-enzymatic $Fe^{+}$ / Ascorbate system. The main root and rhizome of red ginseng markedly inhibited the release of G07, GPT and LDH by $CCl_4$-induced cytotoxicity in primary cultured rat hepatocytes as compared with those of white ginseng. And also, the main root of red ginseng showed a slight differentiating activity on HL-60 cancer cell line. The results suggest that the rhizome of ginseng have potential as a source of medicinal crude drug with possible pharmacolobica1 applications .

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제14권1호
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• pp.10-13
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• 1990

Effect of an acidic polysaccharide fraction In Korean white and red ginseng on lipolytic action of Toxohormone-L was studied. Crude acidic polysaccharide fraction was extracted from main and lateral root of Korean white and red ginseng separately and purified several times. Inhibitory effect of crude polysaccharide fraction was determined by unit (1 unit is loft inhibition rate per Is sample). Yields of purified crude polysaccharide fraction of main and lateral root of red ginseng were 2.9 and 2.2 times higher than those of white ginseng, respectively. Inhibitory effects of main root of white and red ginseng, 11.hen final reaction concentrations of sample were 50, 100, 200, 500 $\mu$g/ml, were 37.2가 and 23.7% higher than those of lateral root of white and red ginseng. Inhibitory effect of main root of red ginseng was 2.3 times higher than that of white ginseng.

• 생약학회지
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• 제48권1호
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• pp.82-87
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• 2017

Malonyl ginsenoside content of the Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer is known to account for 35% to 60% of total ginsenosides content. However, its distribution by ginseng part has not been studied. In this study, four kinds of malonyl ginsenosides were compared in Korean white ginseng part using the purified malonyl ginsenoside standards in our laboratory. White ginseng was prepared by the freeze drying ($-70^{\circ}C$, 48 h) or air drying ($50^{\circ}C$, 48 h) methods form 4-year-old ginseng. Malonyl ginsenoside content of main, lateral, and fine root, and of the main root without skin and its skin was compared. Malonyl ginsenosides (m-Rb1, m-Rb2, m-Rc and m-Rd) content (58%, 19.17 mg/g) in total ginsenosides of air dried white ginseng was decreased about 4% compared to its content of freeze dried white ginseng (62%, 20.40 mg/g). Malonyl ginsenoside content was the highest in fine root, compared to the main or lateral root. Malonyl ginsenosides content in skin of main root was 20.08 mg/g, while its content of the main root without skin was 2.58 mg/g. These results are expected to help establishment of quality specification and processing process in Korean white ginseng.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제44권4호
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• pp.563-569
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• 2020

Background: White ginseng consists of the roots and rhizomes of the Panax species, and red ginseng is made by steaming and drying white ginseng. While red ginseng has both polar and nonpolar ginsenosides, previous studies showed white ginseng to have only polar ginsenosides. Because nonpolar ginsenosides are formed through the manufacture of red ginseng from white ginseng, researchers have generally thought that nonpolar ginsenosides do not exist in white ginseng. Methods: We developed a simultaneous quantitative method for six nonpolar ginsenosides in white ginseng using reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with integrated pulsed amperometric detection. The nonpolar ginsenosides of white ginseng were extracted for 4 h under reflux with 50% methanol. Results: Using the gradient elution system, all target components were completely separated within 50 min. Nonpolar ginsenosides were determined in the rhizome head (RH), main root (MR), lateral root, and hairy root (HR) of 6-year-old white ginseng samples obtained from several regions (Geumsan, Punggi, and Kanghwa). The total content in the HR of white ginseng was 37.8-56.8% of that in the HR of red ginseng. The total content in the MR of white ginseng was 5.9-24.3% of that in the MR of red ginseng. In addition, the total content in the RH of white ginseng was 28.5-35.8% of that in the HR of red ginseng Conclusion: It was confirmed that nonpolar ginsenosides known to be specific components of red ginseng were present at substantial concentrations in the HR or RH of white ginseng.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제34권3호
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• pp.192-197
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• 2010

Recent studies have indicated that $\beta$-cell dysfunction and insulin resistance are important factors in the development of type 2 diabetes. The present study investigated the effect of extracts from different parts of white, Taegeuk, and red ginseng root on insulin-stimulated glucose uptake in muscle cells and proliferation of $\beta$-cells. Extracts of the fine roots of Taegeuk ginseng significantly enhanced glucose uptake compared with the control. White ginseng lateral root extracts enhanced insulin-induced glucose uptake. Proliferation of $\beta$-cells was significantly increased by Taegeuk ginseng main and lateral root extracts and by red ginseng lateral and fine root extracts. In conclusion, different root parts of white, Taegeuk, and red ginseng differentially affect glucose uptake and pancreatic $\beta$-cell proliferation.

• 한국약용작물학회지
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• 제16권4호
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• pp.211-217
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• 2008

수삼을 주근 및 세근으로 분리하여 원적외선건조기를 이용하여 건조온도(70, 80, 90, 100, 110, 120, 130 및 $140^{\circ}C$)에 따라 건조한 후, 사포닌, 당, 유기산 및 색도를 분석하였다. 건조한 주근의 총사포닌 함량은 건조온도가 높을수록 미량 증가하여 $130^{\circ}C$에서 가장 높았고 세근에서는 온도가 증가할수록 감소하였다. 세근에서 온도가 증가할수록 급격하게 감소한 ginsenoside는 Re, Rc, Rb1 및 Rb2 이었고 Rg1, Rg3, Rf 및 Rb3는 미량씩 증가하였다. 가용성 당은 주근, 세근 모두 $70^{\circ}C$에서 가장 많이 용출되었고, 유기산 함량은 주근 세근 모두 $120^{\circ}C$에서 가장 많은 함량을 보였다. 건조온도에 따른 색도는 온도가 증가할수록 밝기는 주근 세근 모두 감소하였고 적색도는 온도가 증가할수록 높아져서 $120^{\circ}C$에서 가장 높았고 황색도는 $100^{\circ}C$에서 가장 높았으며 그 이상의 온도에서는 감소하는 경향이었다. 따라서 수삼 건조 시 건조온도에 따라 사포닌 구성함량 변화의 차이를 보임으로서 백삼의 이용목적에 맞게 수삼 건조 시 온도, 건조 형태 및 주근과 세근을 분리하여 건조하는 방법을 이용하는 것이 바람직할 것으로 생각된다.

• 한국작물학회지
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• 제36권5호
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• pp.459-480
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• 1991

인삼의 생리장해를 산지중심으로 증상별로 종합검토하였다. 뿌리의 장해는 적피, 은피, 동해, 동해, 근부, 안삼, 출아불재, 달래삼, 소수가 있고 지상부에는 황엽, 조기낙엽, 소엽, 지엽, 백반엽, 동해, 풍해와 경열이 있다. 적피와 황엽이 인삼생산에 가장 크게 영향한다. 농약해, 붕소과 잉해 및 산업공해에 의한 피해 경우도 보고되었다. 원료수삼 가공한 후의 품질요인에 관계되는 생리장해들도 검토하였다.

• 한국약용작물학회지
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• 제14권3호
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• pp.183-187
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• 2006

고려인삼과 미국삼을 공시하여 Panax속 종간의 원료수삼 및 홍삼 등급에 기초하여 품질을 평가분석하였다. 1. 미국삼은 고려인삼에 비하여 근중이 적고 부정형 지근이 동체에서 많이 발생하는 관계로 체형이 불량하였다. 2. 홍삼수율은 고려인삼이 30.4%,미국삼이 33.8%로 미국삼이 높았고 홍삼의 본삼수율은 고려인삼이 80.4%, 미국삼이 72.2로 고려인삼이 높았다. 3. 원료수삼 1등급은 고려인삼이 미국삼에 비하여 2배정도 많았으나 2등급은 미국삼이 고려인삼에 비하여 많았다. 한편 고급홍삼인 천지삼율은 고려인삼이 미국삼에 비하여 높았다. 4. 홍삼 품질의 저하 원인은 고려인삼 미국삼 모두 내공과 내백 발생에 있었고 특히 미국삼은 내공에 비해 내백이 3배 가량 많이 발생하였다. 5. 홍삼의 지별 분포에서 고려인삼은 20지 이상의 대편급이 많았고 미국삼은 20지 이하의 소편급이 많았다.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제20권3호
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• pp.248-255
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• 1996

This study was devised to observe in vitro, the inhibitory effects of acidic polysaccharide fractions from Korean red ginseng (KRG) and white ginseng (KWG) on the lipolytic action of loxohormone-L and on angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE, peptidyldipeptidase hydrolase, EC 3.4.15.1) . The crude acidic polysaccharides (CAP) extracted from main and lateral roots of KRG and KWG were separately purified through several procedures. The total inhibitory activities on the lipolytic action of toxohormone-L of CAP from main roots of KRG and KWG was higher than those of CAP from lateral roots of KRG and KWG, respectively, and that of CAP from main root of KRG was 3.1 times higher than that of CAP from main root of KWG. The specific activity of CAP from main root of KRG was measured as 5.40 units/mg, when one unit was defined as the amount giving 50% inhibition on toxohormone-L induced lipolysls. A subfraction named PG4 3 obtained by replanted chromatography on DEAE-TOYOPEARL 650M gave the specific activity of 24.4 units/mg. On the other hand, it was found that the total inhibitory activity on ACE of CAP from lateral root of KRG was the highest among the 4 kinds of CAP, but the specific activity of CAP from lateral root of KWG was the highest.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제28권3호
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• pp.136-142
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• 2004

During our investigations on the relationship between the browning reaction of ginseng root and two compounds (arginyl-fructosyl-glucose and arginyl-fructose) in the model system of steaming and heat-drying processes for the preparation of red ginseng, the preheating treatment of main roots of raw ginseng at 60∼70$^{\circ}C$ prior to the steaming and heat-drying processes was found to bring about the gelatinization of starch granules. The enzymatic hydrolysis of gelatinized starch to maltose, a marked formation of maltose, and the increase of both free arginine and total amino acids, resulting the acceleration of the Maillard type-browning reaction of ginseng root during the steaming and heat-drying processes, and the rise of brown color intensity of red ginseng. These results show that the preheating treatment may be effective for the decrease of inside white of red ginseng.