• Natural Product Sciences
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• 제21권3호
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• pp.210-218
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• 2015

The antioxidant activity of white ginseng was not recorded in Korea Functional Food Code, while its activity of red ginsengs was recorded. The aim of this study was to evaluate the antioxidant and hepato protective effect of different ginsengs in H₂O₂-treated HepG2 cells. White and red ginseng were prepared from longitudinal section of the same fresh ginseng (4-year old). The whole parts of white and red ginsengs were separately extracted with 70% ethanol and distilled water respectively, at 70 ℃ to obtain therapeutic ginseng extracts namely, WDH (distilled water extract of white ginseng), WEH (70% ethanol extract of white ginseng), RDH (distilled water extract of red ginseng) and REH (70% ethanol extract of red ginseng). In this work, we have investigated the DPPH, hydroxyl radical, Fe²⁺-chelating activity, intracellular ROS scavenging capacity and lipid peroxidation of different ginsengs. All these extracts showed a dose dependent free-radical scavenging capacity and a ROS generation as well as lipid peroxidation was significantly reduced by treatment with bioactive extracts of white ginsengs (WDH) than red ginsengs. Additionally, white ginseng extracts (WDH) has dramatically increased intracellular antioxidant enzyme activities like superoxide dismutase and catalase in H₂O₂-treated HepG2 cells. All these results explain that administration of white ginseng is useful as herbal medicine than red ginseng for chemoprevention of liver damage.

• 생약학회지
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• 제45권1호
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• pp.77-83
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• 2014

The purpose of this study is to develop a new preparation process of ginseng extracts having high concentrations of ginsenoside $Rg_3$, $Rg_5$ and $Rk_1$, a special component of Red ginseng. Chemical transformation from ginseng saponin glycosides to prosapogenin was analyzed by the HPLC. Extracts of White ginseng (Panax ginseng) and Fine White ginseng were processed under several treatment conditions including microwave and vinegar (about 14% acidity) treatments. Results of those treatments showed that the quantity of ginsenoside $Rg_3$ increased by over 0.6% at 4 minutes of pH 2~4 vinegar and microwave treatments. The results of processing with MWG-4 indicate that the Microwave and vinegar processed white ginseng extracts (about 14% acidity) that had gone through 4-minute treatments were found to contain the largest amount of ginsenoside $Rg_3$ (0.626%), $Rg_5$ (0.514%) and $Rk_1$ (0.220%). Results of treatments with MFWG-5 showed that the Fine White ginseng extracts that had been processed with microwave and vinegar (about 14% acidity) for 5 minutes were found to contain the largest amount of ginsenoside $Rg_3$ (4.484%), $Rg_5$ (3.192%) and $Rk_1$ (1.684%). It is thought that such results provide basic information in preparing White ginseng and Fine White ginseng extracts with functionality enhanced.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제34권3호
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• pp.168-174
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• 2010

Ethanol and water extracts of white and fermented ginseng were prepared and their ginsenoside composition and antioxidant effects were assessed. The main ginsenosides in white ginseng were $Rb_1$ > Re > $Rg_1$, and those in fermented ginseng were $Rb_2+Rb_3$ > Rd > $Rg_1$. Ginsenosides Rd and $Rg_3$ in fermented ginseng were enriched 11 and 58 times, respectively, over that in white ginseng through fermentation with five Bacillus spp. The greatest levels of 2-deoxyribose and superoxide anion dismutase-like activities were found in 50% ethanol extracts of fermented ginseng. Thus, these data suggest that white ginseng has the greatest free radical scavenging activity and that fermented ginseng has the highest antioxidant activity.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• 제38권1호
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• pp.67-71
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• 1995

인삼추출물의 품질은 유효성분인 사포닌의 함량뿐만 아니라 추출물의 물리성 및 색도도 주요한 요인이다. 따라서 년근별 원료삼에서 추출한 추출물의 사포닌함량, 물리성 및 색도를 조사함으로써, 인삼추출물 제조시 우량원료삼을 선택을 위한 기초자료를 제시하고자 본 연구를 수행하였다. 원료삼의 년수가 증가할수록 추출물 중의 전당 및 sucrose의 함량과 추출물의 수율은 증가하였으나 조saponin함량은 년근 간에 유의성이 없었다. 조회분함량은 4년근의 추출물에서 가장 많았으며, 5년근의 추출물에서 가장 낮았다. 또한 인삼추출물의 탁도는 인삼근의 년수가 증가할수록 감소되었으나, 점도는 년근별 유의차가 인정되지 않았다. 갈변반응의 중간생성물의 흡광도는 인삼근의 년수가 증가할수록 감소되었으며, 5년근 추출물의 명도 및 황색도가 가장 높았다.

• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
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• 제11권1호
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• pp.61-66
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• 2006

The objective of this study was to compare the color and microstructure of powder, redness, brownness, and antioxidative activity in extruded ginseng, white ginseng and red ginseng extracts. The colors of extruded dry ginseng powder (moisture content 30%, barrel temperature $110^{\circ}C$, and screw speed 200 rpm) were similar to those of red ginseng. Intact cell wall structure was examined in dried root ginseng at $70^{\circ}C$ (A), white ginseng with skin (D), white ginseng without skin (E), and red ginseng (F) under a scanning electron microscope. The cell wall was not detected in samples B and C (dry ginsengs extruded with 25% and 30% moisture contents, respectively). Intact starch granules were detected in samples A, D, and E under a scanning electron microscope. Melted starch granules were detected in samples B, C, and F. Colors (L, a, b) of 50% EtOH extracts were similar in samples C and F. Browniness and redness of extracts were high in extruded dry ginseng and red ginseng extracts. Extruded dry ginseng (B) showed higher electron donation ability and phenolic content than the other samples.

• 한국식품영양학회지
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• 제24권1호
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• pp.138-143
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• 2011

홍삼 추출물(5종)과 흑삼 추출물(2종)과 중국산 인삼 추출물(9종)의 말톨 정성, 지방산 조성비, 페놀성 화합물 함량을 분석하고, 이를 패턴 분석하여 특징적 요인을 정하고, 이를 통해 추출물의 정성 분석에 대한 가능성을 측정하였다. TLC를 이용한 maltol의 분석에서 백삼 추출물은 모두 불검출, 홍삼 흑삼 추출물은 모두 검출되어 말톨의 검출 여부는 정성 분석을 위한 특징적 요인으로 볼 수 있었다. 지방산 조성의 경우 palmitic과 linoleic acid가 인삼 추출물의 주요 지방산이었고, palmitic은 백삼, linoleic 은 홍삼 추출물이 높게 나타났다. 이 두 지방산의 조성을 비교한 비율Pal/Lin)의 경우 백삼 추출물에서 56.7~64.3%, 홍삼 추출물에서 32.0~38.5%로 두 값의 차이가 크게 나타나, 이 수치 역시 분석을 위한 특징적 요인으로 볼 수 있었다. 페놀성 화합물의 경우 추출물 속에서 maltol, caffeic acid, syringic acid, p-coumaric acid, ferulic acid와 cinnamic acid의 존재를 확인 할 수 있었다. 백삼 추출물은 페놀성 화합물이 비슷한 비율로 존재하는 패턴을 보였지만, 홍삼 추출물은 말톨의 함량비가 크게 높았다. 페놀성 화합물 중 maltol과 cinnamic acid의 비율을 측정한 결과, 백삼 추출물에서는 5이하의 수치가 나온데 비해 홍삼 흑삼 추출물에서는 53~289의 수치를 보여 이 역시 정성 분석을 위한 특징적 요인으로 판단되었다. 실험 결과에 의해 선정된 Pal/Lin 비율과 maltol/cinnamic acid 비율과 같은 특징적 요인을 통해 인삼 추출물에 대한 정성 분석의 가능성을 확인할 수 있었다.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제18권3호
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• pp.160-164
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• 1994

In this study, we investigeated the anticarcinogenicity of various types and ages of ginseng extracts as an extended study using Yun's anticarcinogenicity test. Fresh ginseng at 1.5, 3, 4, 5 and 6 years was dried and powdered. And white ginseng was processed in the same way that of fresh ginseng after removal fo the ginseng cortex and fine root. For red ginsneg, fresh ginseng was steamed and dried. Each ginseng powder was extracted and extracts was freeze dried. Newborn N:GP(S) mice were given a single subcutaneous injection of 0.5 mg of benzo(a)pyrene(BP). Various types and ages of ginseng extracts at 2.5mg/ml were orally administered. All the mice were sacrificed at the 9th week. The following results were obtained. In the dried fresh ginseng extract treated group, the incidence of lung adenoma induced by BP was 63.9% and its incidence was reduced to 48.3%, 52.5%, 51.8%, 47.5% and 44.1% after co-treatment with 1.5, 3, 4, 5 and 6 year-dried fresh ginseng, respectively. The incidence of lung adenoma induced by BP on the white ginseng extract treated group was 41.3% and decreased to 31.0%, 46.0%, 44.0% and 26.5% after co-treatment with 3, 4, 5 and 6 year-white ginseng, respectively. In the red ginseng extract treated group, the incidence of lung adenoma induced by BP was 47.5% and its incidence diminished to 40.7%, 35.0%, 30.1%, 30.0% and 26.3% after co-treatment with 1.5, 3, 4, 5 and 6 year-red ginseng, respectively. From the above results, we concluded that a statistically significant anticarcinogenic effect was observed in extracts of 6 year-dried fresh ginseng, 6 year-white ginseng, and 4, 5 and 6 year-red ginseng and it is suggested that the anticarcinogenicity of ginseng varies according to the types and ages Key words Ginseng extract, types and ages. anticarcinogenic, newborn mice, lung tumor.

• 생약학회지
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• 제50권2호
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• pp.102-111
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• 2019

Inflammation that is considered to be mainly related to pathogenesis of atopic dermatitis (AD) is the biological response of a host to stimuli, such as cellular injury or infection. In this study, we investigated the anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative activities of white ginseng roots by ultra high pressure extraction (Gin-UHP), fermentation followed by ultra high pressure extraction (Gin-UHPF), and polyol extraction (Gin-POL). As a result, ginseng extracts were able to decrease the secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines (interleukin-8 and tumor necrosis factor-alpha) and immunoglobulin E. Also, Gin-POL had the highest DPPH radical scavenging activity and when we compared the SOD-like activity, Gin-UHP had the highest. Moreover, we looked into the effect of these ginseng extracts on anti-aging to show the possible usefulness as a raw material of cosmetics. As a result, ginseng extracts were able to reduce the production of melanin, and inhibit the tyrosinase and elastase activities in a dose-dependent manner. The extracts also decreased the expression of MMP-1 and had a significant hyaluronidase inhibitory activity. Taken together, these results demonstrate that ginseng extracts may have an improvement effect on AD by using its anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제18권11호
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• pp.1789-1791
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• 2008

This study was aimed (i) to develop an effective method for the purification of ginsenosides for industrial use and (ii) to compare the distribution of ginsenosides in cultured wild ginseng roots (adventitious root culture of Panax ginseng) with those of red ginseng (steamed ginseng) and white ginseng (air-dried ginseng). The crude extracts of cultured wild ginseng roots, red ginseng, and white ginseng were obtained by using a 75% ethanol extraction combined with ultrasonication. This was followed sequentially by AB-8 macroporous adsorption chromatography, Amberlite IRA 900 Cl anion-exchange chromatography, and Amberlite XAD16 adsorption chromatography for further purification. The contents of total ginsenosides were increased from 4.1%, 12.1%, and 11.3% in the crude extracts of cultured wild ginseng roots, red ginseng, and white ginseng to 79.4%, 71.7%, and 72.5% in the final products, respectively. HPLC analysis demonstrated that ginsenosides in cultured wild ginseng roots were distributed in a different ratio compared with red ginseng and white ginseng.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제34권3호
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• pp.192-197
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• 2010

Recent studies have indicated that $\beta$-cell dysfunction and insulin resistance are important factors in the development of type 2 diabetes. The present study investigated the effect of extracts from different parts of white, Taegeuk, and red ginseng root on insulin-stimulated glucose uptake in muscle cells and proliferation of $\beta$-cells. Extracts of the fine roots of Taegeuk ginseng significantly enhanced glucose uptake compared with the control. White ginseng lateral root extracts enhanced insulin-induced glucose uptake. Proliferation of $\beta$-cells was significantly increased by Taegeuk ginseng main and lateral root extracts and by red ginseng lateral and fine root extracts. In conclusion, different root parts of white, Taegeuk, and red ginseng differentially affect glucose uptake and pancreatic $\beta$-cell proliferation.