• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.89-94
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• 1994

The authors have already shown that 6 year old red ginseng extract or its powder has remarkable anticarcinogenic effects. In this study, we further investigated whether fresh ginseng or white ginseng has similar anticarcinogenic effects and also if their anticarcinogenic effects are related to the types and ages of ginseng using Yun's anticarcinogenicity test (9 week medium term bioassay model). Dried fresh ginseng and red ginseng at 1.5, 3, 4, 5 and 6 years, and while ginseng at 3, 4, 5 and 6 years were used. The following results were obtained: 1) In the dried fresh ginseng treated groups, the incidence of lung adenoma induced by benzo(a)pyrene was 41.39) and its incidence was reduced to 31.2%, 30.0%, 31.3%, 30.7% and 27.8% after co-treatment with 1.5, 3, 4, 5 and 6 year-dried fresh ginseng, respectively. A significant effect was observed only in 6 Year-dried fresh ginseng. 2) In the white ginseng treated groups, the incidence of lung adenoma induced by benzo(a)pyrene was 45.0% and its incidence decreased to 41.3%, 38.0%, 31.6%, and 25.3% after co-treatment with 3, 4, 5 and 6 year-white ginseng, respectively. Five and 6 year-ginsengs showed significant inhibition of lung adenoma. 3) In the red ginseng treated groups, the incidence of lung adenoma induced by benzo(a) pyrene was 48.6% and its incidence diminished to 37.9%, 41.7%, 31.7%, 28.3% and 25.5% after co-treat-melt with 1.5, 3, 4, 5 and 6 year-red ginseng, respectively. In 4, 5 and 6 year-ginsengs, the anticarcinogenic effect was prominent. From the above results, we concluded that a significant anticarcinogenic effect was observed in 6 year-dried fresh ginseng, 5 and 6 year-white ginsengs, and 4, 5 and 6 year-red ginsengs.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.37 no.4
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• pp.442-450
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• 2013

The aim of this study was to determine and compare the preventive effect of Korean White Ginseng and Red Ginseng on oxidative stress in $H_2O_2$-treated HepG2 cells. The roots of ginseng were extracted with 70% methanol and partitioned with butanol to obtain saponin fractions, which have been known as bioactive constituents of ginseng. 2',7'-Dichlorofluorescein diacetate (DCF-DA) assay and malondialdehyde (MDA) content were measured for evaluating intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation. Also, mRNA expressions and activities of antioxidant enzymes were analyzed to determine the antioxidant activity of saponin or non-saponin fractions of ginsengs. According to DCF-DA assay, $H_2O_2$-induced MDA release and ROS generation were significantly reduced by treatment with saponin fractions of white and red ginseng roots. Also, saponin fractions increased effectively intracellular antioxidant enzyme activities including catalase, glutathione peroxidase and superoxide dismutase in $H_2O_2$-treated HepG2 hepatoma cells. In general, red ginseng was more effective than white ginseng for reducing oxidative stress. These results indicate that administration of red ginseng may certainly contribute relatively stronger than white ginseng to prevent from damaging liver function by oxidative stress.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.196-202
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• 2010

The principal objective of this study was to evaluate the quality characteristics of black ginseng jelly prepared with different 5 levels(0, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, and 2.0%) of black ginseng extract. We assessed the ginsenosides level of white and black ginseng for comparison between white and black ginseng. And we conducted the pH, sugar content, Hunter's color values, the mechanical characteristics and sensory evaluation of black ginseng jelly samples. The levels of ginsenoside $Rg_3,\;Rh_1$, and $Rh_2$ of black ginseng were higher than those of white ginseng. The more black ginseng extract was increased, the sugar contents of black ginseng jelly were significantly increased(p<0.05). We noted that the luminance and Hunter's b values of jelly samples were decreased according to black ginseng extract was increased, but in Hunter's a values 0.5% black ginseng jelly was the highest of the all. With regard to the mechanical properties of the black ginseng jelly samples, the score of hardness, gumminess and chewiness were significantly increased. In color, taste and overall quality, the score of jelly with 1.0% black ginseng extract was significantly increased than those of the all.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.219-223
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• 1993

Assessment of root weight grade system for the numeral definition in Korea ginseng was tried by investigation of 13 boxes of the 15-root-grade of 4-year-old white ginseng as a model. In this case satisfaction to theoretical value was 58% in root weight and 50% in root number. The coefficient of variation (CV) was high (35%) for individual root weight in package. The CV of tap root weight 1 among package is low (7.1%) even though there was no significant correlation between tap root weight : and lateral root weight among roots. The mean percentage of tap root to root weight in each package ranged 61 to 74% with CV range of 16.5 to 33.2%. The CV was not much different between 1st and 2nd lateral root weight and the means was above 60%. Strict practice of numeral definition of root weight grade system will be prerequisite for chemical standardization of Korea ginseng.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.12 no.4
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• pp.323-335
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• 1983

The inhibitory effects of the extract and crude saponin of red and white ginsengs on lipoperoxide formation in vitro and in vivo were studied and correlated with anti-aging. To this end, antioxidant activity, induction period and lipoperoxide were measured by the methods of EDA, POV and TBA value. And also superoxide dismutase and peroxidase activity were measured by pyrogallol autoxidation method (${\Delta}A$ 420/min) and initial velocity(${\Delta}A$ 436/min), respectively. From HPLC analysis, the PT/PD ratio of red and white ginsengs was found to be 0.561% and 0.401%, respectively, and red ginseng increased the PT/PD ratio in comparison with white ginseng. The EDA activity of red ginseng was higher than that of white ginseng; red ginseng showed stronger antioxidative effect than white ginseng. The inhibitory effect of red ginseng was lower than that of white ginseng during the induction period. It was proved that high molecular coloring substance was deeply related to the initial stage of lipoperoxidation. There was no significant difference between red and white ginsengs in both in vitro and intraperitoneal administration experiments, and red ginseng was more effective than white ginseng in longterm administration. And also inhibitory effect on lipoperoxide formation was mainly occurred in liver, suggesting that the function of liver played an important role in anti-aging actions. From the measurement of superoxide dismutase(SOD) activity for both ginseng groups intraperitoneally and orally administered, it was found that red ginseng group administered extract and crude saponin showed remarkable inhibitory effects in comparison with white ginseng. In particular, orally administered group showed more stronger inhibitory effect on lipid peroxidation in comparison with intraperitoneally administered group. It was also found that the continuous oral administration was more effective than temporary administration. Red ginseng was more notable anti-aging effect in comparison with white ginseng in vivo, and this may be due to the increase of SOD activity in rat-liver. Peroxidase activity also showed similar trend to SOD activity in vitro and in vivo experiments. Red ginseng was not only superior to white ginseng for preservation but also for biochemical and pharmaceutical efficacy.

• Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.8-12
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• 2006

This study was conducted to develop a real-time internal quality evaluation technique for Korean red ginseng using NIR spectroscopy while they were moving to be graded. Internal qualities of Korean red ginseng were defined by color, amount of white core and cavity in the red ginseng. To evaluate the internal quality, PLS (Partial Least Square) model was developed. Spectrum saturation can be occurred when most red ginseng has a sound internal quality expressed by higher light transmittance ratio, but that could not found in the ginseng of internal white core under the same light situation. And, if spectrum saturation is obtained, it is hard to identify the exact information of internal quality. In order to evaluate of the internal quality regardless of having internal normal core or white core, an integral time controlled method was used to obtain traditional spectrum. This procedure was applied in real-time process when red ginseng was moving to be graded in the line. Among the 450 samples including 223 internal normal ginsengs and 227 internal white core ginsengs, 315 ginsengs (70%) were used to develop a calibration model and 135 ginsengs were spent to validate the model. The result of quality evaluation by the model was very good showing SEP and bias were 0.3573 and 0.0310, respectively, and the accuracy was 95.6%.

• Korean Journal of Pharmacognosy
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• v.45 no.4
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• pp.315-319
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• 2014

This study compared the contents of ginseng prosapogenin depending on the extracting conditions of Skin White ginseng(Panax ginseng) to provide basic information for developing Skin White ginseng-based functional foods. Our findings show that the content of crude saponin peaked at 4 hours of extraction(SWG-4) and when extracted at $100^{\circ}C$. However, the content of total saponin reached its height at 8 hours of extraction at $100^{\circ}C$(SWG-8). On the other hand, the content of prosapogenin reached their heights at 60 hours of extraction(SWG-60), followed by 60 hours of extraction at $100^{\circ}C$. And at $100^{\circ}C$ the main prosapogenin of the content of Red and Black ginseng ginsenoside $Rg_3$, $Rg_5$ and $Rk_1$ reached their heights at 60 hours of extraction(SWG-60), followed by 60 hours of extraction.

• Journal of Biosystems Engineering
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.247-259
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• 1992

This study intended to measure the desorption and adsorption EMC of four years old Peeled ginseng, Unpeeled ginseng and Taegeuk ginseng under various conditions$20^{\circ}C$, $30^{\circ}C$, $40^{\circ}C$, $50^{\circ}C$) and five levels of relative humidity from 31% to 88%) by the static method. Four widely used EMC models were selected and evaluated. Also the empirical model was evaluated. The results are summarized as follows ; 1) EMC difference between ginseng size was not found but found between ginseng species. EMC difference between Peeled ginseng and Unpeeled ginseng was not found. EMC of Peeled ginseng and Unpeeled ginseng was higher than that of Taegeuk ginseng. 2) The hysteresis, which is difference between desorption and adsorption EMC, was found. Desorption EMC was higher than adsorption EMC. The hysteresis at the same temperature decreased as relative humidity increase. The difference of hysteresis between Peeled ginseng and Unpeeled ginseng was not large and the hysteresis of Taegeuk ginseng was smaller than those of other species. 3) Among the selected models, Henderson model was the best to predict the adsorption EMC of White ginseng(Peeled and Unpeeled ginseng), and Oswin model was the best to predict the desorption EMC of White ginseng and the desorption and adsorption EMC of Taegeuk ginseng. The models are as follows ; (a) White ginseng(Peeled and Unpeeled ginseng) ${\circ}$ Desorption EMC(Oswin model) : $$M=(0.1272-0.0007420T){\cdot}[RH/(1-RH)]^{(0.4164+0.001368T)}$$ ${\circ}$ Adsorption(Henderson model) : $$1-RH={\exp}[-0.0003480T_k\;{M_o}^{0.9231}]$$ (b) Taegeuk ginseng ${\circ}$ Desorption EMC(Oswin model) : $$M=(0.1051-0.0008439T)[RH/(1-RH)]^{(0.4553+0.003425T)}$$ ${\circ}$ Adsorption EMC(Oswin model) : $$M=(0.08247-0.0007559T){\cdot}[RH/(1-RH)]^{(0.5760+0.005540T)}$$ 4) The developed empirical models could predict the desorption and adsorption EMC for White and Taegeuk ginseng more precisely than selected models. The empirical models are as follows ; (a) White ginseng(Peeled and Unpeeled ginseng) ${\circ}$ Desorption EMC : $$M=0.124-0.000647T-0.216RH+0.373RH^2$$ ${\circ}$ Adsorption EMC : $$M=0.0879-0.000663T-0.197RH+0.399RH^2$$. (b) Taegeuk ginseng ${\circ}$ Desorption EMC : $$M=0.159-0.000728T-0.429RH+0.565RH^2$$ ${\circ}$ Adsorption EMC : $$M=0.123-0.000662T-0.384RH+0.555RH^2$$.

• Journal of Biosystems Engineering
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• v.23 no.6
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• pp.607-614
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• 1998

An automatic grading algorithm was developed to replace the manual trading of white ginseng. The algorithm consists of three consecutive stages, (a) image acquisition and preprocessing, (b) mathematical feature extraction, and (c) grade decision using artificial neural network. Mathematical features such as area ratio, mean and standard deviation of graylevel, skewness of graylevel histogram, and the number of run segment are extracted from five equally divided parts of ginseng. An artificial neural network model was used to classify white ginsengs into three categories. The performance of the algorithm was evaluated using 120 ginseng samples and the rate of successful classification was 74%.

• Korean Journal of Pharmacognosy
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.170-174
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• 1989

Crude saponin and ginsenosides in commercial white ginsengs such as six kinds of whole ginsengs, five kinds of tail roots and one undergrade raw ginseng were analyzed. The contents of crude saponin and ginsenosides in whole ginsengs were found to be 2.7 to 4.6% and 1.0 to 1.7%, respectively. On the other hand, those of tail roots were 3.3 to 7.2% and 1.3 to 4.4%, respectively. The content ratio of PD to PT saponin in whole ginsengs showed a little variation as 0.73 to 0.92, while those of tail roots showed a greater variation in the range of 0.72 to 1.75, indicating that tail roots contain higher content of PD saponin than whole ginsengs did.