• Plant Breeding and Biotechnology
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• 제6권4호
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• pp.363-380
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• 2018

Wheat is frequently exposed to high temperature during anthesis and ripening period, which resulted in yield loss and detrimental end-use-quality. The transcriptome analysis of wheat under high temperature stress during the early stage of the grain filling period was undertaken. Three expression patterns of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) during grain filling period were identified. The DEGs of seed storage protein and starch-branching enzyme showed continuous increases in their expressions during high temperature stress, as well as during the recovery period. The activities of the enzymes responsible for the elimination of antioxidants were significantly affected by exposure to high temperature stress. Only the WAS-2 family genes showed increased transcription levels under high temperature stress in dehulled spikelets. The relative transcription levels for sub-genome specific WAS-2 genes suggested that WAS-2 genes reacted with over-expression under high temperature stress and decreased back to normal expression during recovery. We propose the role of WAS-2 as a protective mechanism during the stage of grain development under high temperature in spikelets.

• 한국식품조리과학회지
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• 제31권5호
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• pp.551-556
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• 2015

Iksan370 is a long-spike wheat developed by the Rural Development Administration yielding excellent features components such as cold resistance, disease resistance, and viviparous germination. The physicochemical and material properties of the raw wheat and milled flour of Iksan370 were analyzed to derive its appropriate uses. The raw wheat of Iksan370 showed high contents of ash and proteins at 1.71% and 13.7%, respectively. Its test weight of 763.0 g/L was similar to those of other varieties and its 1,000 kernel weight was high at 45.38 g. The milled flour of Iksan370 had an ash content of 0.45%, which corresponds with a class 1 flour, and its protein content is 12.18%, corresponding with strong flour. The damaged starch was 5.41%, which was lower than that of other varieties. The average grain size was $70.67{\mu}m$ and the grain distribution was at the level of a typical hard wheat. In the farinogram, the water absorption was 58.63%, which corresponded to the level of medium flour. The development time was 7.00 minutes, which was significantly lower than those of Jokyung and Keumkang. The degree of softening was 67.00 BU, similar to those of Yunbaek and Baekjoong. Among the physico-chemical characteristics, the high protein content and typical hard wheat grain distribution of Iksan370 were similar to those of strong wheat, usually used for bread making. However, in the farinogram, the dough development time was short and the degree of softening was high. As a result, Iksan370 was expected to have poor breadmaking properties and a small volume of the final bread product due to insufficient dough durability. On the other hand, Iksan370 showed the highest maximum gelatinization viscosity at 864.00 BU. Therefore, Iksan370 is expected to show glutinous texture when used for noodles and its flour appears to be appropriate for frying powders as well.

• 한국작물학회지
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• 제66권1호
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• pp.29-36
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• 2021

본 연구는 국내외서 수집된 614 자원의 밀 자원에 대하여 근적외선 분광분석기을 이용하여 품질을 평가하고 통밀의 아라비노자일란의 함량을 분석하여 고품질의 밀 자원의 개발을 위한 데이터베이스를 구축하고자 하였다. 근적외선 분광분석기을 이용한 밀 종자의 품질 분석법을 이용하여 빠른 시간 안에 종자의 단백질, 회분, 그리고 단백질의 특성은 침전가를 분석할 수 있었으며 단백질과 SDS-침전가가 매우 높은 상관관계를 지니고 있음을 확인 할 수 있었다. 또한 원산지별 비교를 실시하였을 때, 자원간의 유전적 차이가 더 중요하게 작용하는 것을 확인 할 수 있었다. 통밀의 아라비노자일란의 함량을 측정하기 위하여 효소법을 이용하여 측정하였으며, 실험법을 검증하기 위하여 반복성, 재현성 그리고 회수율을 측정하여 실험법에 대한 검증 및 신뢰도를 확보하였다. 이후 검증된 효소법을 이용하여 아라비노자일란 함량을 측정하였다. 국내외에서 수집 및 개발된 자원이 다른 국가에서 수집된 자원과 비교하였을 때 비교적 높은 함량을 보유하고 있음을 확인 할 수 있었으며, 이를 통해 국내 밀 자원이 영양 및 기능적으로 우수함을 알 수 있었다. 이러한 결과를 통해 밀 자원에 대한 품질 및 주요 성분에 대한 데이터베이스를 구축함으로써 고품질 및 고기능성의 밀 자원 육종에 유용하게 이용 될 수 있을 것으로 기대한다.

• The Plant Pathology Journal
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• 제34권5호
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• pp.347-355
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• 2018

Fusarium head blight (FHB) caused by Fusarium species is a major disease of wheat and barley around the world. FHB causes yield reductions and contamination of grains with trichothecene mycotoxins including; nivalenol (NIV), deoxynivalenol (DON), 3-acetyldeoxynivalenol (3-ADON), and 15-acetyldeoxynivalenol (15-ADON). The objectives of this study were to identify strains of F. graminearum isolated in Korea from 2012-harvested wheat grain and to test the pathogenicity of these NIV- and DON-producing isolates. Three hundred and four samples of wheat grain, harvested in 2012 in Chungnam, Chungbuk, Gyeongnam, Jeonbuk, Jeonnam, and Gangwon provinces were collected. We recovered 44 isolates from the 304 samples, based on the PCR amplification of internal transcribed spacer (ITS) rRNA region and sequencing. Our findings indicate that F. asiaticum was the predominant (95% of all isolates) species in Korea. We recovered both F. asiaticum and F. graminearum from samples collected in Chungnam province. Of the 44 isolates recovered, 36 isolates had a NIV genotype while 8 isolates belonged to the DON genotype (3-ADON and 15-ADON). In order to characterize the pathogenicity of the strains collected, disease severity was assessed visually on various greenhouse-grown wheat cultivars inoculated using both NIV- and DON-producing isolates. Our results suggest that Korean F. graminearum isolates from wheat belong to F. asiaticum producing NIV, and both F. graminearum and F. asiaticum are not significantly different on virulence in wheat cultivars.

• 한국작물학회지
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• 제45권1호
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• pp.38-43
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• 2000

The environment in which a given genotype is grown may influence its grain quality characteristics. When varieties are $\times$ evaluated over numerous environments, a variety environment interaction usually is observed, but the relative magnitude of environmental(E), genetic(G), and G $\times$ E effects on quality is unclear. In order to determine relative contribution of genotype, environment, and G $\times$ E interaction to the variations observed in grain quality characteristics, 18 Korean wheat cultivars and experimental lines were evaluated in two environments in 1998 and 1999. Correlation coefficients between grain quality and agronomic characteristics were also estimated. The analysis of variance for the optical density obtained by reaction bet- ween gliadin and anti-gliadin polyclonal antibody (AGPab) indicated that gliadin content measured by Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay(ELISA) was significantly in- fluenced by environment and cultivar differences. The significant differences of year and year $\times$ location were also found. The ratio of the variances associated with environmental effects to the variances associated with genetic effect gave relatively greater influence of environmental factor on gliadin content. The different protein content from same genotype grown in different environment might be associated with degree of storage protein accumulations. Significant relationships between ELISA and protein content, yield, ten spike weight, and ten spike number were detected. Polyphenol oxidase (PPO) activity was significantly influenced by year, location, cultivar and year $\times$ location. The variance in grain PPO activities among growing years appeared larger than the variation produced by the cultivar examined. This suggested that the growing environment contributed more to variability in grain PPO concentration.

• 농촌계획
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• 제25권2호
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• pp.63-74
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• 2019

As the awareness of food security has increased, the Korean government has established national projects, such as Saemangeum proclaimed land, to secure sources of grain. Saemangeum is a large-scale agricultural area that was constructed to maintain preparedness for unstable food markets. This study aims to develop a $6^{th}$ Industrialization Model (SIM) for Saemangeum Grain Complex by applying feasible strategies to wheat and two-rowed barley which have low self-sufficiency rates. In addition, this study estimates the potential economic value of each development strategy associated with a sixth industrialization model to create higher added values from production, processing and tourism experiences. The strategic plan for primary, secondary, and tertiary industries is to combine cultivating and processing wheat and two-rowed barley for sales and linking them to tourism experience. This study shows value added from the combination of the primary, secondary and tertiary industry of wheat and two-rowed barley are 7.5 and 23.0 times more than those of the primary and tertiary industry combination, respectively. Through branding Saemangeum Grain Complex's products, such as Saemanguem bread and craft beer, would further enhance the economic benefits derived from the complex.

• 한국농업기계학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국농업기계학회 1993년도 Proceedings of International Conference for Agricultural Machinery and Process Engineering
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• pp.979-983
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• 1993

A power operated (0.5 hp electric motor) grain flour separator was designed and developed for separation of grain (wheat, corn, chickpea and soybean) flour it no various fractions based on the size of the particles of the product. The separator is made of mild steel and consists of a hopper, power driven agitating mechanism, feed control , cylindrical separator unit and an eccentric mechanism. The machine was tested for wheat (variety : Subjata) flour separation into four fraction, viz : semolina ; Gr-I and II, flour (coarse) and white (fine) flour. Wheat samples (6.8% m.c., db) were first pearled by CIAE pearler for 15.8% bran removal . The product and machine characteristics were determined at different capacities varying from 24 kg/h to 143 kg/h. It was found that 76 kg/h capacity gave reasonably best results in terms of purity and recovery of semolina vis-a-vis the market product. The energy requirement of the machine at no-load was found to be 230 w and at load conditio s, it varied between 36.3-6.4kj per kg of feed separation. The machine could be used by small flour millers, small/medium size traders and retailers and other processors for making available various flour products of different particle size in the market for ready use fo the consumers.

• 한국작물학회지
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• 제46권5호
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• pp.367-374
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• 2001

End-use properties of six Korean waxy wheat lines and their parental plants were evaluated in this study. Korean waxy wheat lines showed unsuitable characteristics for end products, such as sticky crumb of bread, sticky cooked wet and dry noodles and small cookie diameter. Korean waxy wheat lines produced lower loaf volume and less desirable crumb grain structure of bread, and lower chewiness of cooked wet and dry noodles than their parental plants even though Korean waxy wheats were much higher in protein content and SDS-sedimentation volume than their parental plants. We observed adverse effects of high flour protein content in Korean waxy wheat lines, such as smaller cookie diameter and harder snapping force than those produced from their parental plants.

• 한국식품과학회지
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• 제13권1호
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• pp.74-89
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• 1981

Breadmaking is a complex system in which many variables govern the production of acceptable bread. Lipids, a minor component of wheat flour, function importantly in bread-making. Shortening, or fat, is one of the essential ingredients in commercial baking. Beneficial shortening effect depends on type and quantity of lipids present in wheat flour and also on wheat flour quality. Surfactants have been used in baking industry during last decade because certrain surfactants can replace shortening and/or natural flour lipids. A proper combination of lipidshortening-surfactant is more useful in the production of specialty breads such as whole wheat breads, high protein breads, high fiber breads or even non-wheat composite breads rather than in the production of regular white breads. This presentation is a review of recent studies on the contribution of flour lipids, shortening, and surfactants, alone or in combination in the production of breads; illustrations are mainly from data obtained in the author's laboratory.

• 한국작물학회지
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• 제61권4호
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• pp.257-263
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• 2016

기능성 식품소재로 관심이 높아지는 녹색밀의 안정적인 생산의 기초자료로 활용하고자 출수 후 20일부터 3일간격으로 41일째까지의 알곡 녹색도와 수량을 조사하였고, 적중밀 등 20품종의 녹색밀 수량을 조사한 결과는 다음과 같다. 1. 출수 후 20일에는 녹색이 가장 진하였으나 알곡이 주름이 많은 장타원형이었고, 35일 이후에는 대부분의 알곡이 황색으로 변하면서 비대해지는 모습을 보였다. 적색도(a값)는 출수 후 20일째부터 41일째까지 증가하였고, 32일째까지 음(-)의 값을 나타내었다. 엽록소의 함량도 성숙이 진행됨에 따라 유의하게 감소하였다. 녹색밀의 적정한 수확시기는 녹색 및 녹황색을 띠는 알곡이 가장 많았던 출수 후 32일~35일이 녹색밀 수확에 가장 적합한 시기로 판단된다. 2. 출수기는 조품밀, 적중밀, 조경밀, 금강밀, 백중밀, 조은밀이 가장 빨랐고, 반면에 연백밀, 은파밀, 올밀, 신미찰밀, 우리밀, 신미찰1호, 그루밀, 알찬밀, 다홍밀 등이 늦게 출수하여 품종간에 7일의 조만성을 보였다. 3. 품종에 따른 녹색도는 적중밀, 금강밀, 조경밀, 조품밀, 백중밀 등이 높았고, 녹색밀의 수량은 녹황색립의 비율이 높았던 알찬밀, 백중밀, 은파밀, 연백밀, 다홍밀, 우리밀 등이 높았다.