• International Commerce and Information Review
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• v.7 no.4
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• pp.245-268
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• 2005

The purpose of this paper is to acquire competitiveness faced with a global business so that Korea and China make them put ICT into practice through industrial policy of regional innovation clustering. In the Chapter 2, overall review of industrial spaces theory and the environment in Global-business is conducted. In the Chapter 3, current main economic issue and West Great Development of China are viewed. Chapter 4 proposes models and strategies for the target of regional innovation clustering and phasing in development. The results of this study is that both country should do more long-term cooperation and collecting intensive knowledge for the property of region and preparatory research of regional innovation clustering than do reckless investment.

• Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.267-272
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• 2013

Chicken-type lysozyme (c-lysozyme) is present in shrimp and is active against some bacteria. To further understand the regulation of c-lysozyme in the fleshy shrimp Fenneropenaeus chinensis, we determined the tissue-specific gene expression of c-lysozyme and the time-course of mRNA expression in response to Vibrio anguillarum and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) injection by quantitative reverse real-time polymerase chain reaction. The results showed that c-lysozyme was expressed in all tissues tested, including gill, eyestalk, eye, hemocytes, hepatopancreas, intestine, heart, and pleopod. It was most highly expressed in the intestine followed by the eyestalk, gill, hemocytes and hepatopancreas. The mRNA expression level began to decline in a short time after V. anguillarum challenge and was then upregulated by two fold or more at 24 h post injection (hpi) compared to that at 0 h. Expression was suppressed shortly after LPS injection and began to increase with higher levels of 5.8-, 5.2- and 8.4-fold at 24, 48, and 72 hpi, respectively. Higher expression was sustained and showed a gradual increasing trend until the end of the experiment (72 hpi). These results increase our understanding of the regulation of defense mechanisms and facilitate an evaluation of the effects of probiotics or immunostimulants in shrimp culture.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Biology
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• v.32 no.3
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• pp.234-242
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• 2014

In this study, gametotoxicity and embryotoxicity experiments using Hemicentrotus pulcherrimus were carried out to investigate the ecotoxicological effects of bisphenol A (BPA). We examined the effects of BPA on fertilization and normal embryogenesis at various concentrations (0, 300, 500, 800, 1000, and 1500 ppb). The results demonstrated that the fertilization rates were not changed. The normal embryogenesis rates were gradually decreased in a dose-dependent manner, and were significantly lowered following 800 ppb BPA treatment ($EC_{50}$=1056.1 ppb, 95% Cl=981.8~1163.9 ppb). The observed effective concentration and the lowest observed effective concentration of the normal embryogenesis rate were 500 ppb and 800 ppb, respectively. The embryos showed retarded development at each tested concentration, indicating the fact the embryonic development was delayed due to the increasing concentrations of BPA. Furthermore, we examined the expression of glutathione S-transferase (GST) mRNA at various concentrations of BPA in H. pulcherrimus. Interestingly, it was found that the expression level of GST mRNA was significantly increased in the experimental group exposed to BPA. Based on these results, we suggested that BPA at greater than 800 ppb has a toxic effect during the early embryonic stages of H. pulcherrimus, and GST mRNA may be used as a biomarker for risk assessment of BPA contamination.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.47 no.3
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• pp.264-273
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• 2014

To investigate species composition and seasonal variation of demersal organisms in the coastal waters off the Taean peninsula, otter trawl surveys were conducted from April 2010 to January 2011. A total of 75 species were collected, including 44 species of Pisces, 19 species of Crustacea, 6 species of Cephalopoda, 4 species of Gastropoda, and 1 species each of Bivalvia and Echinoidea. The dominant species in each season were Palaemon gravieri in spring, Charybdis bimaculata in summer, Loligo japonica in autumn, and Crangon hakodatei in winter. The number of species, individuals and biomass were highest in autumn and lowest in winter. The diversity index was highest in summer and lowest in winter. The dominance index was highest in winter and lowest in summer. The richness index was highest in autumn and lowest in winter. The evenness index was highest in summer and lowest in autumn. A cluster analysis showed that demersal organisms were divided into two groups; spring and winter organisms (Group 1) and summer and autumn organisms (Group 2). We detected a significant difference (P<0.05) between these groups, mainly owing to Platycephalus indicus, Repomucenus koreanus, and Paralichthys olivaceus within Pisces: Trachysalambria curvirostris, Metapenaeopsis dalei, P. gravieri, and C. hakodatei within Crustacea: and L. japonica within Cephalopoda.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.41 no.3
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• pp.155-162
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• 2008

The seawater in the Taean area was surveyed to evaluate the conditions of the bay and compliance with the bacteriological criteria for a designated area for shellfish production for export. Samples of seawater were collected monthly at 34 sampling stations established in the survey area from January 2002 to December 2004. The bacterial density in the coastal area close to a pollution source located to the northeast of the survey area was higher than in the open sea to the west. The bacteriological counts in the water did not change with 16.5mm of rainfall, but increased abruptly after 65.4mm of rainfall. The total coliform and fecal coliform most probable numbers (MPNs) of 1,224 seawater samples in the survey area were <1.8-2,400 and <1.8-790 MPN/100 mL, respectively. The geometric mean and estimated 90th percentile of total coliforms were 1.9-3.4 and 2.7-26.3 MPN/100mL, respectively, and for fecal coliforms were <1.8-2.6 and 1.8-12.0 MPN/100mL, respectively. The bacteriological water quality in the Taean seawater area met the National Shellfish Sanitation Program criteria for an approved area and the Korea Shellfish Sanitation Program criteria for a designated area for shellfish production for export.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Marine Environment & Safety
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.315-328
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• 2009

Long-term trends and distribution patterns of water quality were investigated in the Garolim coastal areas of Yellow Sea, Korea from 1998 to 2007. Water samples were collected at 3 stations and physicochemical parameters were analyzed including water temperature, salinity, suspended solids(SS), chemical oxygen demand(COD), dissolved oxygen(DO) and nutrients. Spatial distribution patterns were not clear among stations but the seasonal variations were distinct except pH and ammonia. The trend analysis by principal component analysis(PCA) during twenty years revealed the significant variations in water quality in the study area. Annual water qualities were clearly classified into 4 clusters by PCA; year cluster 1997, 1998 and 2000-2002, 1999 and 2003-2006/2008. By this multi-variate analysis the annual trends were summarized as follows; In recent years, salinity increased, whereas dissolved inorganic nitrogen, nitrate nitrogen and COD decreased and water quality generally continued to be in good condition in Gsrolim coastal areas without inflow of freshwater from land. Garolim coastal areas are required to be conserved continuously as important coastal areas for fisheries.

• Environmental Analysis Health and Toxicology
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.11-18
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• 2010

Toxicity assessment of ocean dumping wastes (dye waste, urban sewage, food waste) were examined in the fertilization and embryo development rates of the Sea Urchin, Hemicentrotus pulcherrimus. Spawning was induced by injecting 1 mL of 0.5 M KCl into coelomic cavity. Males released white or cream-colored sperms and females released yellow or orange-colored eggs. Experiments were began within 30 min the collection of both gametes. The fertilization and embryo development rates test were performed for 10 min and 64 h after fertilization, respectively. The fertilization and embryo development rates in the control condition (not including ocean dumping wastes sludge elutriate) were greater than 90%, but suddenly decreased with increasing of ocean dumping waste sludge elutriate concentrations. The fertilization and normal embryogenesis rates were significantly inhibited in all waste sludge elutriate from dye waste ($EC_{50}$=4.37; $EC_{50}$=1.76), urban sewage ($EC_{50}$=5.79; $EC_{50}$=2.00) and food waste ($EC_{50}$=7.68; $EC_{50}$=2.16), respectively. The NOEC (<3.13) and LOEC (3.13) of fertiliztion and normal embryogenesis rates very similar in all waste sludge elutriate. These results suggest that biological assay using the fertilization and embryo development rates of H. pulcherrimus are very useful test method for the ecological toxicity assessment of ocean dumping wastes.

• Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.235-240
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• 2015

Seasonal variation in the prevalence of norovirus in oysters Crassostrea gigas was investigated and compared to levels of Escherichia coli, a fecal indicator in oysters. Oysters were collected from Iwon-myeon, Taean-gun, Korea, a primary production area for European Union export of oysters between 2013 and 2014. We observed seasonality in the prevalence of norovirus in oysters, with a higher prevalence and viral load detected during winter months. Oysters taken from production areas that complied with the European Union standard for raw consumption (< 230 MPN/100 g of E. coli) had 22.1% of the samples test positive for norovirus (15/68 samples). However, norovirus was not detected in any of the samples (0%, 0/4 samples) that were collected from production sites that exceeded the standard fecal contamination level for raw consumption (> 230 MPN/100 g of E. coli). These results indicated that there is a negative correlation between the prevalence of norovirus and high levels of E. coli in oysters. Therefore, our results suggest that current food safety guidelines using only a bacterial fecal contamination indicator, E. coli, may not adequately assess shellfish production areas for viral and bacterial contamination.

• Journal of fish pathology
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.91-97
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• 2014

Since the "Aquatic life disease control act" was established in 2009, we have monitored OIE notifiable and legally designated diseases which are associated with white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei but are as yet outbreak in South Korea. We had monitored only two viral diseases of YHD and IMN, but further added IHHN, TS and WTD in an attempt to reinforce monitoring as a countermeasure against the increasing possibility of imported diseases led by continuous growth in global fisheries trade. We also increased the number of monitoring areas, and shrimp farms. In 2013, we examined a total of 2,650 white shrimp from 29 hatcheries and farms to check whether they were infected with any of the 5 diseases (YHD, IMN, IHHN, TS, WTD). The result showed that none of the samples contained the viruses. To regulation of the exotic diseases from landing in our country and to strengthen prevention, management and control of the diseases on a national level, we must continue the surveillance monitoring of the diseases.

• Korean Journal of Ichthyology
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.185-192
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• 2007

The present experiment was carried out to study the effects of light intensity on growth, survival, caudal fin shape, body composition, skin color and blood component of river puffer, Takifugu obscurus. Four light intensities (0, 500, 1,000, 2,000 lx) were tested in duplicates for 60 days. Specific growth rate (SGR), daily feeding rate (FR) and food coefficient (FC) were reduced following to the decrease of light intensity. However in survival rate there was not significantly different among groups. The damage extent of caudal fin was increased in more strong light intensity. In body composition, moisture and crude protein were only significantly difference according to light intensity. In body color, L and a were the highest in 0 lx. In blood analysis, the content of AST, ALT, GLU significantly increased in more powerful the intensity groups. It is concluded that the supplement of low light intensity (e.g. 0 lx) recommended for the commercial scale aquaculture of river puffer in land-based tank without growth and survival retardation.