• 대한기계학회논문집B
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• 제29권10호
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• pp.1163-1171
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• 2005

The shape optimization of an airfoil has been performed for an incompressible viscous flow. In this study, Pareto frontier sets, which are global and non-dominated solutions, can be obtained without various weighting factors by using the multi-objective genetic algorithm An NACA0012 airfoil is considered as a baseline model, and the profile of the airfoil is parameterized and rebuilt with four Bezier curves. Two curves, front leading to maximum thickness, are composed of five control points and the rest, from maximum thickness to tailing edge, are composed of four control points. There are eighteen design variables and two objective functions such as the lift and drag coefficients. A generation is made up of forty-five individuals. After fifteenth evolutions, the Pareto individuals of twenty can be achieved. One Pareto, which is the best of the . reduction of the drag furce, improves its drag to $13\%$ and lift-drag ratio to $2\%$. Another Pareto, however, which is focused on increasing the lift force, can improve its lift force to $61\%$, while sustaining its drag force, compared to those of the baseline model.

• 정보과학회 논문지
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• 제42권6호
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• pp.769-780
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• 2015

디지털곡선에 있어서 잡음은 지역적으로 급격한 곡률 변화를 일으키므로 이를 없애거나 그 영향을 완화시키기 위해 평균을 이용한 스무딩 기법을 많이 사용한다. 그런데 스무딩은 그 정도가 지나치면 원래 형태의 특징을 왜곡시키거나, 이미지의 면적이 많이 감소될 수 있고 스무딩이 적으면 잡음이 충분히 제거되지 않는 문제점이 있다. 이 연구에서는 화소로 구성된 디지털 곡선에 대해서 반복적 평균 스무딩의 반복횟수, 이웃 점간의 거리, 평균을 위한 가중치와 스무딩 후의 점의 이동거리 등의 파라메터들 관계를 수학적으로 표현하고, 이 관계를 이용하여 스무딩 곡선을 입력곡선으로부터 허용오차 이내에 있도록 거리오차를 제어하는 방법과 스무딩 속도를 개선하는 방법을 제안한다.

• 대한기계학회논문집B
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• 제24권10호
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• pp.1368-1379
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• 2000

A numerical study on swirling pulverized coal combustion in an axisymmetric enclosure is carried out by applying the 2-phase weighted sum of gray gases model (WSGGM) approach with the discrete ordinate method (DOM) to model the radiative heat transfer equation. In the radiative transfer equation, the same polynomial equation and coefficients for weighting factors as those for gas are adopted for the coal/char particles as a function of partial pressure and particle temperature. The Eulerian balance equations for mass, momentum, energy, and species mass fractions are adopted with the standard and RNG k-${\varepsilon}$ turbulence model, whereas the Lagrangian approach is used for the particulate phase. The eddy-dissipation model is employed for the reaction rate for gaseous mixture, and the single-step and two-step first-order reaction model for the devolatilization process for coal. Special attention is given to establish the thermal boundary conditions on radiative transfer equation By comparing the numerical results with experimental ones, the radiation model used here is confirmed and found to provide an alternative for simulating the radiative transfer.

• 한국해양학회지:바다
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• 제5권3호
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• pp.177-185
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• 2000

자료동화기법의 하나인 adjoint 방법은 제약조건으로서 모델의 기본방정식을 만족시키는 동시에 모델 결과와 관측자료 차이의 함수인 비용함수의 크기를 최소화시키는 모델변수를 찾아냄으로서 모델 결과를 향상시키는 기법이다. 본 연구에서는 수평방향 2차원 선형 조석모델과 adjoint 모델로 구성된 adjoint 꾸러미를 수립하고, 이를 임의로 설정한 직사각형 모델영역에 적용하였다. 조석모델로부터의 조위 모델 결과를 관측자료로 삼아 개방경계조건인 조위의 진폭을 역 추정하는 수치실험을 실시하여 자료 가중치에 대한 반응, 모델변수 초기 추정치의 중요성 및 지형 변화에 대한 반응 등을 살펴보았다 특히, adjoint꾸러미 적용시 대부분 경험적으로 설정되어왔던 가중치의 선정방법을 제시하였다.

• International Journal of Automotive Technology
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• 제8권6호
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• pp.781-790
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• 2007

Hybrid electric vehicles(HEV) combined with more than one power sources have great potential to improve fuel economy and reduce pollutant emissions. The Integrated Starter Generator(ISG) HEV researched in this paper is a two energy sources vehicle, with a conventional internal combustion engine(ICE) and an energy storage system(batteries). In order to investigate the potential of diesel engine hybrid electric vehicles in fuel economy improvement and emissions reduction, a Dynamic Programming(DP) based supervisory controller is developed to allocate the power requirement between ICE and batteries with the objective of minimizing a weighted cost function over given drive cycles. A fuel-economy-only case and a fuel & emissions case can be achieved by changing specific weighting factors. The simulation results of the fuel-economy-only case show that there is a 45.1% fuel saving potential for this ISG HEV compared to a conventional transit bus. The test results present a 39.6% improvement in fuel economy which validates the simulation results. Compared to the fuel-economy-only case, the fuel & emissions case further reduces the pollutant emissions at a cost of 3.2% and 4.5% of fuel consumption with respect to the simulation and test result respectively.

• 한국실내디자인학회논문집
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• 제22권2호
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• pp.11-19
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• 2013

Korea Government have carried out various policies to save the Earth environment from global warming and environmental pollution. It has also executed the Green Building Certification Criteria(GBCC) in 2002. The GBCC of office building was executed in 2003 and was revised twice in 2010 and 2011. Concerns about green building construction were quite increasing to keep the building performances sustainable. The aims of this paper is to check the reliability of weighting factors and scoring difficulties in all assessment categories of GBCC and to suggest the amendment direction of the future assessment criteria for green building. For the study, the old and new version of GBCC were examined to present the revision direction of GBCC and the 10 cases certificated by the old and new version, respectively 5 were analysed to compare with the difficulties in obtaining the certification. According to the results of the study, the GBCC requires additional amendments about the assessment categories of the energy consumption monitoring and the building commissioning as required subjects in order to secure the building performances. In addition, the operation mamagement of the building need to be assessed more intensively.

• 전기학회논문지
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• 제63권8호
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• pp.1033-1038
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• 2014

Electric vehicles should be connected to power system for charge and discharge of battery. Besides vehicle's battery is charged for a power source, it is also reversibly possible to provide power source from battery to power system. Researches on battery usage for regulation resources have been progressed and could cause cost increase excessively because they distribute regulation capacity equally without considering the battery wear cost of SOC, temperature, voltage and so on. This causes increase of grid maintenance cost and aggravate economical efficiency. In this paper it is studied that the cost could be minimized according to the battery condition and characteristic. The equation is developed in this paper to calculate the possible number of charge and discharge cycle, according to SOC level and weighting factors representing the relation between battery life and temperature as well as voltage. Thereafter, the correlation is inferred between the battery condition and wear cost reflecting the battery price, and the expense of compensation is decided according to the condition on battery wear-out of vehicle. In addition, using realtime error between load and load expectation, it is calculated how much regulation capacity should be provided.

• 한국자기공명학회논문지
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• 제9권1호
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• pp.29-37
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• 2005

Intra-cellular drug uptake in Xenopus laevis oocyte has been elucidated using localized MR spectroscopy (MRS) and PFG NMR techniques at a 600 $MH_z$(Bruker, 14.1 T) NMR spectrometer. The localized MRS has been done with a homemade probe, and shows the intra-cellular uptake of nicotinamide. The self-diffusion of the molecule in Xenopus oocyte was obtained by PFG NMR technique. The measured data are well fitted with a linear combination of two exponential functions, which shows that there are two types of drug molecules, intra-and extra-cellular molecules. Diffusion coefficients of intra- and extra-cellular drug molecules are 3.7 $\times$ $10^{-11}$ $\m^{2}/s$and 6.4 $\times$ $10^{-10}$ $\m^{2}/s$, respectively. In the weighting factors there is shown that about 5% of drug molecule is inside the cells. These techniques can be used for drug screening in molecule-, cell-, and tissue-based preclinical test.

• KIEAE Journal
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• 제13권6호
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• pp.45-53
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• 2013

For the target goal of Zero-energy House construction in 2025, the government announced that the insulation regulations will be continuously enhanced. It has been predicted that high-performance insulation materials, such as vacuum insulation panel (VIP), should be used to decrease the thickness of outer walls. The aim of this study was to evaluate the performance of adhesively fixed external insulation and finish system (EIFS) with VIP. The energy performance of a base model with conventional internal insulation system and three alternatives of EIFS with VIP were analyzed by three-dimensional heat transfer simulation. Construction cost and convenience of each alternative were also evaluated and compared. As results, effective alternatives in terms of each performance as well as overall performance considering the weighting factors of each performance were suggested.

• 한국CDE학회논문집
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• 제11권2호
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• pp.148-155
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• 2006

This paper presents a new method for assessing the efficiency of production process plans using tolerance chart to lower production cost. The tolerance chart is used to predict the accuracy of a part that is to be produced following the process plan, and to carry out the quantitative measurement on the efficiency of the process plan. By comparing the values of design tolerances and their corresponding resultant tolerances calculated using the tolerance chart, the process plan that is incapable of satisfying the design requirements and the faulty production operations can be identified. Similarly, the process plan that imposes unnecessarily high accuracy and wasteful production operations can also be identified. For the latter, a quantitative measure on the efficiency of the process plan is introduced. The higher the unnecessary cost of the production, the poor is the efficiency of the process plan. A coefficient is introduced for measuring the process plan efficiency. The coefficient also incorporates two weighting factors to reflect the difficulty of manufacturing operations and number of dimensional tolerances involved. To facilitate the identification of the machining operations and the machined surfaces, which are related to the unnecessarily tight resultant tolerances caused by the process plan, a rooted tree representation of the tolerance chart is introduced, and its use is demonstrated. An example is presented to illustrate the new method. This research introduces a new quantitative process plan evaluation method that may lead to the optimization of process plans.