• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
• /
• v.16 no.2
• /
• pp.155-159
• /
• 2003

This study was conducted to examine the variations in 196 local perilla collected in southern part of Korea and to provide basic informations which can be utilize in perilla breeding programs. The results obtained were gummarized as the follows. Maturing period was widely distributed from 104 to 136 days. The maturing periods of most collections were 111 to 130 days(96%). and that Four percent of collections showed maturing period of below 110 days and above 131 days. Three varieties below 111 days of maturing period were selected among local perilla collected from Jeonnam(Naju and Boseong) and Jeonbuk(Gochang). Stem length was ranged from 71 to 157 cm. The stem length of 111 to 130 cm, under 90 cm, and above 151 cm were 41％,, 7％, and 4％, respectively. Seven varieties with long stem were selected among local perilla collected in Jeonnam(include Damyang collection). The number of cluster per plant was distributed 52 to 291. The distribution of cluster numbers were 100 to 180, under 100, and above 221 was 57％, 13% , and 13%, respectively. The number of seed capsules was distributed 23 to 56 and the collections ranged from at of 26 to 45 was 49.5％. Seed cluster length was distributed from 6 to 20 cm and that ranged from 8 to 14 cm was 62.8%.1,000 grain weight ranged from 2.4 to 5.7 g. The distribution of 1,000 grain weight is 3.1 to 4.0 g,4.1 to 5.0 g, and below 2.9 g was 66.8%, 12.8%, and 19.4%, respectively. The 1,000 grain weight above 5.1 g(1.0%) was selected among local perilla collected in Jeonbuk(Namwon) and Gyeongnam(Changnyeong).

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
• /
• v.35 no.2
• /
• pp.137-145
• /
• 1990

Six commercial rice varieties were cultivated at different locations in 1987 and 1988. Rice samples harvested from 8 to 20 locations for a variety each year were used to measure or observe grain appearance, amylose content and alkali digestibility, cooked rice texture using rheometer, gelatinization and viscosity of rice flour using amylograph, and eating Quality of cooked rice by sensory evaluation. Relationship between Quality characteristics showing large locational variation were analized to approach the long-term objective, rice grain Quality standardization. Percent white-center and white-belly grain of the same variety showed great variation between locations, but did not affect on 1000-grain weight, amylose content and alkali digestibility, amylogram and rheogram characteristics, and eating Quality of cooked rice. Positive correlationship were obtained between maximum viscosity and break down, and maximum viscosity and alkali digestibility. Set back was correlated negatively with maximum viscosity, break down and alkali digestibility. Rice samples having significantly lower values of maximum viscosity and break down and higher set back value at the same time showed higher ADV and lower texture palatability index (TPI) and viscousness/hardness ratio (Vi/H), and lower sensory evaluation score of cooked rice compared with those of rices having typically higher values of maximum viscosity and break down and lower set back value. When TPI, Vi/H and overall sensory eating score of cooked rices measured were divided into three categories, high, medium and low using deviation from locational mean value of a variety, many of rice samples having high TPI or high Vi/H showed medium or high in overall sensory eating score of cooked rice.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
• /
• v.7 no.1
• /
• pp.43-52
• /
• 1978

It is well known that water holding capacity plays an important role in processing such meat products as frankfurter-type sausage and fish meat paste products as kamaboko and fish sausage. Consumer qualities of meat products, such as appearance, flavor, as well as drip and shrinkage on cooking, depend greatly on the degree of water binding. In this paper, the water holding capacities of fish paste and salt added paste of white corvenia, Argyrosomus argentatus and file fish, Novodon modestus were measured by centrifuging and press method before and after cooking. And the effects of the addition of phosphates and starch to enhance water binding and stabilize gel formation were also discussed. In addition, the experimental conditions which are suitable to determine the water binding of fish meat paste product were suggested. The results were expressed in percent of water absorbed by the filter paper when pressed or released by pressor or centrifuge to the weight of sample. From the results. a proper condition to measure the water holding capacity of fish meat paste was that 3.0 g of sample which was previously added with 10 percent water was centrifuged at 13,400 G or 12,000 rpm for 15 minutes for the centriguging method and for press method, 0.3 g sample with 10 percent of water added was extracted by an oil pressor at $30\;kg/cm^2$ for 1 minute. Water holding capacity of fresh paste of white corvenia was relatively higher than that of file fish and the difference between species of fish was greater than the difference between measurments by two methods. Sodium chloride had a great effect on enhancing the water holding capacity of fish meat paste giving better effect when 3.0 percent of salt was added. Phosphates used except calcium phosphate revealed a certain enhancement in water binding, yielding best effect at 0.3 percent addition, and metaphosphate seemed to be more effective in order. The addition of corn starch, however, appeared to be not so effective for enhancement of water binding in fresh-salt-added fish meat paste but in cooked fish paste which might be attributed to absorption of water by starch grain and swelling during the heating and consequently enforced gel strength of cooked fish paste. And the water holding capacity of cooked fish paste was proportionally related to its gel strength.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural and Forest Meteorology
• /
• v.20 no.1
• /
• pp.135-143
• /
• 2018

The effect of elevated temperature on temperate paddy rice will be significant for dependable food supply in East Asia. Using temperature gradient field chamber (TGFC), which was designed to make the horizontal air temperature gradient by $0^{\circ}C$ to $3^{\circ}C$ higher than outside, we examined the measurement to understand the effects of extremely high temperature on paddy rice. In particular, the data of the year 2016, the worst heat wave in over 22 years, was analyzed in this study. The rice height in the relatively warmed condition was rapidly increased during early growth stage. However, the average grain weight and number of spikelet per panicle in the warmed chamber condition were gradually declined with increasing air temperature averaged for 40 days after first heading in each chamber. In particular, the grain yield was more dramatically decreased by the raising temperature because the percent ripened grain was quickly dropped as getting over the threshold temperature for pollination. Therefore, the surplus photosynthetic product by such lower grain filling rate may disturbed the decreases of the NDVI (Normalized Difference Vegetation Index) and SPAD chlorophyll values after first (normal) heading. In addition, the late-emerging head grain were appeared. However, this yield was too small to recover the normal yields decreased by extremely high temperature condition. Our result represented that the warmed condition in 2016 would be the critical limit for the stable yield of temperate paddy rice.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
• /
• v.1 no.1
• /
• pp.125-128
• /
• 1968

The effect of number of leaf after heading time on the growth of residual part and translocation of carbohydrates were investigated with water culture condition. Mutual shading and root rot were prevented. The results may be summerized as follows; 1. The ratio of ripened grain in the plot of no-leaf, flag leaf, two-leaf(flag and 2nd leaf) and three-leaf (flag, 2nd and 3rd leaf) was 38.8, 74.7, 83.9 and 87.0% respectively. The thousand grain weight was 21.3g, as the lowest value in no-leaf plot and was 28.7g in all other plots. 2. The accumulation of carbohydrate translocated in culm was increased by increment of leave-cutting, whereas the weight of culm was decreased. 3. It was suggested that healthy flag and 2nd leaf can keep the ratio of ripened grain around 80 percent.

• Korean Journal of Weed Science
• /
• v.11 no.1
• /
• pp.3-10
• /
• 1991

Several rice herbicides were evaluated to determine the herbicidal efficacy on dry seeded paddy rice. The time of herbicide application was within 1 day after seeding(DAS), 18 DAS, and 40 DAS. Under the upland conditions 30 DAS(before permanent flooding) dominant weed species were Echinochloa sp., Digitaria sp., Leptochla sp., weedy rice and other several annual broadleaved weeds belonging to Cruciferae, but after flooding Echinochloa sp., Aeschynomene sp., Eleocharis kuroguwai, Cyperus sorotinus, Ludwigia prostrata, Aneilema japonica were dominat. Early application (1 DAS) of thiobencarb, pyrazolate/butachlor, or chlomethoxyfen/butachlor resulted in very good herbicidal efficacy only during the first 30 days, but not thereafter. Application of propanil+butachlor on 18 DAS did not control the late occurring weeds effectively. Application of bentazone/quinchlorac on 40 DAS successfully suppressed weed growth throughout the remaining rice growing season and showed similar grain yield as hand weeded plot. Weed growth reduced the plant height, panicle number, 1000-grain weight, percent ripened grains, and grain yield of rice by 7, 82, 19, 55 and 87% respectively. There was a positive linear relationship between weed weight and lodging index of rice.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
• /
• v.30 no.2
• /
• pp.165-173
• /
• 1985

The objectives of the study were to investigate the effects of foliage clipping on photosynthesis and grain filling for branch and non branch types under the polyethylene film mulch and non mulch conditions in mono cropping and second cropping after barley in sesame (Sesamum indicum L.), and to improve poor grain filling at later flowering time utilizing these data. One thousand grain weight was more decreased in branch type than in non branch type, in polyethylene film mulch condition than in non mulch condition, and in second cropping after barley than in mono cropping by clipping lower part foliage. Twentyfive percent clipping of lower part foliage showed a little increase than no clipping. Matured grain rate also showed same tendency between branch and non branch type and between mono cropping and second cropping after barley as well as 1,000 grain weight except for polyethylene film mulch. Matured grain rate of 25% foliage clipping at 30 days after flowering in non branch type presented a little increase but decreased in branch type. Clipping of higher part leaves were so serious decrease of matured grain rate that higher part leaves at late maturing time have a major role in photosynthesis. Matured grain rate of foliage clipping at 10 days after flowering was decreased in all treatments. Chlorophyll content of higher part leaves at 50% lower part foliage clipping presented 39% increase compared to same positioned leaves of non treatment, and 66% increase by 50% higher part foliage clipping in lower part leaves. Photosynthetic activity was 58% more increased in 50% lower part foliage clipping than no clipping, but seriously decreased in 50% higher part foliage clipping. Therfore, photosynthates of remained lower part leaves could not only support their own demands, but also any contribution to translocation of photosynthates from source to sink at late maturing time. Harvest index was 28% increased in 25% lower part foliage clipping and 13% decreased in 50% higher part foliage clipping compared to no clipping. Leaf area was 48% increased in 50% lower part foliage clipping compared to the same positioned leaves of no clipping, and only 5% increased in higher part foliage clipping. Productivity by foliage clipping compared to non treatment, was highly decreased in branch type than in non branch type, in second cropping after barley than in mono cropping. Little difference was detected between polyethylene film mulch and non mulch conditions. Twenty five percentage of lower part foliage clipping on mono cropping of non branch type appeared 5% and 8% yield increase in each of polyethylene film mulch and non mulch conditions compared to no clipping, and all decreased in other treatments. Mean loss of productivity by foliage clipping at 10 days after flowering was serious than clipping at 30 days after flowering. As the result, contribution to photosynthesis of source at 10 days after flowering are larger than that at 30 days after flowering in sesame. Fifty percent lower part foliage clipping at 10 days after flowering showed so the most serious yield decrease that lower part leaves at that time were considered as the main role leaves for photosynthesis.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
• /
• v.36 no.2
• /
• pp.160-165
• /
• 1991

Growth performance of dry seeded paddy rice was studied at four N levels (10, 15, 20, and 25 kg/l0a) in tillage and no-tillage systems. Althougth the number of seedlings and maximum tillers tended to be higher and heading date was delayed by 2 days in tillage compared with those in no-tillage system, grainyield, yield components, lodging related characteristics, and N uptake were similar between two tillage ,systems. As N level increased, grain yield increased due to increased panicle number althougth the number of spikelets per panicle and percent ripended grains were similar and I, 000 grain weight decreased slightly. {Lodging index increased with increased N level due to higher plant height and decreased breaking strength and (culm base weigth, but lodging was not occurred in the field. Cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin contents of culm base were similar among N levels. Concentration and uptake of N increased as N level increased.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Electrical and Electronic Material Engineers
• /
• v.17 no.3
• /
• pp.289-293
• /
• 2004

PNW-PMN-PZT ceramics were fabricated with the variations of Nb$_2$O$_{5}$ addition and their microstructural and piezoelectric characteristics were investigated. When the amount of Nb$_2$O$_{5}$ increased, grain size decreased gradually. At 0.3wt％ Nb$_2$O$_{5}$ which is the same weight percent with Fe$_2$O$_3$, maximum tetragonality(c/a) and density were shown due to the complexed doping effects. Also, this composition that showed Qm of 2,041, kp of 0.55, grain size of 2.5${\mu}{\textrm}{m}$ and $\varepsilon$r of 1704 were proper for high power application. Using this composition, Rosen-type piezoelectric transformer was fabricated as the size of 1 ${\times}$ 16 ${\times}$ 5㎣ and its electrical characteristics were investigated with the variations of load resistance and driving frequency. At the resistance of 200㏀, maximum step-up ratio of 13.68 was shown. After driving PDA CCFL for 25 min using the inverter circuit, at driving frequency of 214.4KHz, input voltage of 31.78 V and input current of 21.1mA were measured at the input part of piezoelectric transformer. And then, output voltage of 293.2 V and output current of 2.2mA were shown at the output part of piezoelectric transformer. At the same time, efficiency of 96.2％ and temperature rise of 3.5$^{\circ}C$ were appeared at the piezoelectric transformer.ormer.

• Journal of the Korean Ceramic Society
• /
• v.33 no.3
• /
• pp.307-312
• /
• 1996

In following addition of 0.3, -0.6, 0.8, 1.0 and 5 weight percent MgSiF66H2O studies have been made of the setting and hardening characteristics of ordinary portland cement. MgSiF66H2O retarded the setting time of ordinary portland cement and extended the induction pariod of the hydration. In ordinary portland cement the setting characteristics were drastically altered especially at high MgSiF66H2O contents. Evidence was also obtained by the formation of a KSiF6 which was very fine particle. The results wee as follows. 1. Slump was slightly decreased when MgSiF66H2O added. 2. Setting time was retarded depending on the amount of retarding agent 2 to 8 hours 3. Compressive strength was almost same or some increased in comparision with opc. 4. When MgSiF66H2O was added to cement paste K2SiF6 were formed It was fine-sized distributed uniformly in cement grain and caused retardation of cement setting.