• Journal of Fashion Business
• /
• v.5 no.2
• /
• pp.35-48
• /
• 2001

The purpose of this research is to understand the importance and structure of underwear which is the closest cloth to the body. Scope of this research is from middle of 19th century to the beginning of 20th century. Firstly, I studied background of the times and change of women's status and duty. Secondly, I examined the outer garment closely by the ideal beauty of each period based on the study, and thirdly I looked into structure ways of underwear. Then lastly, I took a close look about the relation of outer garment and underwear, comparing with and researching both. I studied this research, focusing on corset, crinoline and bustle based on main characters such as reform and transform among several functions of underwear. The research results are such as follows. First of all, when women's social and economic status was subjected to men, women had worn corset and fashionable dresses even though there was many object movements and vices in women's garment. Secondly, according to those movements, the ideal beauty had changed little in the same sort emphasizing on breast and hip. Thirdly, structure method of underwear changed by ideal beauty and shape of outer garment. Due to increasing sports participation, improvement of women's position, achievement of practical use, women used more drawers and stopped wearing hoop. And the weight of underwear like combination and suspender attached to corset had decreased and advanced into the more practical way. Because of industrialization, function seemed to be granted by technology development, social position change of femininity.

• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
• /
• v.27 no.2
• /
• pp.17-21
• /
• 2001

The object of this study is to find out the characteristics of waste oyster shells and determine the proper dosage of powdered waster oyster shells as the conditioning agent for water treatment sludge dewatering process. The large amount of waste oyster shells which discharges from the oyster farming, occurs serious environmental hazards. However, oysters shell contain large amount(about 38% by weight) of alkaline minerals, such as calcium and magnesium and so on, this natural material is thought to have the petential ability as a good conditioning agent. The results of this study are as follows. The optimum condition for improvement of the water treatment sludge dewaterability is when 6 g of waste oyster shell powder added to 200$m\ell$ of water treatment sludge. At optimum condition, the solid contents can reach to 31.78% and the specific resistance of conditioned sludge is 0.16$\times$10$^{8}$ sec$^2$/g. However, exceeding the of powdered waste oyster shell is needed to get the effective result. Consequently, the waste oyster shell can be a recyclable material to improve the dewaterability of water treatment sludges.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
• /
• v.20 no.1
• /
• pp.75-81
• /
• 2007

The object of this study was to determine the influence of supplementation of concentrate containing high levels of cassava chip on rumen ecology, microbial protein and digestibility of nutrients. Four, rumen fistulated crossbred beef steers with initial body weight of 400${\pm}$10 kg were randomly assigned according to a 4${\times}$4 Latin square design. The dietary treatments were concentrate cassava chip based offering at 0, 1, 2 and 3% BW with urea-treated rice straw fed ad libitum. It was found that ruminal pH was significantly decreased with increase of concentrate. Volatile fatty acids (VFA) concentration in the rumen was significantly different among treatments. In addition, a molar proportion of propionate was higher in supplemented groups at 2 and 3% BW (p<0.05), leading to significantly decreased acetate:propionate ratio. Furthermore, microbial N supply was significantly improved and was highest at 2% BW supplementation. The efficiency of rumen microbial-N synthesis based on organic matter (OM) truly digested in the rumen was highest in level of concentrate supplementation at 2% BW (80% of cassava chip in diets). Moreover, bacterial populations such as amylolytic bacteria was linearly increased, while cellulolytic bacteria was linearly decreased (p<0.01) when cattle received concentrate supplementation in all levels. The total protozoal counts were significantly increased, while fungal zoospores were dramatically decreased in cattle receiving increased levels of concentrate. In conclusion, cassava chip can be use as energy source at 80% in concentrate and supplementation of concentrate at 2% BW with urea-treated rice straw as roughage could improve rumen fermentation efficiency in beef cattle.

• The Korea Journal of Herbology
• /
• v.35 no.6
• /
• pp.35-41
• /
• 2020

Objectives : The object of this study was to observe anticancer and immunomodulatory effects of Formosa plum aqueous extracts (PLe) on non-small cell lung carcinoma (squamous epithelial carcinoma), NCI-H520, xenograft Balb/c nu-nu nude mice. Method : Three different dosages of PLe, 50, 100 and 200 mg/kg were orally administered once a day for 28 days from 11 days after tumor cell inoculation. Five groups, each of seven mice per group were used in the present study as follows. Tumor volume and weights, serum interferon (IFN)-γ levels, serum IL-6 were observed with tumor mass and lymphatic organ histopathology to detect anticancer and immunomodulatory effects. Result : Although no meaningful changes on the tumor weights and volumes were observed after treatment of all three different dosages of PLe, decreases of tumor cell volumes in tumor masses were dose-dependently decreased mediated by increases of apoptosis among tumor cells by treatment of PLe 100 and 200 mg/kg as compared with tumor-bearing control. In addition, decreases on the body weight and gains were also demonstrated in tumor-bearing control with increases of serum IL-6 levels. Conclusion : The results obtained in this study suggest that over 50 mg/kg of PLe showed favorable immunomodulatory and anticachexic effects with anticancer effects in 100 and 200 mg/kg of PLe treated groups on the NCI-H520 cell xenograft. However, detail mechanism studies should be conducted in future with the screening of the biological active compounds in this herb.

• The Transactions of The Korean Institute of Electrical Engineers
• /
• v.60 no.12
• /
• pp.2352-2360
• /
• 2011

In this paper, we introduce a comprehensive design methodology of Radial Basis Function Neural Networks (RBFNN) that is based on mechanism of clustering and optimization algorithm. We can divide some clusters based on similarity of input dataset by using clustering algorithm. As a result, the number of clusters is equal to the number of nodes in the hidden layer. Moreover, the centers of each cluster are used into the centers of each receptive field in the hidden layer. In this study, we have applied Fuzzy-C Means(FCM) and K-Means(KM) clustering algorithm, respectively and compared between them. The weight connections of model are expanded into the type of polynomial functions such as linear and quadratic. In this reason, the output of model consists of relation between input and output. In order to get the optimal structure and better performance, Particle Swarm Optimization(PSO) is used. We can obtain optimized parameters such as both the number of clusters and the polynomial order of weights connection through structural optimization as well as the widths of receptive fields through parametric optimization. To evaluate the performance of proposed model, NXT equipment offered by National Instrument(NI) is exploited. The situation awareness system-related intelligent model was built up by the experimental dataset of distance information measured between object and diverse sensor such as sound sensor, light sensor, and ultrasonic sensor of NXT equipment.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Manufacturing Technology Engineers
• /
• v.22 no.4
• /
• pp.686-692
• /
• 2013

Today, environmental issues have become a matter of worldwide concern. In particular, automobile industries engage in considerable research and investment to develop high-efficiency and ecofriendly cars. Most ecofriendly cars use natural gas or hydrogen gas instead of fossil fuels. In this regard, low-weight and high-pressure vessels have gradually been developed to increase the driving distance of a car. However, most pressure vessels installed in cars develop many defects over time owing to shocks sustained when the car is being driven. Such defects can cause the explosion of the pressure vessel. Therefore it is important to prevent such explosions due to internal defects. The use of shearography for measuring the internal defects of objects afford many advantages. It is a non-contact and non-destructive method, and it is not limited by the object shape. In this study, the internal defect deformation and strain of an aluminum liner that is used in a CNG bus for the fuel storage tank is measured using shearography. It is important to measure the strain and deformation in order to detect defects and repair the pressure vessel. To verify the accuracy of the shearography measurement method, the measurement results of shearography, out-of-plane ESPI, and FEM are compared quantitatively.

• Herbal Formula Science
• /
• v.21 no.2
• /
• pp.110-120
• /
• 2013

Objectives : The object of this study was to observe the pharmacological effects of Yookmijihwang-tang-gamibang (Liuweidihuang-tang-jiaweifang, YGB) consisted of 17 types of herbs has been traditionally used in Korean medicine for treating various disorders in clinics, aqueous extracts on the genetically obese and type II diabetic C57BL/6JHam-ob/ob(ob/ob) mice. Methods :Three different dosages of YGB were orally administered, once a day for 28 days to ob/ob mice with ob/ob control and C57BL/6JJms normoglycemic intact mice. Four weeks after treatments of YGB: the changes on the body weight, food consumption, blood glucose levels, leptin and adiponectin contents were observed for monitoring the antiobese and antidiabetic effects of YGB. The effects were compared to those of CLA(conjugated linoleic acid) which improve type II diabetes and inhibit related obesity. Results : After end of 28 days of continuous treatments, ob/ob control showed increases of adipocyte hypertrophy, vasodilated atrophic glomerulus which were detected with marked hyperplasia of pancreatic islets, insulin and glucagon producing cells. These obese and related type II diabetes induced in ob/ob mice were markedly and significantly inhibited by 28 days of continuous treatment of three dosages of YGB. The YGB 50mg/kg showed similar favorable effects on the diabetes and related diabetic complications as compared with CLA 750mg/kg in ob/ob mice of the present study. Conclusions : The results obtained in this study suggest that over 25mg/kg of YGB extracts favorably retarded the obese and type II diabetes in genetically obese and type II diabetic ob/ob mice.

• The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy
• /
• v.11 no.3
• /
• pp.159-175
• /
• 1999

The purpose of this study lies in providing the basic materials for wrestlers' control of health and physical strength, the preventive, measure for injury during a practice or a game and the scientific training method for upgrading competitive power in a game. The result of analyzing the occurring tendency and therapeutical actions and attitude of sports injury, taking the 258 wrestlers from a high school, an university and pro-team as the object of study through a questioning sheet are like following. 1. Among every wrestlers' causes of injury, the main cause was a physical collision occupying $\50\%$, and an excessive training occupied $30\%$. on the contrary, the unsatisfied wrestler's cause of injury was a shortage of mental concentration and a burden of weight, occupying each $19\%$ and $17\%$. Therefore in order to prevent the injury, you should take care of especially in time of physical collision in a practice or a grme and prevent an excessive training. 2. The seasion with the most frequent occurrence of injury is the winter$(78\%)$, and in the spring and summer$(5.5\%)$, the frequency of occurrence of injury is very low. In the meantime, considering by occurring time, during a practice$(95\%)$ the injury occurs most frequently and during a game$(5\%)$ occure least frequently. Therefore, in order to reduce the injury, you should warm up sufficiently before the training and the practice and concentrate all of you attention and mind. 3. The injury occurs most highly in the afternoon hours occupying about $80\%$, and a little in the dawn and morning hours but in the contrary rarely in the night. 4. As the wrestler's injury type, the injury on muscles and tendons occupies the most to take $65\%$ of the whole injuries.

• Korean Institute of Interior Design Journal
• /
• v.15 no.4 s.57
• /
• pp.89-96
• /
• 2006

Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) scanner is the device to draw an image of conditions and the spread of various tissue in the body. It is used by making the patient into rounded superconductor and using high frequency which cause resonances. It uses superconduction magnet and high frequency that is non-ionizing radiation so can acquire biochemical, physical, and functional information of tissue. It is also very useful because it can scan tomography from many different angles to diagnose disease of a nervous system, the heart, and a skeletal structure. It also has advantages of that there is no risk of radiation exposure and the ability of observation on organizations such as brains, livers and the spinal cord of people. Since these features, the rate of use has been increased accordingly more considerations of the security are required when it plans. The weight of devices and the cover problem of the strong magnetic field which is occurred by magnetic resonance at the time of diagnosis can cause very important structure problems and architectural condition. That also the recent tendency which needs stronger equipment means that planning of the MRI unit should generally aim at purposing of the proximity for the device maintenance and up-grade and of further expansion. However there are not enough studies and data on the magnet resonance imaging in domestic hospitals. According to these reasons, this study has an object of indicating basic data on MRI unit plan standard and alternative proposals.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Railway
• /
• v.8 no.6 s.31
• /
• pp.520-524
• /
• 2005

It is consequential to reduce the environmental impact of a product for sustainable development in 21st Century. In the field of transportation, especially, the technological market concerned about reduction and assessment of greenhouse gas emission is expected to be extended. The LCA gas been esteemed and utilized as a realistic alternative greenhouse gas emission is expected to be extended. The LCA has been esteemed and utilized as a realistic alternative to improve the environment by the assessment of environmental impacts. In this study, simplified life cycle assessment(S-LCA), was performed to analyze the environmental impacts quantitatively, which were produced through the life cycle of a electric motor unit(EMU). The object of the present work is rth investigate main parameters of environmental impacts and to establish the plans to improve the environment impact of EMU. As a result of quantitative assessment for environmental impact and manufacturing, the EMU carbody made of SUS showed acidification(AD) and marine water aquatic ecotoxicity(MAET) the most, while that made of Mild showed high impact of global warning(GW) and abiotic resources depletion(ARD). For the SUS EMU, the high AD and MAET impact is occurred by the discharged pollutants during acid-washing process. Also, high value of GW and ARD for Mild EMU is resulted from the consumption of iron ore, coal and crude oil during manufacturing. Therefore, the environment impact of carbody would be decreased by enhancing of energy efficiency and the lightening the weight of it.