• Korean Journal of Weed Science
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.41-46
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• 1982

Herbicidal effectivity on perennial paddy weeds such as Sagittaria pygmaea Miq. and Eleocharis kuroguwai Ohwi was evaluated. Herbicides used were butachlor [2-chloro-2, 6-dietyl-N(butoxymethyl)-acetanilide], benthiocarb [S-(4-chlorobenzy)-N, N-diethyl-thiocarbamate], molinate (S-ethyhexahyaro-l-Hazpine-carbothiate], SW-751, Chlormethoxynil (2.4-dichlorophenyl-3-methoxy-4-nitrophenyl-ether), CNP (2.4.6-trichlorophenyl-4-nitrophenylether),oxadiazon [2-tertbutyl-4-(2.4-dichloro-S-isopropoxyphenyl)-5-OXO-1.3.4-Oxadiazoline], dinuron [1-dimethyl-benthyl)-3-pheratrylurea], bentazon [3-isopropyl-IH-2.1.3-benzothiadiazine-(4)3H-one-2.2-dioxide], ACN (3-chloro-2-amino-l.4-naphthoquinone), MCPB [4-(2-methyl-4chlorophenoxy), butyric acid], 2.4-D (sodium 2.4-dichlorophenoxy acetic acid), MCP) sodium 2-methyl-4-chlorophenoxy acetic acid), SST-5, TH 63. Graszin D (Bentazon/2.4-D) and Graszin M (Bentazon/MCP) Herbicidal effectivity was divided into three types. Type I was the complete control both leaf and tuber, and SW-751 was belonged to this type. Type II was the partial control that exhibit complete control within certain period after herbicide application. After a certain period, however, the lateral bud have the germinability and grow normally, there after. Chloromethoxynil, CNP, ACN, and Oxadiazon were belonged to this group. Type III was no control at all. For E. kuroguwai, application of CNP, Chloromethoxnil, Oxadiazon and SW-751 gave good control in the early stage shile 2.4-D, MCP, bentazon and glaszin-D controlled well the intermediate stage application. Based on this results, E. kuroguwai can be controlled by herbicide application either in the early stage or in the intermediate stage.

• Korean Journal of Weed Science
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.8-15
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• 1992

Arrowhead (Sagittaria trifolia L.), a perennial weed dominant in paddy field, is considerably difficult to control by herbicides. The investigation on the effects of environmental factors on emergence of arrowhead tuber can aid for controlling this weed. The results exmined were as follows : From the results of emergence characteristics at different levels of temperature, arrowhead tuber could germinated at 15$^{\circ}C$-40$^{\circ}C$. The optimal temperature for basal emergence was ranged from 25 to 30$^{\circ}C$. Basal emergence at 15$^{\circ}C$ and 20$^{\circ}C$ began at 56 and 12 days after tuber plantation, respectively and were later than those at the optimal temperature. At the different levels of shading, all the tested tubers could emerged. The days required for basal emergence at 25% and 50% shading plots were shorter than those at 70%, 80% and non-shading plots. The basal emergence was more effective under blue and clear films than any other phyto-selective materials. Some of arrowhead tubers could not emerged under green, red and yellow films. On the soil pH, the basal emergence was best at soil pH 6.0 and 7.0. At soil pH 4.0, 5.0 and 8.0, the required days for emergence were longer than those at soil pH 6.0 and 7.0 and some of tubers could not emerged. Arrowhead tubers more then 0.5 g showed the shorter shooting days than those less than 0.5 g. Tubers were able to emerge at water depth ranging from 0 to 20 cm. At 3 cm and 5 cm water depth, the required days for basal shooting were shorter than those at any other levels of water depth. The emergence of basals was best at molding depth of 0 cm, and the rates at 3 to 5 cm of plantation depth were decreased. At 10 cm plantation depth, the shooting rate was significantly decreased.

• CELLMED
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• v.13 no.6
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• pp.5.1-5.8
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• 2023

Objectives: Cassia occidentalis L. is a weed belonging to the Caesalpiniaceae family. The root of this medicinal plant is used for the treatment of various ailments, including kidney diseases. The present study was aimed at evaluating the nephroprotective effects of HAE of the roots of Cassia occidentalis L. against gentamicininduced renal toxicity in albino Wistar rats. Methods: The renal toxicity was induced by subcutaneous administration of gentamicin at 100 mg/kg in the rats belonging to the disease control and treatment groups from the 4^th to the 8^th day. The rats in the treatment group received HAE of the roots of Cassia occidentalis L. at 67 mg/kg b. w. orally for 8 days, while no treatment was given to the rats in the disease control and plain control groups. At the end of the experiment, renal biomarkers viz; s. creatinine, b. urea, and s. uric acid, were investigated. The histopathological examination of the kidney specimens was also carried out. Results: The results of the present study revealed that renal function biomarkers such as s. creatinine, b. urea, and s. uric acid were significantly reduced in the rats of the treatment group as compared to those of the disease control group. Moreover, the histoarchitecture reports of the treatment group's kidney specimens showed significant improvements. Conclusion: The results suggested that the HAE of Cassia occidentalis L. roots promisingly prevented kidney injury in gentamicin-induced nephrotoxic rats. This effect might be due to improved clearance of gentamicin from the renal tubule and decreased generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS).

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.43-47
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• 1997

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of various types of mulching materials for cutflower cultivation in statice. The results obtained were as follows ; The soil temperature mulched by black polyethylene film or rice straw was lower as 3$^{\circ}C$ than that of soil mulched by transparent polyethylene film or non - mulching in plastic house. The weed yield occurrenced on the soil mulched by black polyethylene film was lower than that mulched by transparent polyethyl one film and rice straw or non-mulching. The growth characteristics, those are plant height, leaf length and leaf width were not different among the mulching materials but in flower quality and yield of first grade, black polyethylene film produced better than others.

• Weed & Turfgrass Science
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.62-69
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• 2013

The black cutworm, Agrotis ipsilon (Hufnagel), damages various cultivated crops and it can also be a serious pest of turfgrass, especially on golf courses. Essential oils have potential as alternative control agents for insect pests. Sixteen essential oils (anise, camphor, cinnamon, citronella, clove, fennel, geranium, lavender, lemongrass, linseed, neem, peppermint, pine, thyme, turpentine and tea saponin) and paraffin oil were assessed in the laboratory, the green house and field trials for their efficacy against black cutworms in turf. Treatment of potted cores of perennial ryegrass turf with anise, cinnamon, neem, paraffin or turpentine reduced black cutworm damage in a greenhouse trial, and in a similar trial, applying neem oil at 4000, 2000 and 1000 ppm resulted in 100, 100 and 64% mortality, respectively, of black cutworms. Weight of survivors at the 1000 ppm rate was 5- fold less than weight of comparably-aged controls. Neem oil (2000 ppm) reduced growth of black cutworms feeding on treated clippings. A high rate of neem oil followed by irrigation (0.1 L of 20000 ppm neem oil with 0.9 L watering/$m^2$) was more effective than a lower concentration (1 L of 2000 ppm neem oil/$m^2$) against $2^{nd}$ and $3^{rd}$ instars in potted turf cores and field plots, respectively. However, not even the aforementioned higher rate effectively controlled $4^{th}$ instars in the field.

• Korean Journal of Weed Science
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.192-198
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• 1997

This experiment was carried out to determine selectivity of herbicide cyhalofop-butyl ester on enzyme activity, biosynthesis of fatty acid and protein between rice and Echinochloa crus-galli. Activity of the acetyl-CoA carboxylase(ACCase) was inhibited greater in E. crus-galli than in rice by the treatment of cyhalofop-butyl ester. The ACCase activity in E. crus-galli was observed with $I_{50}$ at 1-2ppm of cyhalofop-butyl ester, while in rice only at above 10ppm. Cyhalofop-butyl ester also inhibited the biosynthesis of fatty acid by 61% of palmitic acid, 54% of linoleic acid and 41% of linolenic acid in E. crux-galli. In contrast, no significant difference of fatty acid content was observed in rice at 5DAT as compared with the untreated control. Protein patterns of rice between the herbicide treatment and the untreated control were not significantly different, but in E. crus-galli, 3 protein spots were disappeared in between 29KD and 45KD.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.40 no.7
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• pp.624-629
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• 2007

Hizikia fusiforme(sea weed fusiforme) has long been used for food source in this country. This study was performed to evalute the immunomodulative effects of Hizikia fusiforme (sea weed fusiforme) in mouse, using in vivo experiments. In vivo experiment, different concentration (0, 50, 500 mg/kg B.W.) of Hizikia fusiforme water extracts were orally administrated into mouse every other day for two weeks. The proliferation of mouse splenocytes, the production of three cytokines ($IL-1{\beta}$, IL-6, $TNF-{\alpha})$ secreted by activated macrophage. Splenocyte proliferation was enhanced in mouse orally administrated with 50 mg/kg B.W. and 500 mg/kg B.W. concentration compared to that of control group. Especially, the highest proliferation of spleoncyte was seen from the mouse orally administrated at the concentration of 50 mg/kg B.W. Also, the mouse of Hizikia fusiforme water extracts supplementation group in the both concentrations showed enhanced levels of cytokine production by activated peritoneal macrophages compared to those in control group. The highest level of cytokine ($IL-1{\beta}$, IL-6, $TNF-{\alpha})$ production was observed at 50 mg/kg B.W. supplementation group with LPS stimulation in all cases.

• Korean Journal of Weed Science
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• v.2 no.2
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• pp.146-151
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• 1982

Herbicide mixtures, butachlor + naproanilide, CG113 + naproanilide and benthiocarb + naproanilide were tested in order to control Sagittaria pygmaea Miq., one of the most serious perennial weeds in paddy field of Honam area. 92% of tuber of Sagittaria pygmaea Miq. was distributed within 9cm from the soil surface and number of emerged Sagittaria pygmaea Miq. increased until 40 days after rice transplanting but decreased thereafter. Number and dry weight of survived Sagittaria pygmaea Miq. were much less in butachlor + naproanilide, CG 113 + naproanilide and benthiocarb + naproanilide treatments than perfluidone and it was controlled by up to 95% by mixture treatments. Number of rhizome of Sagittaria pygmaea Miq. was decreased by all herbicide treatments and especially mixture treatment significantly reduced rhizome formation compared to perfluidone and 2.4 -D treatments. CG113 + naproanilide treatment caused phytotoxicity that tip of leaf sticked to leaf sheath curvedly in Indica ${\times}$ Japonica rice, Iri 358, but it was recovered within 10 days after herbicide treatment.

• Korean Journal of Weed Science
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.87-99
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• 1991

The experimental growth regulators Hoe78784 and PP-333 significantly reduced lodging in all rices. However, they did not significantly affect the crop vegetative characteristics and yield components, except by decreasing plant height when both growth regulators were applied at booting stage. Grain yield of IR21820-154-3-2-2-3 increased due to reduced lodging when Hoe78784 and PP-333 were applied at booting. These growth regulators increased the thickness and diameter of the culm. Applying CCC did not affect lodging in all test varieties. CCC-treated varieties and the control showed lower number of vascular bundles and culm thickness and diameter of the third and fourth internodes. Hoe78784 and PP-333 significantly reduced internode length from the second to the third internode in short-statured varieties. In tall varieties. reduction extended up to the fourth internode. Culm N content of the varieties did not significantly differ among treatments, except in IR8. Culm P content also did not differ significantly among treatments. although K and Si content was the highest than control when Hoe78784 was applied.

• Korean Journal of Weed Science
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.413-420
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• 1997

In this study, germination characteristics and effect of some chemicals on germination of Trapa japonica $F_{EROV}$ seeds were investigated to obtain a fundamental data for controlling them. When the seeds were stored at low temperature for at least 3 months, their dormancy was completely released with a germinability of above 90%. However, those stored under the room or high temperature condition were never germinated. Germination was best at constant temperature of around $25^{\circ}C$ or at alternate temperature of 25/$15^{\circ}C$ (12 hr-day/12 hr-night), and was nat dependent on light. They could germinate though planted at the depth of 15 cm, but their initial growth were: suppressed with increase of planting depth, especially above 10 cm depth. Germinability was lost when the fresh weight was decreased more than 30%, indicating that the seed is sensitive to dehydration. The freezing at $-20^{\circ}C$ for 1 hr didn't affect germination, but 5 hr treatment completely killed them. Their germination was inhibited by 100% at 100 ppm ABA and slightly inhibited above 25 ppm of butachlor, whereas pyrazosulfuron-ethylnt is likely to control T. japonica physically and herbicide treatment to inhibit germination may not be recommendatory. and bensulfuron-methyl didn't inhibit the germination at the concentration of 100 ppm. Taken together, dehydration treatme is likely to control T. japonica physically and herbicide treatment to inhibit germination may not be recommendatory.