• Korean Chemical Engineering Research
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• v.51 no.3
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• pp.376-381
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• 2013

High molecular weight paraffinic waxes dissolved in oil phases can be precipitated when the surrounding temperature becomes lower than the wax appearance temperature (WAT). While the various methods of WAT determination have been developed, the determination of precipitated wax amount has not been comparably popular at temperatures below the WAT. It is important to predict how much solid wax content precipitates in temperature variance. The study develops the previous method which uses integrated areas determined at a wavenumber range of 735~715 $cm^{-1}$. This method uses two different wavenumber ranges, 735~715 $cm^{-1}$ and 1,402~1,324 $cm^{-1}$. The study shows how the method provides reliable data in the variety of applications regardless of FTIR spectral instability often occurred, such as volume reduction during cooling procedure and existence of emulsified water in oil phase.

• Journal of the Korea Convergence Society
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• v.10 no.3
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• pp.237-242
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• 2019

This study examined the effect of paraffin wax mask pack on skin improvement. The subjects were 13 males and females in 20s. Subjects applied the paraffin wax mask pack eight times for four weeks. To determine the effects of paraffin wax mask pack on the skin, we measured oil, moisture, skin surface temperature, softness of skin and satisfaction in subjective skin condition. After using the paraffin wax mask pack, the moisture, oil content of the facial skin, skin surface temperature and softness of skin increased. In addition, the subjects were highly satisfied with the improvement in subjective skin conditons such as dryness, oil and skin tone. Therefore, these results suggest that paraffin wax mask pack has beneficial effects on skin improvement and it will have high utility and value as development of skin care devices for skin care.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.82 no.4
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• pp.347-353
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• 1993

Accumulation of air pollutants such as $SO_2$ and HF, chlorophyll contents, wax concentrations in needle tissue and needle growth of Pinus thunbergii were studied to verify possibilities of bioindicators of air pollution in Yochon Industrial Complex from July to October, 1991. The concentrations of water-soluble sulfur and fluorine increased nearer to the pollution sources regardless of sampling time, but water-soluble sulfur varied little during investigation and fluorine accumulated more with the passage of time. Total chlorophyll contents decreased a little in the slightly polluted site but sharply in the heavily polluted site. The higher the pollution level was, the more decreased chloroform-extractable wax. Air pollution exposure inhibited needle growth of Pinus tbunbergii during the latter part of growth period. Water soluble sulfur, fluorine and wax concentrations in needle of Pinus thunbergii were rather wood sensitive indicators of susceptibility to ambient air pollution from early July to early October. Chlorophyll contents seemed to be able to be used as a bioindicator of air pollution in early stage of needle development and in the severely polluted area. In the meanwhile needle length must be used as a bioindicator in latter part of growing season.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.112-117
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• 1979

By using the existing caustic refining system with a minimum modification and by using a combination of various emulsifiers(0.2 % sodium hexametaphosphate. 0.05 % sodium lauryl sulfate and 0.001 % dioctyl sodium sulfosuccinate), a new economical dewaxing process for sunflower seed oil was developed in order to reduce the cost of the dewaxing process. The results indicate that the waxes can be removed satisfactorily from the sunflower seed oil by emulsifying. batchwise or continuously, the oil with the aqueous surfactant solution, followed by centrifugation at ambient temperatures $(16{\sim}27^{\circ}C)$. Dewaxing loss for the batch process was satisfactory for both low wax-and high wax-crude oil, whereas dewaxing loss for the continuous process needs to be improved. The results indicate that initial level of wax content (low wax vs. high wax) did not affect the loss for batch process (0.82 % vs. 0.62 %), but affected the loss for continuous processes, regardless of the type of mixing mode (2.28 % and 5.68 % for low wax-and high wax-oil, respectively). It was also noted that the type of mixing mode (centactor vs. static mixer) for the continuous process affected the loss, regardless of the wax content (5.2 % and 2.8 % for contactor and static mixer, respectively).

• Korean journal of food and cookery science
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.412-420
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• 2001

This study was conducted to identify the optimum cooking method and the ideal composition of Wax gourd Jung Kwa for the purpose of wide distribution. Wax gourd Jung Kwa was made by peeling off the wax gourd, digging out the stuff, slicing, soaking the pieces in ash water, and boiling slightly, then boiling down in honey, grain syrup. sugar, etc. As a result of sensory evaluation, the best color of Jung Kwa was observed in the recipe of pretreated wax gourd 300g, water 1 litre and grain syrup 495$m\ell$; for the flavor, hardness and chewiness, Pretreated wax gourd 300g, water 1 litre, corn syrup 475$m\ell$ and sugar 70g; for the adhesiveness, pretreated wax gourd 300g, water 1 litre and corn syrup 515$m\ell$; for the sweetness, pretreated wax gourd 300g, water 600$m\ell$ and sugar 90g and honey 120g. Overall Qualify was the highest in the recipe of pretreated wax gourd 300g, water 1 litre, com syrup 475$m\ell$ and sugar 70g, of which the sweetness was 74%. There were significant differences in all items (P＜0.05). For mechanical characteristics, the maximum cutting force was the highest in the samples with the recipe of pretreated wax gourd 300g, water 1 litre, corn syrup 475$m\ell$ and sugar 70g, and there were significant differences among all items (P<0.05). The highest moisture content, 45.54%, was observed in the recipe of pretreated wax gourd 300g. water 1 litre and corn syrup 475$m\ell$. There were significant differences among all items (P＜0.05). The L value(lightness) was the highest in the recipe of pretreated wax gourd 300g, water 1 litre, corn syrup 475 $m\ell$ and sugar 50g. The a value(redness) was the highest in the case of pretreated wax gourd 300g, water 1 litre, com syrup 475$m\ell$ and sugar 70g, which was almost red; and the b value(yellowness), wax gourd 300g, water 1 litre and corn syrup 475g, which gave almost Yellow color. Taking consideration of the above results, the most desirable recipe for wax gourd Jung Kwa was to mix the 300g of pretreated wax gourd with 20g of ash powder, boil them slightly for 2 min, soak them in cold water for 1 hour, and boil them down with 475$m\ell$ of com syrup, 70g of sugar, and 1 litre of water for 5 hours, resulting in the sweetness of 74%. The samples with above recipe were the best in flavor, chewiness and hardness in sensory evaluation, and showed the highest maximum cutting force and nearest red color in the mechanical test.

• Applied Microscopy
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• v.42 no.3
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• pp.124-128
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• 2012

Leaf surface structures were investigated in the Chinese juniper Juniperus chinensis by scanning electron microscopy. Adult scale leaves were collected from the tree, air-dried at room temperature, and sputter-coated with gold without further specimen preparation. Approximately fi ve stomata were locally distributed and arranged in clusters on the leaf surface. Stomata were ovoid and ca. 40 ${\mu}m$ long. The epicuticular wax structures of J. chinensis leaves were tubules and platelets. Numerous tubules were evident on the leaf regions where stomata were found. The tubules were cylindrical, straight, and ca. 1 ${\mu}m$ in length. They almost clothed the stomatal guard cells, and occluded the slit-shaped stomatal apertures. Moreover, the wax ridges were flat crystalloids that were connected to the surface by their narrow side. They did not have distinct edges, and their width/height ratio varied. In particular, the wax ridges could be discerned on the leaf regions where stomata were not present nearby. Since the wax ridges did not have distinct edges on their margin, they were identified as platelets. Instances were noted where platelets were oriented either parallel to each other or perpendicular to the cuticle surface. These results can be used in biomimetics to design the hierarchical structures for mimicking the plant innate properties such as hydrophobicity and self-cleaning effects of the leaf surface.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.289-294
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• 2002

This study attempted to evaluate the effectiveness of function of Wax Ground for obesity and the related disease of adult people can be developed by the combination of the 17 food materials screened in this study. The experiments using Sprague-Dawley male rats show that seventeen kinds of food material inhibited the increase of body weight gain, energy intake, fat pads weight, liver triglycerides content, atherogenic index, and blood glucose concentration induced by cafeteria diet. Oral administration of wax gourd decreased most body weight gain, energy intake, fat pads weight, and blood glucose concentration. Liver triglycerides content was the lowest in the group administered mulberry stem extract and the group administered pine leaves showed the lowest atherogenic index. The combined administration of wax gourd, mulberry stem extract and pine leaves improved more the obesity and related symptoms than the individual administrations.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.57 no.3
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• pp.185-190
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• 2018

Monitoring exotic fruit flies is essential for quarantine procedure. Wax formulation containing fruit fly lures is relatively long-lasting in field conditions and has been applicable to monitor the fruit flies. This study was performed to extend the application of wax formulation against different fruit flies. The wax formulation containing lures was tested in Thailand, at which various exotic fruit flies inhabited. Captured flies were identified to be Bactrocera dorsalis, Zeugodacus cucurbitae, and Zeugodacus caudata by molecular diagnosis technique.

• The Transactions of the Korean Institute of Electrical Engineers B
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• v.50 no.11
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• pp.568-574
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• 2001

This paper describes a current fed high frequency resonant inverter can be used as the power supply for wax-sealing. This circuit configuration is composed of conventional two unit inverter of single ended current find type in parallel. The proposed inverter can realize ZVS operation by using resonant capacitor to ZVS capacitor and has merits not only reduction of switch current distribution but also extension of load range in comparison with the conventional single-ended current fed high frequency resonant inverter. This analysis of proposed circuit uses normalized parameter and characteristic estimation which is needed in each step before design is generally described according to normalized frequency($\mu$), normalized resistance(λ) and parameters. On the basis of characteristic values, a method of the circuit design is presented. Also, the theoretical analysis is proved through experiment and this proposed circuit shows that it can be practically used as the power supply system for wax-sealing and DC-DC converter.

• Journal of the Korean Applied Science and Technology
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• v.33 no.4
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• pp.698-705
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• 2016

In this study, we have studied the polymerization of polyethylene wax using metallocene catalysts and its physical properties. Various polymerization conditions were tried for polymerization of polyethylene wax. We have evaluated hydrogen reactivity and studied on characteristics of polymerization effected by ligand structure of metallocene catalysts against Ziegler-Natta catalysts which are widely used for polymerization of polyethylene. We have also checked hydrogen used for chain transfer agent, molecular weight change and distribution by different ratios of ethylene gas. Finally, we suggest proper structure of metallocene catalysts for polymerization of polyethylene wax.