• Korean Journal of Pharmacognosy
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.83-87
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• 1990

In terms of regulatory toxicology, especially for the traditional Chinese medicines, problems can be arise from a fact that there is no distinctive barrier between herbal drugs and food/beverage. An example is that many kinds of Chinese herbal materials have been also used as tea materials in Korea, China, Japan and Vietnam. Sixteen tea materials (also used as herbal materials) were extracted with 70% ethanol and the extract further partitioned with chloroform and water. Those ethanol extract and fractions were subjected to the SOS-Chromotest to examine potential mutagenicity. It was found that ethanol extract of Chaenomelis Fructus (Chaenomeles japonica Lindley, 木瓜, Rosaceae) and both ethanol extract and water fraction of Cassiae Semen (Cassia tora Linne, 決明子, Leguminosae) showed relatively high mutagenic activities in SOS-Chromotest.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.48 no.1
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• pp.65-69
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• 2005

The physiological activity of St. John's wort extracts were examined. Total phenol contents in the ethanol extracts $(246.0{\pm}10.5\;{\mu}g/ml)$ with St. John's wort leaf was higher than that in water extract $(237.4{\pm}13.2\;{\mu}g/ml)$. The electron donating ability in the water extracts and in the ethanol extracts were 95.0% and 95.2% respectively. Antioxidant protection factor of the ethanol extract was higher than that of the water extract. The water extract from St. John's wort leaves did not show an antimicrobial activity against Helicobacter pylori, but the ethanol extract revealed high antimicrobial activities such as 11 mm of clear zone in $100\;{\mu}g/ml$ of phenol content and 13 mm of clear zone in $150\;{\mu}g/ml$ of phenol content. The hot water extract showed an angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitory activity of 19.2%. The xanthin oxidase inhibitory activity of hot water and ethanol extract were very high, amounting to 84.8% and 100% respectively. The results suggested a possibility for developing the phenol compounds in St. John's wort as anti Helicobacter pylori, anti-oxidant and anti-gout agents.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.17 no.11
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• pp.708-715
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• 2016

This study examined the effects of an extract of Dendropanax morbifera on blood pressure, Angiotensin II, Angiotensin Converting Enzyme, Aldosterone, and lipid levels of spontaneously hypertensive rats. The groups were as follows: Control group, Hypertension control group, Water extract treated group, Ethanol extract treated group, n- hexane fraction treated group, Ethyl acetate fraction treated group, n- butanol fraction treated group, and Water fraction treated group. The blood pressure, and Angiotensin II, and Angiotensin Converting Enzyme, and Aldosterone levels were lower in the Ethyl acetate fraction treated group than in the hypertension control group. The change in blood pressure was lower in the Water extract treated group, Ethyl acetate fraction treated group, Ethanol extract treated group, n- hexane fraction treated group, and n- butanol fraction treated group than the hypertension control group. The concentration of Angiotensin II was lower in the Ethyl acetate fraction treated group, Ethanol extract treated group, n- hexane fraction treated group, and n- butanol fraction treated group than the hypertension control group(p<0.05). The level of Angiotensin Converting Enzyme was lower in the Ethyl acetate fraction treated group, Ethanol extract treated group, n- hexane fraction treated group, and n- butanol fraction treated group than the hypertension control group. The concentration of Aldosterone was lower in the Ethyl acetate fraction treated group, and n- butanol fraction treated group than the hypertension control group(p<0.05). In addition, the concentration lower in the Water extract treated group, Ethanol extract treated group, n- hexane fraction treated group than the hypertension control group. Overall, the effect of the Dendropanax morbifera extracts might be useful as anti-hypertensive, and functional food agents.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.43 no.7
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• pp.972-979
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• 2014

This study was conducted to investigate the physiological characteristics of water and ethanol extracts from leaves and stems of Achyranthes japonica. The highest contents of total polyphenol and flavonoid compounds were 58.27 and 42.22 mg/g in water extract from leaves, respectively. The protein content was the highest at 16.42 mg/g in water extract from leaves. Ethanol extract from stems showed the highest content of reducing sugars at 11.35 mg/g. In the measurement of electron donating ability (EDA), ethanol extract from stems showed the highest EDA at 93.41% at a concentration of 1.0 mg/mL. Superoxide dismutase-like activity of ethanol extract from leaves was the highest at 8.13% at a concentration of 1.0 mg/mL. In the analysis of nitrate scavenging activity, water extract from leaves showed the highest activity at 94.90% at pH 1.2, and the activity increased as concentration increased and pH decreased. In the measurement of xanthine oxidase inhibition, ethanol extract from stems showed the highest inhibitory activity at 66.67% at a concentration of 1.0 mg/mL. Especially, nitrate scavenging activities of water extract from leaves were the highest under all pH conditions. These results verify that extracts from leaves of A. japonica have strong antioxidant activity and can be used as an effective antioxidant source for nutraceutical foods, medicines, and cosmetic stuffs.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.51 no.1
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• pp.70-78
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• 2008

Prunus sargentii R. of Rosaceae familiy, has been reported to have radical scavenging activity and anti-inflammatory effect. On these facts, biological activity and safety test were conducted to evaluate biological activities of the extracts of P. sargentii R. as a potential pharmaceutical ingredient. The electron donating ability of its ethanol extracts at a 500 ppm level showed 92%, which was higher than that of hot water extract (59%), the superoxide dismutase (SOD)-like activity of the water extract of P. sargentii R. was about 50%, the ethanol extract of P. sargentii R. was about 40% at 1,000 ppm concentration. Xanthine oxidase inhibition by the water extract of P. sargentii R. was about 40% and that by the ethanol extract was 60% respectively at 500 ppm concentration. From the measurement on lipid oxidation, the $Cu^{2+}$ chelating effect of the ethanol extract was higher than that of hot water extract. The $Fe^{2+}$ chelating effect was also shown to be about 80% at a 500 ppm concentration in both hot water extract and ethanol extract. The tyrosinase inhibition effect related to skin-whitening was 26% by hot water extract and 20% by ethanol extract respectively at a 1,000 ppm. Hyaluronidase inhibition activity related to the anti-inflammation effect was 96% in ethanolic extract at a 500 ppm. Clear zones formed by P. sargentii R. against the human skin-resident micro-flora such as Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Escherichia coli and Propionibacterium acnes indicated that antimicrobial activity of the ethanol extract was higher than that of the hot water extract.

• Plant Resources
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.96-102
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• 2005

As part of developing natural food preservatives, the antimicrobial effect of ethanol and water extracts from the Cruciferous vegetable was examined Korean traditional Brassica juncea Coss. was used widely as an ingredient of Kimchi, a natural flavoring and spice for a long time. Antimicrobial activities were examined against 15 microorganisms which were food-born pathogens and/or food poisioning microorganisms and food-related bacteria and yeasts. Ethanol extract from leaf mustard showed an antimicrobial effect in most of the strains used in the present study. The lowest minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) were seen in Bacillus subtilis and Bacillus natto at 10 mg/ml. MIC of water extract was 40-60 mg/ml for bacteria and yeast. Antimicrobial activity of the ethanol extract was not disappeared by the heating at $121^{\circ}C$ for 15 min and not affected by pH.

• International Journal of Oral Biology
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• v.46 no.1
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• pp.45-50
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• 2021

This study evaluated the antimicrobial activity of Endoseal TCS, an mineral trioxide aggregate-based root canal sealer, mixed with water-soluble mangostin derivatives (WsMD) of Garcinia mangostana L. (mangosteen) ethanol extract against Enterococcus faecalis and Staphylococcus aureus. The antibacterial activity of Endoseal TCS mixed with WsMD against three strains of E. faecalis and three strains of S. aureus was performed using agar diffusion test. The data showed that Endoseal TCS mixed with 0.115% WsMD had a zone of inhibition of 0.7 ± 0.2-2.4 ± 0.1 mm. The results suggest that Endoseal TCS mixed with WsMD of Garcinia mangostana L. ethanol extract is useful as a root canal sealer with antibacterial activity against E. faecalis and S. aureus.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.30 no.3
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• pp.415-420
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• 2001

Eighteen kinds of medicinal edible herbs, which are nontoxic and has been widely used in traditional folk medicine, were extracted and antimicrobial activity of the extracts was investigated against various foodborne pathogens or food poisoning microorganisms. Among them, the ethanol extract of Quercus mongolica showed the strongest antimicrobial activities against Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria and followed by Quercus aliena and Quercus dentata, respectively. Thus, further study was conducted to determine the antimicrobial activity of Quercus species extracts. The plants were extracted with ethanol, methanol and water, respectively. The ethanol, methanol, and water extracts of Quercus mongolica leaf showed 10~21 mm inhibition zone against Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria at two thousand $\mu\textrm{g}$ per disc, but little antimicrobial activity was observed against fungi and yeast. The minimal inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of the ethanol extract of Quercus mongolica leaf was 250$\mu\textrm{g}$/mL against Bacillus cereus. Salmonella typhimurium, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa and 62.5~125 $\mu\textrm{g}$/mL against Staphylococcus aureus and Listeria monocytogenes, respectively.

• Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life
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• v.7 no.4
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• pp.527-537
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• 1997

This study was performed to determine the effects of antimutagenicity of Porturaca oleracea L. in Korea. In Ames test, the ethanol extract of Poturaca oleracea L. inhibited mutagenic activity of N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine(MNNG), , 4-nitroquinoline-1-oxide(4NQO), benzo($\alpha$)pyrene (B($\alpha$)P) and 3-amino-1,4-dimethyl-5H-pyrido-(4,3-b)indole (Trp-P-1) in Salmonella typhimurium TA98 and TA100. But hot-water extract Poturaca oleracea L. only Inhibited mutagenic activity of MNNG in Salmonella typhimurium TA100, On 4NQO, the ethanol extract 100-1,600$\mu\textrm{g}$/plate of Porturaca oleracea L. showed a slight inhibitory effect of 13-48%, 4-47% in TA98 and TA100, respectively, but on MNNG, it showed higher inhibitory effect of 6-86% in TA100, And the treatment of 1,600$\mu\textrm{g}$/plate of ethanol extract of Porturacea L. had strong antimutagenicity with 74-87% inhibition against TA98 and TA100 induced by B(a)P and with 85-93% inhibition against TA98 and TA100 induced by Trp-P-1. The ethanol extract was fractionated with ether. chloroform, ethylacetate, butanol and water. Among them, most of the fraction except water fraction showed strong antimutagenicity effects against mutation induced by 4-NQO, MNNG, B(a)P and Trp-P-1. Chloroform fraction had strong antimutagenicity with 91% inhibition against TA100 induced by MNNG, diethyl etherfraction had strong antimutagenicity with 92%, 98% inhibition against TA98 and TA100 induced by 4NQO, Chloroform fraction had strong antimutagenicity with 97% inhibition against TA100 induced by B (a)P and diethyl etherfraction had strong antimutagenicity with 98% inhibition against both strain Induced by Trp-P-1, respectively.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.54 no.5
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• pp.742-750
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• 2021

Ixeris repens is a type of halophyte that grows in high salinity sands found in coastal sand dunes and sandy shores. This study was conducted to investigate the contents, antioxidant potency, and physiological activities of I. repens. In analyses of general composition, carbohydrate, protein, ash, and moisture content were 57.42%, 10.48%, 11.99% and 10.29%, respectively. Potassium, calcium, sodium, and magnesium were its most prevalent minerals. The solvents used to extract I. repens were 70% ethanol, 80% methanol, and distilled water. Among the resultant extracts, ethanol and methanol extracts displayed higher total polyphenol and flavonoid contents than the water extract. ABTS (IC50, 0.12 mg/mL) and FRAP (0.77 mM) radical scavenging activity were highest in the water extract, while methanol extract exhibited the strongest DPPH radical scavenging activity (IC50, 1.32 mg/mL), NO scavenging activity (IC50, 4.10 mg/mL), and reducing power (EC50, 0.14 mg/mL). Tyrosinase, elastase, and α-glucosidase inhibitory activities were highest in the ethanol extract. The ethanol extract also possessed the most potent acetylcholinesterase inhibitory activity. These results indicate that I. repens may be useful as an antioxidant, and a functional substance in food and pharmaceutical materials.