• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
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• v.33 no.3
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• pp.95-102
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• 2015

This study conducted the survey on the resources of traditional villages based on AHP in the subjects with the specialists in Korea and China to seek the resource evaluation standards to apply the preservation and development of traditional villages, and the differences of the importance on the resources among the specialists in both countries. We classified three levels of evaluation items to aim the deductions of the importance and priority in the resources of traditional villages. Upon the analysis results, natural resources were important in the level 1; environmental, historical, facility resources were important in the level 2; and the factors such as air, topography, traditional houses, agricultural landscape, shared community facilities, interchanges between urban and rural areas, family activities, and so on were important in the level 3. The factors that both Korean and Chinese groups evaluated as the most important ones were the same. In terms of overall importance by evaluation items, the factors such as air, water quality, noise, traditional houses, topography, shared community facilities, and so on were rated as relatively important in both Korean and Chinese groups. That is, the traditional villages have the necessity to preserve the cultural resources like their duties, however, it is required to control the natural environment with good quality preferentially. This study results can compare the importance on the resources of traditional village between Korea and China. Moreover, with calculation of the priority and scores for the preservation and management of traditional villages, they are expected to be used as the tool to apply the quantitative data in the evaluation process of traditional village resources in both countries.

• Culinary science and hospitality research
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.180-190
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• 2010

This study investigates the quality characteristics of mung bean starch Jelly by addition of different ratios of white lotus(Nelumbo nucifera) root powder during 5 days of storage at $4^{\circ}C$. The moisture content of the samples ranged from 86.78 to 88.88%. The L value of the samples decreased as the amount of white lotus root powder increased; however, the a value and b value were significantly(p<0.05) increased. For the sensory evaluation, color and taste were decreased as the amount of white lotus root powder increased. Flavor and shine were not significantly different among the samples. And clarity and elasticity were highest in the sample with no powder and 5% of white lotus root powder. Hardness was decreased(p<0.05) as the amount of white lotus root powder increased. Overall acceptability was highest when using 0% and 5%. Texture profiles of hardness decreased as the amount of white lotus root powder increased. Hardness, gumminess, chewiness were found to drop significantly(p<0.05) after one day of storage. Cohesiveness was not significantly different among the samples according to the amounts of white lotus root powder. Adhesiveness was not significantly different in 0, 5, 10, and 15% of white lotus root powder. Syneresis was increased during the storage period. From the result, the most advisable mixture ratio of mung bean starch jelly with white lotus root powder was 19 g of mung bean starch, 1g of white lotus root, 0.1 g of salt and 160 mL of water.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.27 no.9
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• pp.1086-1095
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• 2017

There is growing interest in groundwater resources to overcome the loss of surface water resources due to climate change. An understanding of the microbial community of aquifers is essential for monitoring and evaluating groundwater contamination, as well as groundwater management. Most microorganisms that inhabit aquifer ecosystems are attached to sediment particles rather than planktonic, as is the case in groundwater. Since sampling aquifer sediment is not easy, groundwater, which contains planktonic microorganisms, is generally sampled in microbial community research. Although many studies have investigated microbial communities in contaminated aquifers, there are only a few reports of microbial communities in uncontaminated or pristine aquifers, resulting in limited information on aquifer microbial diversity. Such information is needed for groundwater quality improvement. This paper describes the ecology and community structure of groundwater bacteria in uncontaminated aquifers. The diversity and structures of microbial communities in these aquifers were affected by the concentration or distribution of substrates (e.g., minerals, organic matter, etc), in addition to groundwater characteristics and human activities. Most of the microbial communities in these uncontaminated aquifers were dominated by Proteobacteria. Studies of microbial communities in uncontaminated aquifers are important to better understand the biogeochemical processes associated with groundwater quality improvement. In addition, information on the microbial communities of aquifers can be used as a basis to monitor changes in community structure due to contamination.

• Korean Journal of Organic Agriculture
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.469-480
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• 2015

The study was conducted on the effects of time of defoliation on fruit quality of pear (Pyrus pyrifolia Nakai) trees, managing with low-pesticides, and regrowth of stem cuttings in vitro. Treatments included for 40% of uniform defoliation at early-August, end-August, and early-September, as well as control (no defoliation). Defoliation at early-September and control increased growth of water sprouts as well as concentrations of carbohydrates, total nitrogen, and free sugar in one-year old shoots. Defoliation at early-September and control increased fruit yield and mean fruit weight, with high soluble solids content and fruit surface color of $a^*$ observed for both defoliation at end-August and early-September. Defoliation at early-August increased rates of electrolyte leakage in stem cuttings at $-18^{\circ}C$ in vitro. There were no significantly different for germination rates of the cuttings between the treatments at -18 and $-21^{\circ}C$ in vitro, with the highest germination of the cuttings observed for defoliation at early-September and control at $-27^{\circ}C$. Therefore, orchard management should be performed to be minimized for defoliation of the spur leaves until end-August, causing from precipitation and pests.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Surveying, Geodesy, Photogrammetry and Cartography
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• v.40 no.5
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• pp.413-419
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• 2022

As the development of the underground space becomes active, safety accidents related to the underground are frequently occurring in recent years. In this regard, the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport is enforcing the 『Special Act on Underground Safety Management』 (enforced on January 1, 2018, hereafter referred to as the Underground Safety Act). Among the core contents of the Underground Safety Act, underground facilities(water supply, sewage, gas, power, communication, heating) buried underground, underground structures(subway, underpass, underpass, underground parking lot, underground shopping mall, common area), ground (Drilling, wells, geology) of 15 types of underground information can be checked at a glance on a three-dimensional basis by constructing an integrated underground spatial map and using it. The purpose of this study is to develop a program that can quickly inspect the three-dimensional model after creating a three-dimensional underground structure data among the underground spatial integration maps. To this end, we first investigated and reviewed the domestic and foreign status of technology that generates and automatically inspects 3D underground structure data. A quality inspection program was developed. Through this study, it is judged that it will be meaningful as a basic research for improving the quality of underground structures on the integrated map of underground space by automating more than 98% of the 3D model inspection process, which is currently being conducted manually.

• Analytical Science and Technology
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• v.35 no.5
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• pp.205-211
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• 2022

Deuterium (D) is an isotope with one more neutron number than hydrogen (H). Heavy elements rarely change their chemical properties with little effect even if the number of neutrons increases, but low-mass elements change their vibration energy, diffusion rate, and reaction rate because the effect cannot be ignored, which is called an isotope effect. Recently, in the semiconductor and display industries, there is a trend to replace hydrogen gas (H₂) with deuterium gas (D₂) in order to improve process stability and product quality by using the isotope effect. In addition, as the demand for D₂ in industries increases, domestic gas producers are making efforts to produce and supply D₂ on their own. In the case of high purity D₂, most of them are produced by electrolysis of heavy water (D₂O), and among D₂, hydrogen deuteride (HD) molecules are present as isotope impurities. Therefore, in order to maximize the isotope effect of hydrogen in the electronic industry, HD, which is an isotope impurity of D₂ used in the process, should be small amount. To this end, purity analysis of D₂ for industrial processing is essential. In this study, HD quantitative analysis of D₂ for high purity D₂ purity analysis was established and hydrogen isotope RM (Reference material) was developed. Since hydrogen isotopes are difficult to analyze with general gas analysis instrument, they were analyzed using a high-precision mass spectrometer (Gas/MS, Finnigan MAT271). High purity HD gas was injected into Gas/MS, sensitivity was determined by a signal according to pressure, and HD concentrations in two bottles of D₂ were quantified using the corresponding sensitivity. The amount fraction of HD in each D₂ was (4518 ± 275) μmol/mol, (2282 ± 144) μmol/mol. D₂, which quantifies HD amount using the developed quantitative analysis method, will be manufactured with hydrogen isotope RM and distributed for quality management and maintenance of electronic industries and gas producers in the future.

• KSCE Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering Research
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• v.29 no.6D
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• pp.761-770
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• 2009

The energy efficiency and environment-friendly aspect of the railway system would be superior to other on-land ransportation systems. In a preliminary feasibility study stage and selection of optimal railway route, the energy efficiency and problems related to environment are usually considered. For the selection of optimal railway route, geographical features and facility of management are generally considered. Environment effect factors for the selection of environment-friendly railway router are focused and studied in this paper. In this study, various analysis of opinion of specialists (railway, environment, transport, urban planning, survey) and the guideline for construction of environment-friendly railway were accomplished. From these results of various analysis, 7 major categories (topography/geology, flora and fauna, Nature Property, air quality, water quality, noise/vibration, visual impact/cultural assets) were extracted. To select environment friendly railway route, many alternatives should be compared optimal route must be selected by a comprehensive assessment considering these 7 categories. To solve this problem, the selected method was AHP which simplifies the complex problems utilizing hierarchy, quantifying qualitative problems through 1:1 comparison, and extracting objective conclusions by maintaining consistency. As a result, a GUIbased program was developed which provides basic values of weighted parameters of each category defined by specialists, and a quantification of detailed assessment guidelines to ensures consistency.

• Korean Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.37 no.1 s.106
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• pp.26-35
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• 2004

We investigated the effect of physicochemical environmental factors on the community dynamics of phytoplanktons and bacteria at the Hoeya Dam Reservoir, a drinking water reservoir for Ulsan city. Water samples were collected and analyzed every two to four weeks at three sites along the reservoir from April to October, 2001. During the study period, the Secchi depths were between 0.4 and 3.5 m. At the surface layer of water column, temperature ranged 10.2 ~ $32.0^{\circ}C$, pH 7.3${\sim}$9.6, dissolved oxygen 5.5 ${\sim}$ 12.4 mg $L^{-1}$, $BOD_5$ 0.8 ${\sim}$ 5.0 mg $L^{-1}$, $COD_{Mn}$ 3.7 ${\sim}$ 10.0 mg $L^{-1}$, and Chl-a 8.9 ${\sim}$ 60.9 mg $m^{-3}$. At the bottom layer, temperature varied 7.2 ${\sim}$ $28.9^{\circ}C$, pH 7.1 ${\sim}$ 9.3, dissolved oxygen 0.6 ${\sim}$ 9.7 mg $L^{-1}$, $BOD_5$ 0.8 ${\sim}$ 4.5 mg $L^{-1}$, $COD_{Mn}$ 3.9 ${\sim}$ 10.0 mg $L^{-1}$, and Chl-a 4.3 ${\sim}$ 81.9 mg $m^{-3}$. The numbers of phytoplanktons were 7.4${\pm}10^2{\sim}2.6{\pm}10^5$ cells $mL^{-1}$ at surface and 2.5${\pm}10^2{\sim}2.4{\pm}10^4$ cells $mL^{-1}$ at bottom, and were positively correlated with water temperature and Chl- a concentration. Genus Stephanodiscus and genus Oscillatoria dominated on April and on May, respectively. Cyanobacterial blooms of Aphanizomenon, Microcystis, Anabaena were observed from June to early September, and thereafter Stephanodiscus and Aulacoseiral dominated again. Total microbial counts ranged 1.73${\pm}10^4{\sim}1.68{\pm}10^5$ cells $mL^{-1}$, and were positively correlated with water temperature and phytoplankton counts at surface water. Heterotrophic plate counts (HPCs) ranged 30${\sim}4.1{\pm}10^3$ CFU $mL^{-1}$, and were positively correlated with $BOD_5$ and $NO^3\;^-$-N concentration at bottom water. Unlike the total microbial counts, the numbers of fecal coliforms and fecal streptococci as well as HPCs were higher at the bottom than the surface layer and were highest at the upper a site among the three sampling sites. Since the concentrations of fecal coliforms and streptococci were still high at the bottom of site c, where intake for water treatment plant is located, it appeared that special management of water treatment processes may be needed especially after strong rainfall.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.30 no.5
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• pp.867-871
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• 2010

Objective of this study was to develop a Korean Berkshire line produced using organized management techniques. A total of 448 pigs divided into five line groups were slaughtered and analyzed for their meat quality. $pH_{45}$ values were significantly higher in lines 1~4 (pH 6.08). However, $pH_{24}$ values were lower in line 1 (pH 5.69) and line 3 (pH 5.65) (p<0.05) than in the other lines. Moisture contents were significantly higher in line 5, and the intramuscular fat contents (3.07%) were significantly higher in the other four lines. Water holding capacity (WHC) was higher for line 3 (58.36%) while Warner-Bratzler shear force (WBS) values were significantly higher for line 4 (2.84 kg/$0.5inch^2$) than in the other lines (p<0.05). For meat color properties, L values (CIE L) were 51.59 for line 5, and this value was higher than the other lines. There were no significant differences in $a^*$ values and $b^*$ values among the five lines (p>0.05). Therefore, line 5 was selected as the growth type, whereas line 4 was selected as the Korean Berkshire line that produced pork significantly higher in pH and significantly lower in meat color (lightness), drip loss, and WBS.

• Journal of Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment
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• v.31 no.3
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• pp.223-238
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• 2015

The $PM_{2.1}$ was collected by LVCI (low volume cascade impactor) during Group-A Period (September 1990 to December 2012) and the $PM_{2.5}$ was collected by HVAS (high volume air sampler) during Group-B Period (September 2009 to April 2012) at Kyung Hee University, Global Campus located on the boarder of Yongin and Suwon. The 8 water-soluble ions ($Na^+$, $NH_4{^+}$, $K^+$, $Mg^{2+}$, $Ca^{2+}$, $Cl^-$, $ NO_3{^-}$, and $SO_4{^{2-}}$) were analyzed by IC, and the 14 inorganic elements (Al, Mn, Si, Fe, Cu, Pb, Cr, Ni, V, Cd, Ba, Zn, Ti, Ag) were analyzed by XRF and ICP-AES after performing proper pre-treatments of each sample filter. The average total mass fractions of $SO_4{^{2-}}$, $NO_3{^-}$, and $NH_4{^+}$+ to $PM_{2.5}$ samples during Group-B Period were 0.39 in normal days, 0.44 in haze days, and 0.27 in Asian dust days, respectively; however, the average total mass fractions of Al, Fe, and Si to $PM_{2.5}$ mass were 0.043 in normal days, 0.021 in haze days, and 0.036 in Asian dust days, respectively. Especially the concentration of Pb was significantly decreased during Group-B Period rather than during Group-A Period, while Cr and Ni was increased during Group-B Period. In this study, we intensively compared the annual and seasonal patterns of major chemical species among normal days, haze days, and Asian dust days. Further we developed mass fraction profiles by collecting episode cases of haze days and Asian dust days, which were consisting of 22 chemical species. Those profiles are considered to be useful when applying various receptor models and establishing air quality management plans near future.