• Analytical Science and Technology
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• v.36 no.6
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• pp.281-290
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• 2023

Zidovudine is an antiretroviral agent prescribed for the prevention and treatment of human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immune deficiency syndrome (HIV/AIDS). It is typically recommended to be used in combination with other antiretroviral drugs. Zidovudine has the potential to generate N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) in the presence of dimethylamine and nitrite salt under acidic reaction conditions during the drug manufacturing process. NDMA is a potent human carcinogen that may be detected in drug substances or drug products. An analytical method was developed to determine NDMA in pharmaceuticals including zidovudine using high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS). The analysis involved reversed-phase chromatography on a Kinetex F5 column with a mobile phase comprising water-acetonitrile mixtures. The detection of positively charged ions was conducted using atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI). The calibration curve demonstrated excellent linearity (r = 0.9997) across the range of 1-50 ng/mL with a highly sensitive limit of detection (LOD) at 0.3 ng/mL. The developed method underwent thorough validation for specificity, linearity, accuracy, precision, robustness, and system suitability. This sensitive and specific analytical method was applied for detecting NDMA in zidovudine drug substance and its formulation currently available in the market, indicating its suitability for drug quality management purposes.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.91-100
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• 2001

Background and Objective : Most diagnostic method for numbness were invasive and complex. So we need to simplify and objectify diagnostic method for numbness. Some study with EAV which is one of Physiological Signal Measuring Instruments, report significantly result as objective diagnostic method for other clinical symptom. By using EAV, we have obtained some physiological signal data from meridian-acupoints of 58 numbness cases. Objective and Methods : This study researched into the clinical statistics for 58 case who ware in numbness, and they ware treated with oriental medical care at the Dong-shin university oriental hospital during 1 year from April 3 2000 to March 30 2001. The data were analyzed and interpreted to compare with traditional differentiation of symptom-complexes, then further evaluated as the Five Evolutive Phases to make them differentiated. The EAV valus of Five Evolutive Phases were identified with the sequence of wood(木), fire(火), earth(土), steel(金), water(水). Results and Conclusion : These values of physiological signal were identical with standard differentiation of symptom-complexes of numbness which is the main cause of dishannonious flow of Qi and blood of the in the liver and deficiency of Qi and blood of the bladder with stagnancy of dampness. Among Five Evolutive Phases, Earth and wood values were increased, steel, fire and water were decreased significantly. This data imply the possibility of somewhat generalization from measuring instruments.

• Journal of Korean Society on Water Environment
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• v.26 no.6
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• pp.969-975
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• 2010

Estimating the organic matter loadings from individual treated sewage has become important for establishment of effective management strategies to control refractory organic matter (R-OM) in watersheds. For this study, regression equations were constructed using treated sewage data to convert the chemical oxygen demand (COD) concentrations, which are mostly available from open database, into total organic carbon (TOC) and R-OM concentrations. Effluent samples were collected from five major sewage treatment plants (STPs) located upstream of the lake Paldang. Variations in the OM concentrations were not associated with either the location of the STP or the sampling season. The effluent investigated were characterized by higher ratio of R-OM with respect to biodegradable organic matter (B-OM) and higher presence of dissolved organic matters (DOM) versus particulate organic matter (POM). Compared to $COD_{Mn}$, $COD_{Cr}$ exhibited higher oxidation efficiencies and greater variations in the concentrations. The concentrations of $COD_{Mn}$ were positively correlated with dissolved organic carbon (DOC), total organic carbon (TOC), and R-OM concentrations. There was nearly no seasonal and annual variation in the regression equations between $COD_{Mn}$ and TOC or R-OM concentrations. The constructed regression equations for TOC and R-OM were $0.650({\pm}0.071){\times}COD_{Mn}+1.426({\pm}0.575)$ and $0.340({\pm}0.083){\times}COD_{Mn}+2.054({\pm}0.670)$, respectively. The established equations are expected to contribute to estimating OM loadings from the STPs into the lake Paldang and also to compensating for the deficiency of the data for effluent OM concentrations in STP.

• Journal of Korean Medical classics
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• v.33 no.4
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• pp.107-130
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• 2020

Objectives : This paper aims to lay out the meaning of Gongjindan, its indications and mechanisms based on relevant contents in the 『Donguibogam』, for better clinical application. Methods : First, Gongjindan related contents were searched in the medical classics database. Next, contents from the 『Shizhaibaiyixuanfang』 and the 『Donguibogam』 were analyzed. Finally, the properties of the Gongjindan ingredients were examined based on the 『Donguibogam』 and the 『Zhongyaodacidian』. Results & Conclusions : Examination of its indications according to the 『Donguibogam』 in terms of applicable age and viscera/bowels, Gongjindan could be applied to children with constitutional insufficiency and elder generations, but it could not be said to be most appropriate for older generations. In regards to viscera/bowels, Gongjindan sends water upwards into fire in the water-rising-fire-descending mechanism, which makes it applicable to symptoms of anxiety and fear by tonifying the consumed Jing and Blood caused by Liver deficiency. To summarize, those who would most benefit from Gongjindan are young adults in weak, fearful and lethargic conditions.

• International Journal of Industrial Entomology and Biomaterials
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.63-68
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• 2012

Osteoporosis is characterized by the reduced density of mineralized bone matrix. The loss of bone has been attributed to an imbalance between bone formation and bone resorption. The silkmoth is one of the famous traditional tonic medicines. Silkworm pupa was evaluated for its antiosteoporotic activity in an ovariectomized rat model of osteoporosis. The rats were ovariectomized at 6weeks of age and divided into 7 groups. All the groups were fed without calcium diet. The OVX rats were treated with water and silkworm powder for 6 weeks. In OVX rats, the body weight, feeding and water intake quantity did not show a significant change, but the silkworm pupa powder immediately before the eclosion of Yeonrokjam was significantly increased the bone mineral density in the femoral bone. The silkworm pupa powder increased the bone with increasing calcium in serum. These results also showed its protective action through promotion of bone formation. The silkworm pupa powder has a definite antiosteoporotic effect; similar to estrogen, it is especially effective for the prevention of bone fracture induced by estrogen deficiency. The silkworm pupa powder is a promising anti-osteoporotic agent that can prevent bone fractures in osteoporotic patients. The silkworm pupa powder does not show serious side effects because natural herbal medicine origin.

• Journal of Haehwa Medicine
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.143-151
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• 2005

Gobjectives and Methods to investigate into the course of incurable and relapse renal stones' differentiation of symptoms and signs and to effectively improve treatment of incurable and relapse renal stones through Oriental Medicine. To search for the papers about treatment of incurable and relapse renal stones from 1994 till 2004, and re-search papers about treatment for indicated differentiation of disease. Result and conclusions : 1. It is the kidney vacuity additionally the deficiency of qi(氣) in middle-burner that the incurable and relapse renal stones' differentiation of disease. 2. The cause is taking an overdose of attacking renal stones to eliminate dampness and heat medicine, aging, chrome disease. a sex act excess, insufficiency of congenital qi(氣), insufficient exercise, wrong treatment and stress. 3. Herb medicines are constituted supplementing kidney drugs for inhibition of renal stone's creation, drugs to diuresis and dissolve calculi, and drugs 10 exclude stasis blood(瘀血) on account of renal stones. 4. Anti-renal stone measures me sufficiently drinking water, not eating greasy food. taking medicine for supplementing kidney, diuresis and dissolve calculi by periods, and drinking substitute water to boll down medical herb as Lysimachiae Herba (金錢草) Polygoni Avicularis Herba(篇蓄).

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.46 no.5
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• pp.575-581
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• 2013

We examined the effect of starvation on the occurrence of tunic softness to determine the cause of mass mortality of cultured Halocynthia roretzi (Drasche) in the Tongyeong region, Korea. In terms of the survival rate of H. roretzi and the occurrence rate of tunic softness, H. roretzi starved for 35 days at water temperatures of 8, 12, and $15^{\circ}C{\pm}0.5^{\circ}C$ (room temperature of $15^{\circ}C{\pm}1^{\circ}C$) did not exhibit tunic softness at water temperatures of either $8^{\circ}C$ or $12^{\circ}C$. for morphological changes, although the tunic of H. roretzi was shrunken and became visibly smaller with a darkening color in all experimental groups, as compared to the state prior to starvation, its tunics bulbs continuously. The ratio of RNA/DNA concentrations and protein contents for each of the tunic sections were lower in the starved group. Our results indicate that tunic softness is not related to feeding deficiency, as no histopathological symptoms were apparent in the digestive gland or tunic of H. roretzi due to starvation.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine Ophthalmology and Otolaryngology and Dermatology
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.1-15
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• 2004

The different growth steps of human show the different energetic phenomenon such as the strength of triple energizer, the sale of extra meridian, and the stability of 12 meridians. So we have to understand the physiological and pathological phenomena on this point of view. Especially atopic dermatitis means the loss of adaptability under the lack of genuine energy. If you approach to this disease not with any perception of excess or deficiency of the human genuine energy but with simple symptom enumeration or partial diagnosis, it will be dangerous. So we must approach to this disease with more concrete and objective body-centered standard. Thus when we cure and diagnose infants with this disease, we should focus on stablizing the "Energy of Earth(土)" digestive ability, under the consideration of inducement to the enough "Byun-Jeung-Hu(變蒸候)" and the function of Triple Energizer. Through this process we can lead infants to the beginning equipment state(始全). Until 7 years old, we should stabilize the Link Vessel(維脈) by clarifying interior and exterior classification of Nutritive Element and Defensive Energy to control the child's energy of metal(金), water(水), wood(木) and fire(火) in the basis of the energy of earth(土). And also we should stabilize the Heel Vessel(？脈) through the Water and Fire complement each other to control the movements and to control sleep and awakening. Through this process, we can lead children to the basal equipment state(本全). After then, until adolescent phase, we should control 12 meridian and 8 extra meridian by leading vital function to be harmonized and prosperous on the basis of the meridian to reach the mature equipment state(旣全). Adult atopic dermatitis should be controlled through conciliation between meridian and internal organs by differentiating male from female.

• Journal of Korean Society on Water Environment
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• v.21 no.6
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• pp.669-675
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• 2005

Biological nitrate removal from groundwater was investigated in the biofilters packed with both gravel/sand and plastic media. Removal of particles and turbidity were also investigated in the 2-stage biofilter system consisted of biofilter and subsequent sand filter. In the single biofilter packed with gravel and sand, nitrate removal efficiency was dropped with the increase of filtration velocity and furthermore, nitrite concentration increased up to 3.2 mg-N/L at 60 m/day. Denitrification rate at the bottom layer below 25 cm was faster 8 times than upper layer in the up-flow biofilter. Nitrite build-up, due to the deficiency of organic electron donors, occurred at the upper layer of bed. Besides DO concentration and organic carbon, contact time in media was the main factor for nitrate removal in a biofilter. The most of the effluent particles from biofilter was in the range from 0.5 to $2.0{\mu}m$, which resulted in high turbidity of 1.8 NTU. However, sand filter followed by biofilter efficiently performed the removal of particles and turbidity, which could reduce the turbidity of final filtrate below 0.5 NTU. Influent nitrate was removed completely in the 2-stage biofilter and no nitrite was detected.

• Journal of Korean Home Economics Education Association
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• v.12 no.3
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• pp.53-63
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• 2000

The purpose of this study was quantitative and qualitative contents analysis of food and nutrition section in middle school textbooks of home economics, physical education and science. As a quantitative approach numbers of sentence lines tables, figures, photos, activities, and exercises were counted. As a qualitative approach, types of explanations were categorized by 7 criteria, and commons and differences of the contents of those subjects were compared. The conclusions of this study were summarized as follows: 1) Contents of food and nutrition section were divided into nutrients. water. energy, food groups, and nutritional problems. When average sentence lines of each were compared, those of nutrients were the longest in all 3 subjects. 2) When compared the numbers of tables, figures, and photos in 3 subjects of textbooks, there were more figures in home economics and science, and more tables in physical education. 3) There were more activities and exercises in home economics an science than in physical education. 4) The D(sentences with table) or E type(sentences with figure) was adapted for the explanation of nutrients functions, recommended dietary allowance, food sources, food groups, eating habits, and weight control in home economics: nutritions functions and energy metabolism in physical education : and digestion, body constituents, energy metabolism, and detection of nutrients in science. 5) Contents about classification and functions of nutrients. food sources deficiency water, energy contents of nutrients and obesity were shown in all 3 subjects. Food groups and eating habits were explained in detail in home economics whereas digestion of nutrients in the digestive tracts were explained in detail in science. Recommended dietary allowance for Koreans and basic food groups revised in 1995 were presented in home economics, whereas those revised in 1989 were presented in physical education. To avoid confusion, recommended dietary allowance for Koreans and food groups presented in physical education tex should be updated.