• 제목/요약/키워드: water+formic acid

검색결과 134건 처리시간 0.024초

비가연성 성분을 포함한 이성분계 액상 용액의 인화점 결정 (Flash Point Determination of Binary Liquid Solution Containing Nonflammable Component)

  • 하동명;이성진
    • 한국가스학회지
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    • 제23권3호
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    • pp.40-45
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    • 2019
  • 인화점은 가연성 액체 혼합물의 화재와 폭발의 위험성을 특징짓는 중요한 인화성 지표이다. 본 연구에서는 Seta flash 장치에 의해 water+formic acid 계와 water+acrylic acid 계의 인화점을 측정하였다. 측정한 인화점을 라울의 법칙과 경험식을 이용한 인화점 예측값과 비교하였다. 라울의 법칙을 이용한 예측 결과의 절대평균오차는 water+formic acid 계의 경우 $10.7^{\circ}C$ 였고, water+acrylic acid 계의 경우 $4.8^{\circ}C$ 이었다. 경험식을 이용한 예측 결과의 절대평균오차는 water+formic acid 계의 경우 $1.0^{\circ}C$ 였고, water+acrylic acid 계의 경우 $0.5^{\circ}C$ 이었다. 결과적으로 라울의 법칙에 의한 예측값에 비해 경험식에 의한 예측값이 측정값을 보다 잘 모사하였다.

Palladium 촉매와 포름산을 활용한 액상 trinitrotoluene 분해 특성 연구 (A Study on the Degradation Properties of Aqueous Trinitrotoluene by Palladium Catalyst and Formic Acid)

  • 정상조;최형진;박상진;이준일
    • 한국물환경학회지
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    • 제31권5호
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    • pp.468-475
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    • 2015
  • Various methods to degrade explosives efficiently in natural soil and water that include trinitrotoluene (TNT) have been studied. In this study, TNT in water was degraded by reduction with palladium (Pd) catalyst impregnated onto alumina (henceforth Pd-Al catalyst) and formic acid. The degradation of TNT was faster when the temperature of water was high, and the initial TNT concentration, pH, and ion concentration in water were low. The amounts of Pd-Al catalyst and formic acid were also important for TNT degradation in water. According to the experimental results, the degradation constant of TNT with unit mass of Pd-Al catalyst was $8.37min^{-1}g^{-1}$. The degradation constant of TNT was higher than the results of previous studies which used zero valent iron. 2,6-diamino-4-nitrotoluene and 2-amino-4,6-dinitrotoluene were detected as by-products of TNT degradation showing that TNT was reduced. The by-products of TNT were also completely degraded after reaction when both Pd-Al catalyst and formic acid existed. Even though there are several challenges of Pd-Al catalyst (e.g., deactivation, poisoning, leaching, etc.), the results of this study show that TNT degradation by Pd-Al catalyst and formic acid is a promising technique to remediate explosive contaminated water and soil.

Formic Acid 첨가가 보리의 생육단계별 Silage 품질에 미치는 영향 (Effect of Formic Acid Addition on the Quality of Barley Silage in Accordance with Growth Stage)

  • 박남배;곽종형;고영두
    • 한국초지조사료학회지
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    • 제4권3호
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    • pp.214-219
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    • 1984
  • 본(本) 시험(試驗)은 보리를 생육(生育) 단계별(段階別)로 예취(刈取)하여 formic acid를 $0.2%{\sim}0.6%$ 까지 3개 수준(水準)으로 첨가(添加)하고 또 예건(豫乾)하였을 때 silage의 품질(品質)에 미치는 영향을 구명(究明)하고져 원료(原料)의 일반성분(一般成分), 식물세포구성물(植物細胞構成物)을 분석(分析)하였다. 또한 silage의 품질(品質)을 평가(評價)하기 위하여 제조(製造)하여 약(約) 60일후에 pH 및 유기산(有機酸) 함량(含量)을 분석(分析)한 결과로 요약하면 다음과 같다. 1. 보리의 일반성분(一般成分) 함량(含量)은 생육(生育)이 진행(進行)됨에 따라 수분(水分), 조단백질(粗蛋白質), 조지방함량(粗脂肪含量)은 감소하고 조섬유(組纖維), NFE함량(含量)은 증가(增加)하였다. 수용성탄수화물함량(水溶性炭水化物含量)은 유숙기(乳熟期)가 12.7%로 가장 많았으며 생육(生育)이 진행(進行)됨에 따라 감소하였다. 2. silage의 조단백질함량(粗資白質含量)은 formic acid를 첨가(添加)하므로서 효과가 높았으며 예건(豫乾)도 좋았다. ADF와 NDF함량(含量)은 생육(生育)이 진행(進行)됨에 따라 증가(增加)하고 formic acid의 첨가량(添加量)이 증가(增加)할수록 ADF는 감소하였다. 3. pH는 생육(生育)이 진행(進行)됨에 따라 약간 증가하는 경향이며 formic acid의 첨가수준(添加水準)이 높아짐에 따라 pH는 약간 낮아졌다. 유산함량(乳酸含量)은 유숙기(乳熟期)가 가장 많으며 0.6%의 formic acid를 첨가(添加)하므로서 효과가 높은 결과(結果)를 나타내었다. 이상의 결과(結果)를 종합(綜合)해 보면 보리는 출수기(出穗期)부터 유숙기(乳熟期)에 예취(刈取)하는 것이 좋으며 formic acid를 첨가(添加)하는 경우에는 $0.4%{\sim}0.6%$를 첨가(添加)하므로서 양질(良質)의 silage를 생산(生産)할 수 있다고 사료(思料)된다.

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4,5-Diphenyl-Imidazolone의 合成 及 螢光效果에 關한 硏究 (Synthesis of 4,5-Diphenyl Imidazolone and Studies on its Fluorescent Effect)

  • 전풍진;김형숙
    • 대한화학회지
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    • 제4권1호
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    • pp.70-77
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    • 1957
  • 4,5-Diphenyl Imidazolone is synthesized from Benzoin, Urea, and Acetic acid catalyser. Nowadays, it is being used as an optical bleaching agent for wool and nylon textiles. Up to now, only one process of synthesis has been known. In order to find out the best conditions governing the yield were examined under various catalysers and conditions. In this experiment, the summary of results were as follows. a. On Acetic acid catalyser. The maximum yield conditions were mol ratio (Benzoin: Urea: Acetic acid) 1 : 2 : 14, Acetic acid concentration 99.9%. Reaction temperature 115$^{\circ}$. Under reaction time of 2 hours, above yield was 96.4%. b. On Mineral acid Catalyser. In using of Sulfonic acid, the color of solution was changed dark purlish black. With other mineral acid catalysers, in spite of increasing of temperature, it was proved that Benzoin floats on the solution, so that this reaction could not be continue. c. On Phosphoric acid catalyser. It was made clear that it can not be used for this reaction. d. On Sodium hydroxide catalyser. As one of Alkali catalyser, Sodium hydroxide was examined but this was unsuitable substance for this reaction. e. On Formic acid catalysers. The maximum yield conditions were mol ratio (Benzoin: Urea: Formic acid) 1: 2: 30. Formic acid concentration 85.%. Reaction temperature 150∼110$^{\circ}$. Under reaction time of 90 minutes, the best yield was 87%. Hereby, it was proved that organic acids such as Acetic acid and Formic acid can be used. When using Acetic acid, the yield was better than Formic acid, but it takes longer reaction time than Formic acid. About the fluorescent effect, the temperature of dye-bath must not be over 904,5-Diphenyl Imidazolone is synthesized from Benzoin, Urea, and Acetic acid catalyser. Nowadays, it is being used as an optical bleaching agent for wool and nylon textiles. Up to now, only one process of synthesis has been known. In order to find out the best conditions governing the yield were examined under various catalysers and conditions. In this experiment, the summary of results were as follows. a. On Acetic acid catalyser. The maximum yield conditions were mol ratio (Benzoin: Urea: Acetic acid) 1 : 2 : 14, Acetic acid concentration 99.9%. Reaction temperature 115$^{\circ}$. Under reaction time of 2 hours, above yield was 96.4%. b. On Mineral acid Catalyser. In using of Sulfonic acid, the color of solution was changed dark purlish black. With other mineral acid catalysers, in spite of increasing of temperature, it was proved that Benzoin floats on the solution, so that this reaction could not be continue. c. On Phosphoric acid catalyser. It was made clear that it can not be used for this reaction. d. On Sodium hydroxide catalyser. As one of Alkali catalyser, Sodium hydroxide was examined but this was unsuitable substance for this reaction. e. On Formic acid catalysers. The maximum yield conditions were mol ratio (Benzoin: Urea: Formic acid) 1: 2: 30. Formic acid concentration 85.%. Reaction temperature 150∼110$^{\circ}$. Under reaction time of 90 minutes, the best yield was 87%. Hereby, it was proved that organic acids such as Acetic acid and Formic acid can be used. When using Acetic acid, the yield was better than Formic acid, but it takes longer reaction time than Formic acid. About the fluorescent effect, the temperature of dye-bath must not be over 90$^{\circ}$. and the ratio of 4,5-Diphenyl Imidazolone and water should be from 1:50000. to 1:10000. It proved that the best effect on textiles, and the best condition were dye-temperature near 704,5-Diphenyl Imidazolone is synthesized from Benzoin, Urea, and Acetic acid catalyser. Nowadays, it is being used as an optical bleaching agent for wool and nylon textiles. Up to now, only one process of synthesis has been known. In order to find out the best conditions governing the yield were examined under various catalysers and conditions. In this experiment, the summary of results were as follows. a. On Acetic acid catalyser. The maximum yield conditions were mol ratio (Benzoin: Urea: Acetic acid) 1 : 2 : 14, Acetic acid concentration 99.9%. Reaction temperature 115$^{\circ}C$. . Under reaction time of 2 hours, above yield was 96.4%. b. On Mineral acid Catalyser. In using of Sulfonic acid, the color of solution was changed dark purlish black. With other mineral acid catalysers, in spite of increasing of temperature, it was proved that Benzoin floats on the solution, so that this reaction could not be continue. c. On Phosphoric acid catalyser. It was made clear that it can not be used for this reaction. d. On Sodium hydroxide catalyser. As one of Alkali catalyser, Sodium hydroxide was examined but this was unsuitable substance for this reaction. e. On Formic acid catalysers. The maximum yield conditions were mol ratio (Benzoin: Urea: Formic acid) 1: 2: 30. Formic acid concentration 85%. Reaction temperature 150∼110$^{\circ}C$. Under reaction time of 90 minutes, the best yield was 87%. Hereby, it was proved that organic acids such as Acetic acid and Formic acid can be used. When using Acetic acid, the yield was better than Formic acid, but it takes longer reaction time than Formic acid. About the fluorescent effect, the temperature of dye-bath must not be over 90$^{\circ}C$. and the ratio of 4,5-Diphenyl Imidazolone and water should be from 1:50000. to 1:10000. It proved that the best effect on textiles, and the best condition were dye-temperature near 70$^{\circ}C$. and dye-time 15 minutes. . and dye-time 15 minutes. . and the ratio of 4,5-Diphenyl Imidazolone and water should be from 1:50000. to 1:10000. It proved that the best effect on textiles, and the best condition were dye-temperature near 70$^{\circ}C$. and dye-time 15 minutes.

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TiO2 박막을 이용한 광촉매반응의 응용 (Application of Photocatalytic Reaction Using TiO2 Thin Film)

  • 김영관;김성호;김동현
    • 산업기술연구
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    • 제17권
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    • pp.249-254
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    • 1997
  • Photocatalytic reaction using $TiO_2$ thin film was applied for the inactivation of coliform bacteria and the degradation of formic acid. UV processes coupled with and without $TiO_2$ were tested for the river water samples. It took 5 and 15 minutes, respectively, to obtain 99% destruction of coliform bacteria in the total coliform test, which demonstrated the effectiveness of the photocatalytic reaction. Complete degradation of formic acid determined by TOC analysis was observed in 20 minutes by ozone/photocatalysis, while formic acid was degraded as little as about 20% during the first 100 minutes by ozone treatment alone. When ozone was supplied to the $TiO_2/UV$ system, however, it provided a synergetic effect for the degradation of formic acid.

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아세톤-물 및 포름酸-물 混合溶媒中에서의 알칼리 鹽化物溶液의 電導度 (Electric Conductance of Dilute Solutions of Alkali Chlorides in Acetone-Water and Formic Acid-Water Mixtures)

  • 조병린;이영자;김광호
    • 대한화학회지
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    • 제22권1호
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    • pp.12-18
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    • 1978
  • 여러組成의 아세톤-물 및 포름酸-물 중에서 각각 알칼리鹽化物(LiCl, NaCl, KCl, RbCl, CsCl)의 稀薄溶液의 電導度를 $^30{\circ}C$˚에서 측정하였다. 아세톤-물 混合溶媒中에서의 알칼리鹽化物의 電導度의 結果를 Debye-Huckel-Onsager式으로 解析하였고, 溶媒組成에 따르는 極限當量電導度의 변화를 電解質의 選擇的 溶媒化現象으로 설명하였다. 포름酸-물 中에서의 알칼리鹽化物의 稀薄溶液의 電導度는 溶媒自體의 强한 이온雰圍氣때문에 그 변화를 比較解析할 수가 없었다.

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Effects of Formic Acid Administration in the Drinking Water on Performance, Intestinal Microflora and Carcass Contamination in Male Broilers under High Ambient Temperature

  • Aclkgoz, Z.;Bayraktar, H.;Altan, O.
    • Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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    • 제24권1호
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    • pp.96-102
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    • 2011
  • In this study, we examined the effects of formic acid administration to the drinking water on performance, intestinal microflora and carcass contamination in male broilers. A total of 312 day-old male broiler chicks were allocated to two groups with three replicates. The first group (control) received normal drinking water (pH 7.4) during the experiment. The second group consumed acidified drinking water (pH 4.5) after 5 d of age. At 43 d of age, twelve birds were randomly selected from the control group to determine the effect of acidified drinking water on carcass contamination. These birds were only given normal or acidified (pH 3) drinking water for 8 h prior to slaughter. The reduction of water pH from 7.4 to 4.5 significantly decreased body weights of male broilers at 21 and 42 d of age. However, no differences were observed between male broilers given normal and acidified drinking water in terms of feed intake, feed conversion ratio and mortality. The pH value of the gizzard contents was not significantly affected by acid water treatment. There were no significant differences in the intestinal population of E. coli, total organism and Salmonella between the groups. The total organism and E. coli counts of the carcass slightly decreased in the acidified group. No Salmonella was identified in carcass samples of any of the treatment groups. The results showed that drinking water acidification did not provide beneficial effects on performance, intestinal microflora and carcass contamination in male broilers.

견층(繭層) Sericin에 대(對)한 몇 가지 화학약제(化學藥劑) 처리(處理)의 효과(效果) (Effects of Several Chemicals Treatment for Cocoon Sericin)

  • 이인전;이동수;천승록
    • Current Research on Agriculture and Life Sciences
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    • 제3권
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    • pp.70-78
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    • 1985
  • 본(本) 실험(實驗)은 견층(繭層) seicin에 대(對)한 몇가지 화학약제(化學藥劑) 처리(處理)의 온도별(溫度別), 농도별(濃度別) seicin 용해성(溶解性)에 미치는 영향(影響)을 조사(調査)하였던 바 다음과 같은 결과(結果)를 얻었다. 1. 공시(供試) 해서촉진제중(解舒促進劑中) 견층(繭層) seicin의 용해촉진력(溶解促進力)이 가장 큰 약제(藥劑)는 sodium peroxide($Na_2O_2$)였으며, sodium carbonate($Na_2CO_3$), sodium sulfite($Na_2SO_3$) ammonia water($NH_4OH$)의 순(順)으로 용해촉진력(溶解促進力)이 작았다. 2. 공시(供試) 해서억제제중(解舒抑制劑中) 견층(繭層) sericin의 용해억제력(溶解抑制力)이 가장 큰 약제(藥劑)는 tannic acid($C_{14}H_{10}O_9$)였으며, stannic acid($S_n(OH)_4$), formic acid(HCOOH)< methyl alcohol($CH_3OH$)의 순(順)으로 용해억제력(溶解抑制力)이 작았다. 3. 공시(供試) 해서억제제중(解舒抑制劑中)에서 formic acid와 stannic acid는 $100^{\circ}C$의 고온(苦蘊)에서는 견층(繭層) sericin의 용해(溶解)를 크게 촉진(促進)하였다. 4. 공시(供試) 해서억제제중(解舒抑制劑中) methyl alcohol의 경우(境遇)는 저농도(低濃度)에서는 용해억제력(溶解抑制力)이 전혀 없었다.

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개미산의 첨가가 건물함량이 다른 호밀 사일리지의 품질에 미치는 영향 (Effects of Formic Acid on the Quality of Rye Silage at Different Dry Matter Levels)

  • 신정남;배동호
    • 한국초지조사료학회지
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    • 제6권1호
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    • pp.6-13
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    • 1986
  • 본시험(本試驗)은 호밀 사일리지 제조시(製造時)의 재료(材料)의 건물함량(乾物含量)(19.2, 28.6, 32.2%)별(別) 개미산의 첨가수준(添加水準)을 달리 했을 때 사일리지 품질(品質)에 미치는 영향(影響)을 알고자 실시(實施)하였다. 호밀은 초장(草長)이 약(約) 40cm의 영양생장기인 11월(月) 29일(日) 예취(刈取)하여 즉시 또는 예건후(豫乾後) 포리에틸렌필림 봉지에 1,000g씩 채우고 실온에 보관하였다. 분석(分析)의 결과(結果)는 다음과 같다. 1. 달관평가(達觀評價)에서 재료(材料)의 건물함량(乾物含量)이 낮은 사일리지(예취직후(刈取直後))에서는 개미산을 첨가(添加)하므로 무첨가(無添加)에 비하여 사일리지 색깔이 선명한 황록색을 띠고 냄새가 더 향긋하고 산유(酸臾)는 약(弱)하였으나 예건(豫乾)사일리지에서는 뚜렷한 차이(差異)가 없었다. 2. 사일리지의 pH는 재료(材料)의 건물함량(乾物含量)이 증가(增加)됨에 따라 상승하였으며, 건물함량(乾物含量)이 19.2%와 28.6%인 구(區)에서는 개미산의 첨가수준(添加水準)이 증가(增加)할수록 유의(有意)하게(P<0.01)감소(減少)하였으나 재료(材料)의 건물함량(乾物含量)이 32.2%인 구(區)에서는 첨가수준(添加水準)에 따른 차이(差異)는 없었다. 3. 사일리지중의 총산(總酸)의 생성(生成)은 재료(材料)의 건물함량(乾物含量) 증가(增加)로 감소(減少)하였으며 개미산 첨가수준(添加水準) 증가(增加)로도 현저히 감소(減少)하였다(P<0.01). 4. 사일리지의 수용성탄수화물함량(水溶性炭水化物含量)은 건물함량(乾物含量)이 증가(增加)됨에 따라 증가(增加)되었으며 개미산의 첨가수준(添加水準)이 높아짐에 따라 역시 뚜렷한 증가(增加)(P<0.01)를 보였다. 5. 사일리지중의 암모니아태질소의 비율은 건물함량의 증가로 감소(減少)되었고 개미산의 첨가수준(添加水準)이 증가(增加)됨에 따라 역시 감소(減少)되었다(P<0.01). 6. 사일리지의 in vitro 건물소화율(乾物消化率)은 재료(材料)으의 건물함량(乾物含量)에 다른 차이(差異)는 없었으나 예취직후(刈取直後) 개미산을 0.71% 첨가(添加)한 사일리지가 첨가수준(添加水準)(0.00%와 0.24%)이 낮은 것에 비하여 유의(有意)하게(P<0.05)높았다.

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DMSO(dimethylsulfoxide) 용매에서 과당의 5-HMF(5-hydroxymethylfurfural) 전환 (Conversion of Fructose to 5-HMF(5-hydroxymethylfurfural) in DMSO(dimethylsulfoxide) solvent)

  • 성용주;박종진;김병로;신수정
    • 펄프종이기술
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    • 제45권2호
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    • pp.21-26
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    • 2013
  • Conversion of fructose to 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (5-HMF) was investigated in dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) solvent with increasing reaction temperatures and impact of residual water from dehydration reaction byproduct. To convert fructose to 5-HMF, increasing reaction temperature led more conversion to 5-HMF than lower temperature at the range of $120-150^{\circ}C$ in DMSO solvent. DMSO engaged in the acid-catalyzed dehydration and rearrangement reaction as acid and solvent. Increasing temperature led to more furanose structure than pyranose at the range of $30-80^{\circ}C$. Formed 5-HMF could be degraded to levulinic and formic acid at the presence of acid and water. Removal of water in reaction medium could prevent 5-HMF degradation.