Browse > Article
http://dx.doi.org/10.5713/ajas.2011.10195

Effects of Formic Acid Administration in the Drinking Water on Performance, Intestinal Microflora and Carcass Contamination in Male Broilers under High Ambient Temperature  

Aclkgoz, Z. (Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Ege University)
Bayraktar, H. (Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Ege University)
Altan, O. (Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Ege University)
Publication Information
Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences / v.24, no.1, 2011 , pp. 96-102 More about this Journal
Abstract
In this study, we examined the effects of formic acid administration to the drinking water on performance, intestinal microflora and carcass contamination in male broilers. A total of 312 day-old male broiler chicks were allocated to two groups with three replicates. The first group (control) received normal drinking water (pH 7.4) during the experiment. The second group consumed acidified drinking water (pH 4.5) after 5 d of age. At 43 d of age, twelve birds were randomly selected from the control group to determine the effect of acidified drinking water on carcass contamination. These birds were only given normal or acidified (pH 3) drinking water for 8 h prior to slaughter. The reduction of water pH from 7.4 to 4.5 significantly decreased body weights of male broilers at 21 and 42 d of age. However, no differences were observed between male broilers given normal and acidified drinking water in terms of feed intake, feed conversion ratio and mortality. The pH value of the gizzard contents was not significantly affected by acid water treatment. There were no significant differences in the intestinal population of E. coli, total organism and Salmonella between the groups. The total organism and E. coli counts of the carcass slightly decreased in the acidified group. No Salmonella was identified in carcass samples of any of the treatment groups. The results showed that drinking water acidification did not provide beneficial effects on performance, intestinal microflora and carcass contamination in male broilers.
Keywords
Broiler; Water; Formic Acid; Performance; Intestinal Microflora; Carcass Contamination;
Citations & Related Records

Times Cited By Web Of Science : 1  (Related Records In Web of Science)
Times Cited By SCOPUS : 1
연도 인용수 순위
  • Reference
1 TS. 2004. Turkish Standard Institute. Microbiology of food and animal feeding stuffs-horizontal method for the enumeration of organism-colony-count technique at 30 0C. TS 7703 EN ISO 4833 Ankara-Turkey.
2 TS. 2006. Turkish Standard Institute. Microbiology of food and animal feeding stuff-horizontal method for the detection of Salmonella spp. TS EN ISO 6579/AC Ankara-Turkey.
3 Watkins, S., J. Cornelison, C. Tillery, M. Wilson and R. Hubbard. 2004. Effects of water acidification on broiler performance. Avian Advice 6:4-6.
4 Van Der Sluis, W. 2002. Water quality is important but often overestimated. World Poult. 18:26-31.
5 Van Immerseel, F., J. B. Russel, M. D. Flythe, I. Gantois, L. Timbermont, F. Pasmans, F. Haesebrouck and R. Dacatelle. 2006. The use of organic acids to combat Salmonella in poultry: a mechanistic explanation of efficacy. Avian Pathol. 35:182-188.   DOI   ScienceOn
6 Van Immerseel, L. De Zutter, K. Houf, F. Pasmans, F. Haesebrouck and R. Ducatelle. 2009. Strategies to control Salmonella in the broiler production chain. World's Poult. Sci. J. 65:367-392.   DOI   ScienceOn
7 Vieria, S., E. Viola, O. Conde and J. Berres. 2005. Organic and inorganic acids added to feed and water affect live performance and water intake of broilers fed without antibiotic growth promoters or anticoccidials. In 'Poultry Science Association Anual Meeting'. Auburn Alabama p. 70 (Auburn University).
8 Yang, Y., P. A. Iji and M. Choct. 2009. Dietary modulation of gut microflora in broiler chickens: a review of the role of six kinds of alternatives to in-feed antibiotics. World's Poult. Sci. J. 65:97-114.   DOI   ScienceOn
9 Samanta, S., S. Haldar and T. K. Ghosh. 2010. Comparative efficacy of an organic acid blend and bacitracin methylene disalicylate as growth promoters in broiler chickens: effects on performance, gut histology and small intestinal milieu. Vet. Med. Int. 8 pages, Article ID 645150.
10 SAS Institute. 2000. JMP Statistics and Graphics Guide. Version 4.0. SAS Institute, Cary, NC.
11 Steiner, T. 2006. Acidifiers. In: Managing Gut-Health Natural Growth Promoters as a Key to Animal Performance. Nottingham University Press Manor Farm, Main Street, Trumpton Nottingham, NG11 0AX, United Kingdom. pp.13-22.
12 Stonerock, R. 2007. Possibilities of Salmonella control with the aid of acidifiers. In: Acidifiers in Animal Nutrition-A Guide for Feed Preservation and Acidification to Promote Animal Performance (Ed. C. Luckstadt). Nottingham University Press. pp. 21-29.
13 Teeter, R. G., M. O. Smith, F. N. Oweris, S. C. Arp, S. Sangia and J. E. Brazil. 1985. Chronic heat stress and respiratory alkalosis occurrence and treatment in broiler chicks. Poult. Sci. 64: 1060-1064.   DOI   ScienceOn
14 Thompson, J. L. and M. Hinton. 1997. Antibacterial activity of formic and propionic acids in the diet of hens on salmonellas in the crop. Br. Poult. Sci. 38:59-65.   DOI   ScienceOn
15 TS. 1979. Turkish Standard Institute. Meat and meat products detection of Salmonella (Refences Method). TS 3446 Ankara-Turkey.
16 TS. 1996. Turkish Standard Institute. Meat and meat products/enumeration of microorganism colony count technique at 30 ${^{\circ}C}$ (Refences Method). TI 3834 ISO 2293 Ankara-Turkey.
17 TS. 2000. Turkish Standard Institute. Meat and meat products-enumeration of Escherichia coli colony technique at 44 0C using membranes. TS 8125 ISO 6391 Ankara-Turkey.
18 Moharrery, A. and M. Mahzonieh. 2005. Effect of malic acid on visceral characteristics and Coliform counts in small intestine in the broiler and layer chickens. Int. J. Poult. Sci. 4:761-764.   DOI
19 Liem, D. T. 2007. Possibilities of E. coli control by using acidifier in livestock production. In: Acidifiers in Animal Nutrition-A Guide for Feed Preservation and Acidification to Promote Animal Performance (Ed. C. Luckstadt). Nottingham University Press. pp. 13-20.
20 Moat, A. G., J. W. Foster and M. P. Spector. 2002. Microbial stress response. Microbial Physiology. Willey-Liss, Inc., New York. ISBN: 0-471-39483-1. pp. 582-611.
21 Mohyla, P., S. F. Bilgili, O. A. Oyarzabal, C. C. Warf and G. K. Kemp. 2007. Application of acidified sodium chlorite in the drinking water to control Salmonella serotype Typhimurium and Campylobacter jejuni in commercial broilers. J. Appl. Poult. Res. 16:45-51.   DOI
22 National Standard Method. 2005. Direct enumeration of Escherichia coli. W & E Co-ordinators Forum and the Enviromental Surveillance Unit, CDSC. Reference no: F 20i1.4.
23 Naumann, C. and R. Bassler. 1993. Methodenbuch, Band III. Die Chemische Untersuchung von Futtermitteln. VDLUFA-Verlag, Darmstadt, Germany.
24 Oviedo, E. O. 2006. Important factors in water quality to improve broiler performance. Poultry site, Weekly Global Poultry Industry Reiew, September. http://www.thepoultrysite.com/articles/637/important-factors-in-water-quality-to-improvebroiler-performance
25 Philipsen, I. P. L. J. 2006. Acidifying drinking water supports performance. World Poult. 22:20-21.
26 Pesti, G. M., R. I. Bakalli, P. F. Vendrell and H.-Y. Chen. 2004. Effects of organic acid on control of bacteria growth in drinking water for broilers. Poult. Sci. 83(Supp. 1):M303.   DOI
27 Guathier, R. 2005. Organic acids and essential oils, a realistic alternative to antibiotic growth promoters in poultry. In: I Forum Internacional de Aviculture, Foz do Iguacu, PR, Brasil, pp. 148-157.
28 Rose, S. P. 1997. Principles of poultry science. CAB International. Wallingford, Oxon OX10 8DE, UK.
29 Gheisari, A. A., M. Heidari, R. K. Kermanshahi, M. Togani and S. Saraeian. 2007. Effect of dietary supplementation of protected organic acids on ileal microflora and protein digestibility in broiler chickens. In: Proceedings of the 16th European Symposium on Poultry Nutrition. Strasbourg, France. pp. 519-522.
30 Giesen, A. 2005. The value of organic acids in drinking water. World Poult. 21:15-17.
31 Hernandez, F., V. Garcia, J. Madrid, J. Orengo, P. Catala and M. D. Megias. 2006. Effect of formic acid on performance, digestibility, intestinal histomorphology and plasma metabolite levels of broiler chickens. Br. Poult. Sci. 47:50-56.   DOI   ScienceOn
32 Hume, M. E., D. E. Corrier, G. W. Ivie and J. R. DeLoach. 1993. Metabolism of [$^{14}C$] propionic acid in broiler chicks. Poult. Sci. 72:786-793.   DOI   ScienceOn
33 Izat, A. L., M. H. Adams, M. C. Cabel, M. Colberg, M. A. Reiber, J. T. Skinner and P. W. Waldroup. 1990a. Effects of formic acid or calcium format in feed on performance and microbiologial characteristics of broiler. Poult. Sci. 69:1876-1882.   DOI   ScienceOn
34 Izat, A. L., N. M. Tidweel, A. R. Thomas, M. A. Reiber, M. H. Adams, M. Colberg and P. W. Waldroup. 1990b. Effects of buffered propionic acid in diets on the performance of broiler chickens and on microflora of the intestine and carcass. Poult. Sci. 69:818-826.   DOI   ScienceOn
35 De Avila L. A. F., V. P. Do Nascimento, C. W. Canal, C. T. P. Salle and H. L. De S. Moraes. 2003. Effect of acidified drinking water on the recovery of Salmonella enteritidis from broiler crops. Rev. Bras. Cienc. Avic. 5:183-188.   DOI
36 Jozefiak, D., S. Kaczmarek and A. Rutkowski. 2010. The effects of benzoic acid supplementation on the performance of broiler chickens. J. Anim. Physiol. A. Anim. Nutr. 94:29-34.   DOI   ScienceOn
37 Corrier, D. E., J. A. Byrd, B. M. Hargis, M. E. Hume, R. H. Bailey and L. H. Stanker. 1999b. Presence of Salmonella in the crop and ceca of broiler chickens before and after preslaughter feed withdrawal. Poult. Sci. 78:45-49.   DOI
38 Daskiran, M., R. G. Teeter, S. L. Vanhooser, M. L. Gibson and E. Roura. 2004. Effect of dietary acidification on mortality rates, general performance, carcass characteristics and serum chemistry of broilers exposed to cycling high ambient temperature stress. J. Appl. Poult. Res. 13:605-613.   DOI
39 Del Alamo, A. G., J. De Los Mozos, J. T. P. Van Dam and P. P. De Ayala. 2007. The use of short and medium chain fatty acids as an alternative to antibiotic growth promoters in broilers infected with malabsorption syndrome. In: Proceedings of the 16th European Symposium on Poultry Nutrition. Strasbourg, France. pp. 317-320.
40 Desai, D. N., D. S. Patwardhan and A. S. Ranade. 2007. Acidifiers in poultry diets and poultry production. In: Acidifiers in Animal Nutrition-A Guide for Feed Preservation and Acidification to Promote Animal Performance (Ed. C. Luckstadt). Nottingham University Press. pp. 63-69.
41 Fernandez-Rubio, C., C. Ordonez, J. Abad-Gonzalez, A. Garcia-Gallego, M. Pilar Honrubia, J. Jose Mallo and R. Balana-Fouce. 2009. Butyric acid-based feed additives help protect broiler chickens from Salmonella enteritidis infection. Poult. Sci. 88:943-948.   DOI   ScienceOn
42 Bottje, W. G. and P. C. Harrison. 1985. The effect of tap water, carbonated water, sodium bicarbonate and calcium chloride on blood acid-base balance in cockerels subjected to heat stress. Poult. Sci. 64:107-113.   DOI   ScienceOn
43 Freitag, M. 2007. Organic acids and salts promote performance and health in animal husbandry. In: Acidifiers in Animal Nutrition-A Guide for Feed Preservation and Acidification to Promote Animal Performance (Ed. C. Luckstadt). Nottingham University Press. pp.1-11.
44 Al-Tarazi, Y. H. and K. Alshawabkeh. 2003. Effect of dietary formic and propionic acids on Salmonella pullorum shedding and mortality in layer chicks after experimental infection. J. Vet. Med. B. Infect Dis. Vet. Public Health 50:112-117.   DOI   ScienceOn
45 Bilgili, S. F. 2002. Slaughter quality as influenced by feed withdrawal. World's Poult. Sci. J. 58:123-130.   DOI   ScienceOn
46 Byrd, J. A., B. M. Hargis, D. J. Caldwell, R. H. Bailey, K. L. Herron, J. L. McReynolds, R. L. Brewer, R. C. Anderson, K. M. Bischoff, T. R. Callaway and L. F. Kubena. 2001. Effect of lactic acid administration in the drinking water during preslaughter feed withdrawal on Salmonella and Campylobacter contamination of broilers. Poult. Sci. 80:278-283.   DOI
47 Chaveerach, P., D. A. Keuzenkamp, L. J. A. Lipman and F. Van Knapen. 2004. Effect of organic acids in drinking water for young broilers on Campylobacter infection, volatile fatty acid production, gut microflora and histological cell changes. Poult. Sci. 83:330-334.   DOI
48 Corrier, D. E., J. A. Byrd, B. M. Hargis, M. E. Hume, R. H. Bailey and L. H. Stanker. 1999a. Survival of Salmonella in the crop contents of market-age broilers during feed withdrawal. Avian Dis. 43:453-460.   DOI   ScienceOn
49 Cornelison, J., M. Wilson and S. Watkins. 2005. Effects of water acidification on turkey performance. Avian Advice 7(2):1-3.