• 한국전문물리치료학회지
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• 제14권3호
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• pp.23-31
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• 2007

The purpose of this study was to determine the influence of high-heeled shoes on walking of obese women as it was already proven an extrinsic factor of knee osteoarthritis in women with normal weight. In this study the aimed therefore in particular was to utilize high-heeled shoes in proving it's causal influence on knee osteoarthritis by measuring the angle and torque of the knee joint. Fifteen obese women (BMI>25 $kg/m^2$) were measured in their twenties. Each angle and torque of their knee joints during walking on 6.5 cm high-heeled shoes and with a bare feet, were compared with each other and analyzed with a 3D motion analysis system. There was no significant difference in walking speed, cadence and stride length between the two conditions. However, there was a significant increase in a double limb support time and the stance phase when walking on high-heeled shoes as when walking with bare feet. The peak knee flexion angle and peak knee varus torque was higher when walking on high-heeled shoes than with bare feet. On the contrary, the peak knee flexion angle in the swing phase was not statistically different. The prolongation of peak knee varus torque was also proven. There was a significant increase in peak knee varus torque in the initial and last stance phases during walking on high-heeled shoes as compared to walking on bare feet. Through the above results, it was proven that when obese women walked on high-heeled shoes, rather than with bare feet, peak knee flexor and varus torque increased along with the changes of the in knee joint angle. Therefore, the influence of high-heeled shoes might be a significant intrinsic factor in knee osteoarthritis of obese women.

• 아태비즈니스연구
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• 제6권2호
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• pp.81-95
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• 2015

This study is an investigative study into the effects that the 'travel motivations' of participants on walking tourism has on their 'degree of satisfaction' by identifying tourist motivations for selecting walking tour among many types of tourism and their effects on hikers' degree of satisfaction. This study was conducted with hikers affiliated with 'walking on beautiful roads '-one of Busan's preliminary social enterprises- with a total of 176 copies used for a final effective sample. Data collected was analyzed using SPSS WIN 18.0 to conduct a frequency analysis of the sample. Along with exploratory factor analysis, Cronbach's ${\alpha}$ coefficient was used as an estimate of the validity and reliability of each factor. Multiple regression analysis was done for an analysis of travel motivations and their effects on satisfaction. The scale rates items in the questionnaire in the following categories: 'Motivations' for walking tours consist of 5 factors- vacation, soul-searching, social get-togethers, nature tour, community experience-with a total of 20 items. 'The degree of satisfaction' is made up of a factor with a total of 4 items. The results of the study are as follows: with respect to the hypothesis that motivations for walking tour would have a positive effect on the degree of satisfaction, test results show that 'motivations' have significant partial effects on the 'degree of satisfaction'. Motivations affect the degree of satisfaction in the order of nature tour and soul-searching except for experience and social get-togethers- an indication that participants on walking tours tend to travel for the attractiveness of nature, wanting time for reflection and meditation. As the first investigative study into participants in walking tours products offered by travel agencies, the study has the following implications for marketers: First, travel agencies selling walking tour products and government institutions concerned about the development of hiking trails need to discuss ways to make the most of natural resources as they are- rather than using development-oriented approaches. The study has its own limitation: it is that with the lack of domestic and international studies on walking tours, the study has not gained access to precedent studies on the subject so it has not established a systemic approach to the emerging type of tourism. Hopefully, this study will make a small contribution to its development.

• 한국운동역학회지
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• 제17권3호
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• pp.1-10
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• 2007

The purpose of this study was to examine the differences of lower limbs muscle activities depending on three walking speeds of 2.5km/h, 5.0km/h and 7.5km/h during forward walking and backward walking making 14 students the subjects of this study. To achieve this aim, surface electrodes for factor analysis of EMG were adhered to rectus femoris, biceps femoris, tibialis anterior and gastrocnemius medial head of right lower limbs. The conclusions through this study are as follows. 1) The muscle activity of rectus femoris was higher in backward walking group than in forward walking group and it was the highest at 7.5km/h walking speed. 2) The muscle activity of biceps femoris was higher in forward walking group than in backward walking group. It was the lowest at 5.0km/h walking speed and the highest at 7.5km/h walking speed. 3) The muscle activity of tibialis anterior was higher in backward walking group than in forward walking group. It was the lowest at 5.0km/h walking speed and the highest at 7.5km/h walking speed. 4) The muscle activity of gastrocnemius medial head was higher in backward walking group than in forward walking group except P2. It was the lowest at 5.0km/h walking speed and the highest at 7.5km/h walking speed.

• 대한의용생체공학회:의공학회지
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• 제27권6호
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• pp.323-331
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• 2006

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of performing a cognitive task during treadmill walking on the stride rate variability. Ten university students(age $24.0{\pm}0.25$, height $172{\pm}3.1cm$, weight $66{\pm}5.3kg$) were participated in dual task experiments which consist of both walking alone and walking with a cognitive task. Two-back task was selected for the cognitive task since it did not have learning effect during the experimental procedure.3D motion analysis system was used to measure subject's position data by changing walking speed with 4.8, 5.6, 6.4, 6.8, and 7.2 km/hr. Stride rate was calculated by the time between heel contact and heel contact. Accuracy rate of a cognitive task during walking, coefficient of variance, allometric scaling methods and Fano factor were used to estimated the stride rate variability. As the walking speed increased, accuracy rate decreased and the logarithmic value of Fano factor increased which showed the statistical difference. Thus it can be concluded that the gait control mechanism is distracted by the secondary attention focus which is the cognitive task ie. two-back task. Further study is needed to clarify this by increasing the number of subject and experiment time.

• The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy
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• 제27권4호
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• pp.228-233
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• 2015

Purpose: Gait is the most basic element when evaluating the quality of life with activities of daily living under ordinary life circumstances. Symmetrical use of the lower extremities requires complicated coordination of all limbs. Thus, this study examined asymmetry of muscle activity quadriceps femoris and tibialis anterior as a baseline for training during over-ground walking and stair walking of stroke patients. Methods: Subjects were 14 stroke patients included as one experimental group. Gait speed used in this study was determined by the subject. Low extremity paretic and non-paretic EMG was compared using the surface EMG system. Results: The low extremity EMG difference was statistically significant during over-ground walking and stair walking (p<0.05). The result of low extremity EMG substituted symmetry ratio formula was compared to EMG symmetry ratio in both legs during over-ground walking and stair walking. The average symmetry ratio of quadriceps femoris during over-ground walking was 0.65, and average symmetry ratio of quadriceps femoris during stair walking was 0.47, with significant difference (p<0.05). Conclusion: EMG data was higher in stair walking than over-ground walking. However, in the comparison of symmetry ratio, asymmetric EMG of quadriceps femoris was significantly increased during stair walking. These findings suggested that application of stair walking for strengthening of both legs can be positive, but the key factor is maintaining asymmetrical posture of both legs. Therefore, physical therapists should make an effort to reduce asymmetry of quadriceps femoris power during stair walking by stroke patients.

• 농촌계획
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• 제21권3호
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• pp.59-66
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• 2015

The objective of this study was to investigate the perception of walking environment and use of neighborhood facilities of rural female elderly, who are the most susceptible to ambulatory problems. The study showed that parks, senior centers and hospitals were among the most frequently used neighborhood facilities by rural female elderly, while bus stations and senior centers were recognized as the closest facilities. Frequency of use was higher for paid sports facilities rather than parks. Hospitals and health centers were facilities that were desired to be in close proximity. Social support, self-efficacy, and attitude were the factors that affected walking environment. Street trees, accessibility to parks, and street lights were factors that showed a positive relationship with total time of walking activity while perceived crime rate and slopes were perceived as environmental challenges for groups that walked under 150 minutes per week. One factor that negatively affected walking was the lack of sidewalks on streets. Providing parks and walking trails within neighborhood, pleasant walking environments, and safe sidewalks would contribute to improved perception of neighborhood and walking of older rural women.

• 대한건축학회논문집:계획계
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• 제34권6호
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• pp.3-14
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• 2018

The aim of this study is to propose a method for calculating the weight of walking energy in ERAM model by calculating it for the analysis of vertical and horizontal spaces in a building. Conventional theories on the space analysis in the field of architectural planning predict the pedestrian volume of network spaces in urban street or in two-dimensional plane within a building, however, for vertical and horizontal spaces in a building, estimates of the pedestrian volume by those theories are limited. Because in the spatial syntax and ERAM model have been applied weights such as the spatial depth, adjacent angles, and physical distances available only to the two-dimensional same layer or plane. Therefore, the following basic assumptions and analysis conditions in this study were established for deriving a predictor of pedestrian volume in vertical and horizontal spaces of a building. The basic premise of space analysis is not to address the relationship between the pedestrian volume and the spatial structure itself but to the properties of spatial structure connection that human beings experience. The analysis conditions in three-dimensional spaces are as follows : 1) Measurement units should be standardized on the same scale, and 2) The connection characteristics between spaces should influence the accessibility of human beings. In this regard, a factor of walking energy has the attributes to analyze the connection of vertical and horizontal spaces and satisfies the analysis conditions presented in this study. This study has two implications. First, this study has shown how to quantitatively calculate the walking energy after a factor of walking energy was derived to predict the pedestrian volume in vertical and horizontal spaces. Second, the method of calculating the walking energy can be applied to the weights of the ERAM model, which provided the theoretical basis for future studies to predict the pedestrian volume of vertical and horizontal spaces in a building.

• 대한의용생체공학회:의공학회지
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• 제11권1호
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• pp.179-186
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• 1990

A numerical analysis of crutch walking cycle has been performed to determine the transmissibility of a single-degree-of-freedom crutch system when a non-harmonic periodic forcing function is acting on the spring-damping-mass system. The results indicate that the damping factor which can reduce the forces transmitted to the human body plays an important role. In crutch walking, the stride angle of dynamic crutches must be limited for the comfortable walking.

• 보건교육건강증진학회지
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• 제24권3호
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• pp.73-86
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• 2007

Objective: The purposes of this study are to understand the characteristics of the participants in a community walking campaign and to analyze the factors related to their participation based on the Transtheoretical Model (TTM). Methods: The study composed of the description of participant characteristics and comparison of them with non-participant characteristics in a walking campaign in K province. The data were collected through a survey of 2,590 participants and 258 non-participants from the same community. The survey instrument included questions about stages of walking and exercise, knowledge and attitude toward walking, and environmental condition for walking. Results: A majority of the walking campaign participants were in the action(24.8%) and maintenance(43.6%) stages of walking and exercise behavior. The non-participant group was split between maintenance(51.6%) and precontemplation (30.6%) stages. Among the participants, effective campaign promotion channels differed by age group while motivation for participation and participation patterns were associated with both age and gender. Favorable physical environment was a significant factor of participating in walking campaign(OR=1.396, CI=1.149-1.696). Although the campaign participants scored higher than the non-participants in most attitude toward walking questions, differences in knowledge scores between two groups were less significant. Conclusion: In conclusion, further social marketing to increase the awareness and to increase the concern of population in the community is needed based on the survey result. Transtheoretical model seems appropriate to apply to the evaluation and the planning the program of the behavior change in the community. Also, more organized and sustainable support in need to maintain the good habit of walking for the participants in walking campaign.

• 한국조경학회지
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• 제37권6호
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• pp.57-65
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• 2010

최근 전 세계적으로 앉아서 일하거나 여가시간을 보내는 생활습관(sedentary lifestyle)의 비율이 증가하면서 사람들의 체활동시간이 상당량 감소하였다. 이로 인해 비만 및 당뇨병과 같은 만성질환의 발병률이 증가하였고, 이를 해결하기 위한 대책으로써 누구나 쉽게 접근할 수 있다는 장점을 지닌 걷기활동이 사람들의 관심을 받고 있다. 본 연구의 목적은 사람들이 즐겁고 안전하게, 그리고 쾌적하게 생활할 수 있는 걷기 중심의 활동친화적 도시를 조성하여 일상생활 속에서 사람들의 걷기활동을 유도함으로써 감소되고 있는 현대인들의 신체활동량을 증진시키고자 하는데 있다. 이를 위해 진해시민들을 대상으로 걷기활동의 참여 및 정도를 결정하는데 영향을 끼치는 물리적 보행환경에 대한 만족도 조사를 실시하였고, 이러한 물리적 환경요인들이 보행만족도에 미치는 영향을 평가하기 위한 모형을 제시하였다. 연구의 결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 총 18개의 물리적 보행환경 지표를 선정하였고, 지표별 만족도 분석을 실시한 결과 횡단시설지표가 가장 높았고, 건물외관지표가 가장 낮게 나타났다. 요인분석은 1차, 2차로 진행되었으며, 1차에서는 18개 물리적 보행환경 지표에 대한 요인분석의 적절성을 검토하였다. 그 결과 2개의 지표가 제거되었고 나머지 16개의 지표가 2차 분석에 의해 4개의 요인으로 추출되었다. 각 요인의 공통성에 근거하여 4개의 요인을 각각 보도의 기능성, 차량의 영향, 쾌적성, 안전성으로 명명하였다. 다음으로 각 요인의 요인점수를 독립변수로, 보행만족도를 종속변수로 설정하여 다중선형회귀분석을 실시한 결과 4개의 독립변수 모두 보행만족도에 긍정적인 영향을 미치는 것으로 분석되었다. 요인별 기여도는 '보도의 기능', '쾌적성', '차량의 영향', '안전성' 순으로 높게 나타났으며, 특히 '보도의 기능'과 '쾌적성'의 영향이 다른 두 요인에 비해 상대적으로 매우 높은 것으로 분석되었다. 본 연구 결과는 향후 걷기 중심의 활동친화적 도시를 창출하는데 중요한 기초자료로 활용될 것으로 판단된다.