• Investigative Magnetic Resonance Imaging
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.44-52
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• 2016

Purpose: To quantitatively and qualitatively compare fat-suppressed MRI quality using iterative decomposition of water and fat with echo asymmetry and least-squares estimation (IDEAL) with that using frequency selective fat-suppression (FSFS) T2- and postcontrast T1-weighted fast spin-echo images of the head and neck at 3T. Materials and Methods: The study was approved by our Institutional Review Board. Prospective MR image analysis was performed in 36 individuals at a single-center. Axial fat suppressed T2- and postcontrast T1-weighted images with IDEAL and FSFS were compared. Visual assessment was performed by two independent readers with respect to; 1) metallic artifacts around oral cavity, 2) susceptibility artifacts around upper airway, paranasal sinus, and head-neck junction, 3) homogeneity of fat suppression, 4) image sharpness, 5) tissue contrast of pathologies and lymph nodes. The signal-to-noise ratios (SNR) for each image sequence were assessed. Results: Both IDEAL fat suppressed T2- and T1-weighted images significantly reduced artifacts around airway, paranasal sinus, and head-neck junction, and significantly improved homogeneous fat suppression in compared to those using FSFS (P < 0.05 for all). IDEAL significantly decreased artifacts around oral cavity on T2-weighted images (P < 0.05, respectively) and improved sharpness, lesion-to-tissue, and lymph node-to-tissue contrast on T1-weighted images (P < 0.05 for all). The mean SNRs were significantly improved on both T1- and T2-weighted IDEAL images (P < 0.05 for all). Conclusion: IDEAL technique improves image quality in the head and neck by reducing artifacts with homogeneous fat suppression, while maintaining a high SNR.

• Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Scientists of Korea
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• v.45 no.4
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• pp.353-361
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• 2019

Using Fervidobacterium islandicum AW-1, keratin peptides were produced and confirmed factors related to the scalp and hair. The cytotoxicity and proliferation tests as a function of the concentration of the keratin peptide did not show toxicity and effect on the cellular proliferation in the immortalized human hair dermal papilla cell line. Hair shampoos and hair essences containing keratin peptides were produced, and conducted human patch test. Result showed no skin irritation. The shampoo and the essence were apploed to 2 groups of 30 healthy adults for 4 weeks and showed statistically significant positive results for gloss, hair loss, scalp trouble, and hair roughness by visual assessment. The scalp water content was significantly increased after 2 and 4 weeks compared to before using the shampoo or the essence. Trans-epidermal water loss (TEWL) and the sebum secretion amount in the scalp were significantly decreased after 4 weeks compared to before. The frictional force against combing before and after using the hair shampoo and the essence for normal hair tress and damaged hair tress was significantly changed. The combing force was increased for normal hair tress and decreased for damaged hair tress. In conclusion, we suggest that keratin peptides are appropriated as cosmetic ingredients to be used in hair and scalp related products.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.65-75
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• 2018

This study analyzes the characteristics of the urban landscape changes as a result of the introduction of private parks among the long-term uncollected urban planning facilities and enables the analysis of the characteristics of the urban landscape changes as a result of the introduction of private parks, and applied to the private park projects. The DSM with its building was established for the quantitative landscape analysis to examine the view ratio using the stacked visible analysis. The analysis showed that Jikdong Park had a high frequency of view from downtown to green due to its location, and that the development project of a private park on park and town boundaries significantly lowered the view ratio. This implies a large degree of damage to the landscape by development projects provided protection of the view as a natural landscape is of value. Chudong Park also saw its view ratio of views from downtown to the hills green area of Chudong Park was much lower than that of Jikdong Park. And it was confirmed that the ratio of view changes due to development projects was small compared to that of Jikdong Park. In other words, although Jikdong Park and Chu-dong Park were developed in a similar scale in terms of the ratio of views, they were subject to significant damage due to their location characteristics. It is also meaningful to note that the degree of change in the landscape resulting from development projects that could not be found in the assessment or review of the existing Landscape Impact. As private parks are introduced in the urban green belt, apartment development is being pushed for at the edge of the green belt. This study is meaningful in that it is derived based on the calculation that the survey results are derived based on the changes in the views on green areas that urban residents may experience as the private park project is carried out, and it should be introduced based on the calculation of the private parks.

• Science of Emotion and Sensibility
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.251-258
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• 2010

'Naturalness' is the important "ness" which is a key factor in image quality assessment. 'Naturalness' is a representive factor depending on the context of the image which arouses different emotions. The Image Quality Circle was split into two steps. The first step is predicting the visual perceptual attribute which are lightness, colourfulness, hue and contrast. The next step is SSE which is dependent to image contents. In this study the image contents are grouped in genres. The images were rendered using four different colour attributes which are lightness, contrast, colourfulness and hue. Using a scale, the score of image quality and SSE was asked to each participant for all rendered images. A seven-point category scale of increasing amount of "ness" is used as a quantitative adjectives sequence. The image quality model was built by combining the SSEs for each scene. The SSEs, where vividness is common, are considered as independent variables to predict the image quality score. Then the vividness model was built using colour attributes as variables to predict the vividness of each scene (genre). Vividness is an important factor of naturalness which the meaning is different for all scenes that links the naturalness and image quality. The vividness meaning was different for each scene (genre). Therefore, the colour attributes that express the vividness would depend on the image content.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Radiology
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• v.14 no.5
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• pp.635-642
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• 2020

The purpose of this study was to analysis the effects of shielding area of field configuration with changing of sensitivity and density on tube current (milliampere-seconds, mAs) and image quality in automatic exposure control (AEC) system. The equipment used a digital radiography device (Digital Diagnost, Philips, Netherlands), which has a integral type with an X-ray tube and an indirect digital detector. The AEC system conditions were consisted of 9 setting environments, that mode changing of the sensitivity (S200, S400, S800) and the density (+2.5, 0, -2.5). The tube current evaluated automatically exposed mAs under 81 combination conditions crossed by AEC conditions in fixed at 40 kVp. The image quality evaluated the radiographic images that selected valid images by visual assessment the radiographic images of the self-produced conical pyramid phantom and then measured their signal to noise ratio (SNR). As a result, the maximum tube current was 60.0 mAs that automatically exposed conditions were the 100% of shielding area and the sensitivity of S200 and the density of +2.5. The minimum tube current was 0.9 mAs with non-shielding area and the sensitivity of S800 and the density of -2.5. When the shielded area 0% with the sensitivity of S200 and the density of +2.5, the maximum SNR was the highest as 25.2. But when the shielded area 25% with the sensitivity of S800 and the density of -2.5, the minimum SNR was the lowest as 4.7.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Fundamentals of Nursing
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.256-270
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• 2000

Invasive hemodynamic monitoring has become a valuable assessment parameters in critical care nursing in patients undergoing open heart surgery patients. During cardiac surgery, the Swan Ganz catheter is placed in the pulmonary artery. Critical care nurses routinely obtain cardiac output, cardiac index, and pulmonary arterial pressure in these patients. Traditionally, patients are positioned flat and supine for cardiac output measurement. Numerous studies have dealt with the effects of changing position on the hemodynamic variables. However, there are a few studies dealing with patients who undergo cardiac surgery in Korea. Thus, the purpose of this study was to determine the effects of changing position on cardiac output, PAP, CVP, BP, HR and discomfort in patients after cardiac surgery. A sample of 21 adults who had CABG and/or valve replacement with Swan Ganz catheters in place was studied. The data were collected in the cardiac ICU of a university hospital in Seoul during the period from July 28, 1999 to August 30. 1999. In this study, the independent variable is patient position in the supine, 30 degree, and 45 degree angles. Dependent variables are C.O., C.I., CVP, PAP, MAP, HR and patients' perceived discomforts. Subject discomfort was measured subjectively by visual analogue scale. Other hemodynamic data where collected by the thermodilution method and by direct measurement. The data were analyzed by percentile, t-test, ANOVA, Linear regression analysis using SPSS-/WIN program. The results are as follows : 1) Changes in cardiac output were absent in different angle positions, 0, 30. 45 degrees(F=.070, P=.932). Changes in cardiac index were absent in different angle positions, 0. 30, 45 degrees(P>.05). 2) Changes in central venous pressure were absent in different angle positions, 0, 30, 45 degree(P>.05). 3) PAP had no change in different angle 0, 30, 45 degree positions; systolic PAP(P>.05), diastolic PAP(P>.05). 4) Changes in systolic blood pressure were absent in different angle positions, 0, 30, 45 degree(P>.05). 5) Changes in heart rates were absent in different angle positions, 0, 30, 45 degree(P>.05). 6) Patients' perceived discomfort was absent in different angle positions, 0, 30, 45 degree(p<.05). In conclusion, critical care nurses can measure C.O., C.I., PAP, BP, & CVP in cardiac surgery patients at 30 degree or 45 degree positions. This can improve the patients' comfort.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Gas
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• v.4 no.4 s.12
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• pp.20-24
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• 2000

The electrostatic safety consciousness of safety manager were investigated through questionnaires sent to liquid petroleum gas stations in Korea. In addition, hazards of fire and explosion due to electrostatic on synthetic-polymer-wears and cotton-wears were estimated experimentally. The results of questionnaires indicate most workers wear their working clothes indiscreetly owing to lack of knowledge of preventing electrostatic hazards. The amounts of electrostatic charge generated in synthetic-polymer-wears were 1.79, 1.44 and 1.02 $\mu$C in winter, spring and autumn and summer, respectively. All these values exceed the limit of working wears of 0.60$\mu$C requested by Korea Standard(KS K-7807) for preventing electrostatic hazards, which means hazards may occur. While, the charge in cotton-wears were in the range of 0.42 to 0.52$\mu$C, which suggests that the cotton-wears investigated in this study have no problem of hazards. Therefore workers, visual and experiential education are necessary for elevating the standard of on electrostatics. It is also necessary to establish standards of wearing for preventing electrostatic hazards.

• Journal of Korean Ophthalmic Optics Society
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.501-509
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• 2015

Purpose: To evaluate the reliability of refractive power by comparing the marked refractive power in an automatic phoropter and actually measured spherical/cylindrical refractive power. Methods: Actual refractive power of minus spherical lens and cylindrical lens in an automatic phoropter was measured by a manual lensmeter and compared with the accuracy of marked refractive power. Furthermore, combined refractive power and spherical equivalent refractive power of two overlapped lenses were compared and evaluated with the refractive power of trial lens. Results: An error of 0.125 D and more against the marked degree was observed in 70.6% of spherical refractive power of spherical lens which is built in phoropter, and the higher error was shown with increasing refractive power. Single cylindrical refractive power of cylindrical lens is almost equivalent to the marked degree. Combined spherical refractive power was equivalent to spherical refractive power of single lens when spherical lens and cylindrical lens were overlapped in a phoropter. Thus, there was no change in spherical refractive power by lens overlapping. However, there was a great difference, which suggest the effect induced by overlapping between cylindrical refractive power and the marked degree when spherical lens and cylindrical lens were overlapped. Spherical equivalent refractive power measured by using a phoropter was lower than that estimated by trial glasses frame and marked degree. The difference was bigger with higher refractive power. Conclusions: When assessment of visual acuity is made by using an automatic phoropter for high myopes or myopic astigmatism, some difference against the marked degree may be produced and they may be overcorrected which suggests that improvement is required.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.74-85
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• 2007

Objective : In this study we wanted to confirm if proper stimulation and de-Qi of traditional Korean medical acupuncture could increase hot flash relief efficacy. Design : A randomized controlled, single blind study. We used two modalities of acupuncture, one with optimal stimulation [Study group; Korean medical acupuncture (TKMA)] and one with minimal stimulation [Control group; Minimal acupuncture (MA)]. Same acupoints [PC6(內關), HT8(少府), HT7(神門), LI4(合谷), ST36(足三里), SP6(三陰交), Ren4(關元)] were used in both groups. Fifty-two patients were treated twice a week for 8 weeks, and follow up was done after 4 weeks from the last treatment. Patients were checked hot flash VAS (visual analog scale), frequency and duration every time they visited. Results : Hot flash relief efficacy by 100mm hot flash VAS was obvious in both groups. Hot flash VAS scores of study group were smaller than the scores of control group at the early stage (3rd, $4^{th}$ and $8^{th}$ visit), but there wasn't a remarkable difference between study and control group at the end of the trial. Besides, diminution of hot flash VAS was faster and more even in the study group than control group by visualization using 'Box plot'. We compared frequency and duration of hot flash, 100mm sweating, palpitation, sleep disturbance VAS, and Kupperman Index, MENQOL, Patient's global assessment score. Both groups showed definite decrease from the baseline, but the difference was not statistically significant. There wasn't any adverse event. Hot flash relief efficacy was kept in most patients after 4 weeks' follow-up. Conclusion : Acupoint combination by Traditional Korean medical theory is effective on hot flashes and hot flash relief efficacy was faster and more even in optimal stimulation than minimal stimulation.

• The Journal of Churna Manual Medicine for Spine and Nerves
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.27-38
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• 2013

Objectives : The purpose of this study is to investigate the latest trends of korean Medicine treatments on traffic accident for recent 5 years. Methods : We investigated the studies on korean Medicine treatments for traffic accident via searching 6 Korean web databases. As a result, 65 research papers were found to be analyzed according to their published year, the titles of journals, the types of study, the number of cases, the sites of injury, the types of treatments the instruments for assessment and ethics approvals. Results : 65 articles were published since 2008. The studies on korean Medicine treatments about traffic accident were mainly published in Journal of Oriental Rehabilitation Medicine. 10 case studies, 14 case series, 11 non randomized controlled trials, 21 randomized controlled trials and 9 systemic reviews had been under research. The most frequently occurred symptoms were neck pain and low back pain. In most studies, various korean Medicine treatments were used to treat the symptoms. Visual analogue scale(VAS) and neck disability index(NDI) were used as primary assessments. In most clinical studies, there were no mention about approval of institutional review board(IRB). Conclusion : In this study, we analyzed the trends of korean Medicine treatments on traffic accident from 2008 to 2012. Reviewing the domestic trends of studies on korean Medicine treatments for traffic accident and examining the strong and weak points of those treatments are essential for the future studies. It is needed to adopt the qualitative methods of evaluation in order to develop a level of evidence.