• Korean journal of applied entomology
• /
• v.20 no.2 s.47
• /
• pp.76-82
• /
• 1981

Cucumber Mosaic Virus (CMV) was isolated from naturally infected Hippenstrum hybridum. The virus caused mosaic symptoms on Nicotiana glutinosa and local lesions on Vignaunguiculata. The thermal inactivation point was 56C, dilution end point $10^{-3}$ and longevity in vitro was 2 days for CMV from Hippeastrum. Purified virus was obtained using citrate chloroform extraction procedure and polyethylene glycol precipitation followed by sucrose density gradient centrifugation. Purified virus had a typical absorption at 245nm. Electron micrographs of the purified virus from Hippeastrum showed spherical particles with 30nm in diameter. The purified virus reacted with CMV antiserum in agar gel double diffusion test.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
• /
• v.38 no.2
• /
• pp.168-176
• /
• 2010

Acellular dermal matrix (ADM), produced by decellularization from human cadaveric skin, has been used for various biomedical applications. A manufacturing process for ADM ($SureDerm^{TM}$) using tri-n-butyl phospahate (TnBP) and deoxycholic acids as the decellularization solution has been developed. The manufacturing process for $SureDerm^{TM}$ has 70% ethanol treatment and ethylene oxide gas sterilization for inactivating infectious microorganisms. The purpose of this study was to examine the efficacy of the 70% ethanol treatment, decellularization process using 0.1% TnBP and 2% deoxycholic acids, and EO gas sterilization process in the inactivation of viruses. A variety of experimental model viruses for human pathogens, including the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1), bovine herpes virus (BHV), bovine viral diarrhoea virus (BVDV), hepatitis A virus (HAV), and porcine parvovirus (PPV) were all selected for this study. Enveloped viruses such as HIV-1, BHV, and BVDV were effectively inactivated to undetectable levels by 70% ethanol treatment. However HAV and PPV showed high resistance to 70% ethanol treatment with the log reduction factors of 1.85 and 1.15, respectively. HIV-1, BHV, and BVDV were effectively inactivated to undetectable levels by decellularization process. All the viruses tested were completely inactivated to undetectable levels by EO gas treatment. The cumulative log reduction factors of HIV-1, BHV, BVDV, HAV, and PPV were $\geq12.71$, $\geq18.08$, $\geq14.92$, $\geq6.57$, and $\geq7.18$, respectively. These results indicate that the production process for $SureDerm^{TM}$ has a sufficient virus-reducing capacity to achieve a high margin of the virus safety.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
• /
• v.26 no.12
• /
• pp.2138-2140
• /
• 2016

The goal of this study was to identify a source of natural plant compounds with inhibitory activity against pepper mild mottle virus (PMMoV). We showed, using a half-leaf assay, that murrayafoline-A (1) and isomahanine (2) isolated from the aerial parts of Glycosmis stenocarpa have inhibitory activity against PMMoV through curative, inactivation, and protection effects. Using a leaf-disk assay, we confirmed that 2 inhibited virus replication in Nicotiana benthamiana. Using electron microscopy, we found that a mixture of the virus with 2 resulted in damage to the rod-shaped virus.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
• /
• v.20 no.1 s.46
• /
• pp.6-14
• /
• 1981

The effect of heat or chemotherapeutant treatment on the mosaic virus infected garlic(Allium sativum L.) scales and that of chemotherapeutant added to the culture medium were summarized as following. The treatment of the virus infected garlic scales at $37\~57^{\circ}C$ for 35 days to one hour in water or in air shelved no effort of inactivating the virus. Although treatment of the garlic scales at $62\~72^{\circ}C$ for 90 to five minutes reduced the mosaic symptom on the leaves of the garlic plants grown after the heat treatment, it reduced the growth vigor of the plants so greatly that complete inactivation of the virus in garlics was not feasible. The mosaic symptom on the leaves of garlic plant was reduced when the infected garlic scales were grown after 24 hours soaking in $10\~50\;ppm$ Malachite Green, 2,4-Dichlorophnoxy Acetic Acid, or in $20\~100\;ppm$ Quinhydron. These chemotherapeutants, however, inhibited the growth of garlic plant at the high concentration. Garlic scales soaked in $10\~50\;ppm$ Naphthyl Acetic Acid showed the least mosaic symptom without its complete extiction on the garlic leaves. When incorporated into the modified Murashige-Skoog's medium, $0.5\~l.5\;ppm$ Naphthyl Acetic Acid could inactivate the mosaic virus in newy developed garlic plants showing no mosaic symptom on the leaves, no inclusion bodies and intact nuclei in the leaf tissue cells.

• Korean Journal of Microbiology
• /
• v.45 no.4
• /
• pp.346-353
• /
• 2009

Viral, bacterial, and fungal infection can be transmitted from donor to recipient via transplantation of human amniotic membrane. Therefore human amniotic membrane for transplantation should be disinfected and sterilized before use. The purpose of this study was to examine the efficacy of the disinfection process and sterilization processes used at human tissue bank in the inactivation of viruses, bacteria, and fungi. A variety of experimental model viruses, bacteria, and fungus for human pathogens, including the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1), bovine herpes virus (BHV), bovine viral diarrhoea virus (BVDV), hepatitis A virus (HAV), porcine parvovirus (PPV), Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis, and Candida albicans were all selected for this study. Enveloped viruses such as HIV-1, BHV, and BVDV were effectively inactivated to undetectable levels by 70% ethanol treatment, gamma irradiation process, and ethylene oxide (EO) gas sterilization process. Also non-enveloped viruses such as HAV and PPV were effectively inactivated to undetectable levels by gamma irradiation and EO gas treatment. However HAV and PPV showed high resistance to 70% ethanol treatment. E. coli and C. albicans were effectively inactivated to undetectable levels by 70% ethanol treatment, gamma irradiation process, and EO gas treatment. Also B. subtilis was effectively inactivated to undetectable levels by gamma irradiation process and EO gas treatment. However it showed high resistance to 70% ethanol treatment.

• Korean Journal of Microbiology
• /
• v.48 no.4
• /
• pp.314-318
• /
• 2012

Most types of collagen used for biomedical applications, such as cell therapy and tissue engineering, are derived from animal tissues. Therefore, special precautions must be taken during the production of these proteins in order to assure against the possibility of the products transmitting infectious diseases to the recipients. The ability to remove and/or inactivate known and potential viral contaminants during the manufacturing process is an ever-increasingly important parameter in assessing the safety of biomedical products. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the efficacies of the 70% ethanol treatment and pepsin treatment at pH 2.0 for the inactivation of bovine viruses during the manufacture of collagen type I from bovine hides. A variety of experimental model viruses for bovine viruses including bovine herpes virus (BHV), bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV), bovine parainfluenza 3 virus (BPIV-3), and bovine parvovirus (BPV), were chosen for the evaluation of viral inactivation efficacy. BHV, BVDV, BPIV-3, and BPV were effectively inactivated to undetectable levels within 1 h of 70% ethanol treatment for 24 h, with log reduction factors of ${\geq}5.58$, ${\geq}5.32$, ${\geq}5.11$, and ${\geq}3.42$, respectively. BHV, BVDV, BPIV-3, and BPV were also effectively inactivated to undetectable levels within 5 days of pepsin treatment for 14 days, with the log reduction factors of ${\geq}7.08$, ${\geq}6.60$, ${\geq}5.60$, and ${\geq}3.59$, respectively. The cumulative virus reduction factors of BHV, BVDV, BPIV-3, and BPV were ${\geq}12.66$, ${\geq}11.92$, ${\geq}10.71$, and ${\geq}7.01$. These results indicate that the production process for collagen type I from bovine hides has a sufficient virus-reducing capacity to achieve a high margin of virus safety.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
• /
• v.15 no.6
• /
• pp.1384-1387
• /
• 2005

Hantavax(R) is one of the killed Hantavirus vaccines, and is commercially available in South Korea. This vaccine was developed by inactivation of virus isolated from infected suckling mouse brain with formalin. Although Hantavax(R) can induce neutralizing antibodies in vaccinees, the strength of this induction and the duration of the humoral immune response are controversial issues. In this study, we studied the native conformation of the killed vaccine by antigen-capture reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction with patient and vaccinee sera containing neutralizing antibodies against Hantavirus. The results showed that Hantavax(R) could bind HTNV patient and vaccinee sera like live virus, suggesting that the integrity of the viral epitope is maintained in Hantavax(R) and induces the protective antibodies, even though the virus was inactivated with formalin.

• Korean Journal of Microbiology
• /
• v.29 no.1
• /
• pp.34-39
• /
• 1991

The BTV core associated transcriptase activity, assayed by acid precipitable counts, was reduced to an undetectable level after treat the core with .$100{\mu}{\M}$ CDDP. When the RNA transcripts prepared from the CDDP treated BTV core were analysed on agaroseurea gel, it was observed that the band intensity of the large size RNA was reduced while the band intensity of the small size RNA was enhanced. Northern blot analysis showed that much of the small size RNAs appeared to be prematurely terminated transcripts. These results suggest that CDDP adduction to the template RNA blocks chain elongation process of the virion bound transcriptase that is ultimately responsible for the inactivation of BTV infectivity.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
• /
• v.20 no.4 s.49
• /
• pp.191-195
• /
• 1981

Cucurbits including pumpkin (Cucurbita pepo), gourd (Lagenariaa siceraria), cucumber (Cucumis sativus), melon(Cucumis melo) and watermelon(Cucurbita anguria) were diseased with mosaic symptoms. The causal virus was identified as watermelon mosaic virus(WMV). The WMV was transmitted by Myzus persicae Sulzer, and no seed borne virus was found. The virus caused large local lesions on the inoculated leaves of the Chenopodium amaranticolor and mosaic symptom on the upper leaves of Cucumis melo, Cucumis sativus, Lagenaria siceraria, Cucurbita anguria and Cucurbita pepo. There were no symptoms on the inoculated leaves of the Nicotiana tabacum var. Bright yellow, Nicotiana glutinosa, Vigna unguiculata. Petunia hybrida and Datura stramonium. Thermal inactivation point was $55\~65^{\circ}C$, dilution end point was $10^{-4}\;10^{-5}$ and longevity in vitro of the virus was $7\~8$ days. The virus showed positive reaction against watermelon mosaic virus antiserum in microprecipitin tests. The virus particles were flexuous rods in size of 750 nm.

• Journal of Adhesion and Interface
• /
• v.17 no.4
• /
• pp.149-154
• /
• 2016

In this study, natural polymer-based virus neutralizing agent was developed in an attempt to replace the conventional sterilization method for mammalian cell culture. A catechol conjugated heparin was synthesized by using EDC chemistry, and it show unique binding ability to virus which has heparin affinity (adenovirus, adeno-associated virus). To evaluate neutralization ability of catechol conjugated heparin, adeno-associated virus was used for test model, instead of using a pathogenic virus. The catechol conjugated heparin exhibited resistance to high concentration of salt and complete inactivation of adeno-associated virus. The result suggests that the catechol conjugated heparin, which is biocompatible and efficiency, may replace conventional sterilization method for mammalian cell culture.