• Proceedings of the KSRS Conference
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• 2002.10a
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• pp.411-416
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• 2002

The emergence of viral diseases transmitted is nowadays a central problem in the world. Problem, which is becoming very critical in developing countries, where the health systems are not yet enough developed to face the bursting of such diseases. Emerging viral diseases constitute one of the major threats to human being that are arising in the modern world. Besides bio-chemical and medical researches, new orientations are developed to understand the environmental dimensions of such emergence. Questions concerning the inter-plays between the environmental and disease dynamics are building up new investigations, both in remote sensing and GIS, for the elaboration of levels of organization of space and environment in relation to incidences, to gain understandings in these issues. Environmental attributes attached to land cover types: area, spatial heterogeneity and physical state, are derived from remote sensing and applied to uncover related dimensions of the Dengue disease.

• The Journal of Internal Korean Medicine
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.291-298
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• 2001

Objectives : This study was conducted to evaluate the effects that Injinsugunomija Extract affected Liver function test of Alcoholic liver disease and Viral hepatitis patients. Methods: We adminstered eighty packets of Injinsugunomija Extract to some kinds of liver disease patients for one month. And we investigated the changes of their liver function test. Results: The results from this study were summarized as followed. In the 10 patients of Alcoholic Liver Disease (ALD), 3 cases improve prominent and 4 cases improve effective and 3 cases are ineffective. Then 70% 01 ALD patients has improved by Injinsugunomija Extract In the 9 patients of Viral hepatitis, 1 case improves prominent and 4 cases improve effective and 1 case become worse and 1 case become worst and 2 cases are ineffective. Then 55.6% of Viral hepatitis patients has improved by Injinsugunomija Extract. Conclusions: From these results, Injinsugunomija Extract showed the meaningful effects on improving liver function test of ALD patients and Viral hepatitis patients.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.58 no.4
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• pp.177-182
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• 2018

Canine adenovirus type 2 (CAV-2) infection results in significant respiratory illness in dogs. Isolating and culturing CAV-2 allows for investigations into its pathogenesis and the development of vaccines and diagnostic assays. In this study, we successfully isolated a virus from a naturally infected dog in Gyeonggi-do, Korea. The virus was propagated in Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK) and Vero cells and showed a specific cytopathic morphology that appeared similar to a bunch of grapes. The virus was first confirmed as CAV-2 based on these cytopathic effects, an immunofluorescence assay, hemagglutination assay, and electron microscopy. The viral titer of the isolate designated APQA1601 reached $10^{6.5}$ 50% tissue culture infections dose per mL in MDCK cells and exhibited no hemagglutination units with erythrocytes from guinea pig. The virus was also confirmed by polymerase chain reaction and next-generation sequencing. The APQA1601 strain had the highest similarity (~99.9%) with the Toronto A26/61 strain, which was isolated in Canada in 1976 when the nucleotide sequences of the full genome of the APQA1601 strain were compared with those of other CAV strains. Isolating CAV-2 will help elucidate the biological properties of CAV-2 circulating in Korean dogs.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Biology
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• v.37 no.4
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• pp.474-482
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• 2019

Disease monitoring in wild aquatic animals is necessary to obtain information about disease occurrence, disease agents, and the transmission of diseases between wild and cultured species. In this study, we monitored viral diseases in wild marine fish and crustacea caught by trawl in Korea in April and October 2018. We monitored the viral diseases in 977 fish from 39 different species and 287 crustacea from 14 different species. In fish, we collected kidney and spleen to detect viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus (VHSV), red sea bream iridovirus (RSIV), marine birnavirus (MABV), hirame rhabdovirus (HRV), and lymphocystis disease virus (LCDV). In crustacea, we monitored white spot syndrome virus (WSSV), infectious hypodermal and hematopoietic necrosis virus (IHHNV), taura syndrome virus (TSV), infectious myonecrosis virus (IMNV), yellowhead disease virus (YHDV), and white tail disease virus (WTDV) using pleopods, pereiopods, gills, muscle, and hepatopancreases. Although none of the viral diseases tested in this study were detected in the samples, these results will help disease control between aquaculture species and wild aquatic animals.

• Biomedical Science Letters
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• v.2 no.2
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• pp.257-265
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• 1996

Simple stain and electron microscopic in situ hybridization is studied and applied for the identification of rabbit haemorrhagic disease viral RNA in a unicrylated preparation of the liver after innoculation of rabbit haemorrhagic disease virus. Hybridization for detection of viral RNA in unicryl embedded tissues using complementary 84 bases oligonucleotide probe labelled by biotin CE-phosphoramidite compared with 4717∼4800 sequences of rabbit haemorrhagic disease virus, modified hybridization protocol and antibiotin antibody-l0nm gold as signal marker. The best results were obtained in 0.02% glutaraldehyde, Unicryl resin cell block, biotinylated oligonucleotide probes, antibiotin-l0nm gold. In this report, RHD viral RNA was distributed widely within the mitochondria and nucleus of liver cell by electron microscopic in situ hybridization. In situ hybridization has become a standard method for localizing DNA or RNA sequences in tissue or celt preparation. In situ hybridization is detected the virus genome in the cells and tissue as specifically compared with others nucleic acid hybridization method.

• Journal of fish pathology
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• v.34 no.1
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• pp.1-7
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• 2021

Red sea bream iridovirus (RSIV), belonging to the genus Megalocytivirus, is the predominant cause of mortality in marine fishes in Korea, including rock bream (Oplegnathus fasciatus). Rockfish (Sebastes schlegelii) are the host fish for RSIV, exhibiting no clinical signs or mortality. Cohabitation challenges, which mimicked natural transmission conditions, were performed to evaluate viral transmission between rock bream and rockfish, and to determine the pathogenicity and viral loads. In cohabitation challenge, artificially RSIV-infected rock bream were the viral donor, and healthy rockfish were the recipient. The results showed that although the donor rock bream had 95-100 % cumulative mortality (>10⁸ viral genome copies/mg of spleen 7-14 days after viral infection), the recipient rockfish did not die, even when the viral genome copies in the spleen were >10⁵ copies/mg. These results indicated asymptomatic infections. Notably, in a reverse-cohabitation challenge (artificially RSIV-infected rockfish as the viral donor and healthy rock bream as the recipient), RSIV horizontally infected from subclinical rockfish to rock bream (10⁷ viral genome copies/mg of spleen 21 days after cohabitation) with 10-20% cumulative mortality. These results suggest that an asymptomatic, infected rockfish can naturally transmit the RSIV without being sacrificed.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.45 no.6
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• pp.666-674
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• 2012

We examined the cause of a disease outbreak in adult olive flounder Paralichthys olivaceus, which occurred at a Korean aquaculture farm in Korea in 2011. The principal signs included an expanded abdomen and congested liver, with persistent mortality (a little over two months). At the beginning of the outbreak, farm administrators misjudged the disease as bacterial in origin, because of the aforementioned signs, persistent mortality, and the detection of bacterial species, including Vibrio spp. and Streptococcus spp. Moreover, the detection of viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus (VHSV) by reverse trasnscription-PCR analysis was complicated by use of the VHS-VN primer set, which has been in general use recently, because it produced weak bands in some samples. Therefore, we recommend the use of at least two different primer sets in the diagnosis of VHSV. Our histopathological findings indicate that necrotizing myocarditis could be considered a pathogenic sign of VHSV infection.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.44 no.3
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• pp.383-390
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• 2016

Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are multipotent stem cells that can be differentiated into a variety of cell types, including adipocytes, osteoblasts, chondrocytes, β-pancreatic islet cells, and neuronal cells. MSCs have been reported to exhibit immunomodulatory effects in many diseases. Many studies have reported that MSCs have distinct roles in modulating inflammatory and immune responses by releasing bioactive molecules. Exosomes are cell-derived vesicles present in biological fluids, including the blood, urine, and cultured medium of cell cultures. In this study, we investigated the immunomodulatory effects of mouse adipose tissue-derived MSCs (mAD-MSCs), cultured medium (MSC-CM) of mAD-MSCs, and mAD-MSC-derived exosomes (MSC-Exo) on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced RAW 264.7 cells. We observed that the expression levels of IL-1β, TNF-α, and IL-10 were significantly increased in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells compared to those in LPS-unstimulated RAW 264.7 cells. Additionally, these values were significantly (p < 0.05) decreased in mAD-MSCs-RAW 264.7 cell co-culture groups, MSC-CM-treated groups, and MSC-Exo-treated groups. MSCs can modulate the immune system in part by secreting cytokines and growth factors. We observed that immunomodulatory factors such as IL-1β, TNF-α, and IL-10 were secreted by mAD-MSCs under co-culturing conditions of mAD-MSCs with activated RAW 264.7 cells. In addition, mAD-MSC-derived exosomes exhibited similar immunomodulatory effects in activated RAW 264.7 cells. Therefore, our results suggest that mAD-MSCs have an immunomodulatory function through indirect contact.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Service
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• v.36 no.3
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• pp.151-155
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• 2013

Since a large number of Akabane and bovine ephemeral fever (BEF) infection occurred in the southern part of Korea in 2010, recent information about seroprevalence of Akabane virus (AKAV) and bovine ephemeral fever virus (BEFV) has been required for preventing both diseases. In this study, serological assay against AKAV and BEFV using virus neutralization assay was conducted using 1,743 bovine sera collected from Namwon, Miryang, Yeongju and Uljin which located in Southern part of Korea from March to May in 2012. The overall seropositive rates for AKAV and BEFV were found to be 49.8% and 1.2%, respectively. The regional distribution of seroprevalence for AKAV ranged from 18.1% to 63.7%. Seroprevalences of AKAV were 63.7% in Miryang, 62.3% in Uljin, 50.7% in Namwon, and 18.1% in Yeongju. The seropositive rates for AKAV in southern part of Korea were higher than the annual average at the national level. On the other hand, seropositive rates of BEFV in four regions were from 0.3 to 3.1%. In detail, regional seroprevalences were 3.1% in Miryang, 2.0% in Uljin, and 1.7% in Yeongju, and 0.3% in Namwon. Even only one year after massive outbreaks, overall seropositive rates were very low, similar to the annual average at the nation level. This result indicates that many number of cattle infected with BEFV may be replaced by new born calf or cattle in farm may not be immunized with vaccines. To prevent another epidemic, a national wide warning should be issued and more aggressive control measure must be implied. Recent global warming phenomenon could lead to more vigorous activity of haematophagous vectors and it is possible that arboviral diseases such as AKAV and BEFV are increased. Therefore, continuous sero-monitoring and extensive vaccination combined with control of haematophagous vectors are important to effectively prevent and control diseases caused by AKAV and BEFV.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.60 no.1
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• pp.25-32
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• 2020

Natural killer (NK) cells play have a crucial role in the early phase of immune responses against various pathogens. We compared characteristics of canine NK cells against two canine mammary carcinoma cell lines, REM134 and CF41.Mg. REM134 showed higher expression of progesterone receptor, proliferative cell nuclear antigen, Ki67, multiple drug resistance, Bmi-1, c-myc, E-cadherin, and human epidermal growth factor receptor type-2 than that of CF41.Mg. For specific expansion and activation of NK cells, we isolated CD5 negative cells from canine peripheral blood mononuclear cells and co-cultured K562 cells in the presence of interleukin (IL)-2, IL-15, and IL-21 for 21 days. As a result, we found that expression markers of activated NK cells such as NKp30, NKp44, NKp46, NKG2D, CD244, perforin, granzyme B, and tumor necrosis factor alpha were highly upregulated. In addition, we found there was upregulated production of interferon gamma of activated NK cells against target cells such as REM134 and CF41.Mg. Specifically, we observed that cytotoxicity of NK cells against target cells was more sensitively reacted to CF41.Mg than REM134. Based on the results of this study, we recommend the development of an experimental application of CF41Mg, which has not been reported in canine mammary carcinoma research.