• Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
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• v.54 no.4
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• pp.22-35
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• 2021

Recently, as the climate changes rapidly and the prevalence of airborne fine particulate matter increases, the pattern of pollutants in the atmospheric environment is also changing. Therefore, the importance of studying the stability of pigments used in colored cultural properties is emerging. Hoecheong is an inorganic blue glass pigment called smalt; it is made by using cobalt as a coloring element in potash glass, and was widely used in colored cultural assets, such as murals and paintings. In this study, we collected three other hoecheong pigments to analyze their properties. The percentage of Co and K contained are different according to the manufacturer, and the smalt-3 sample has a lower cobalt content (15.1 wt.%) and higher potassium content (29.6 wt.%). After this analysis, colored specimens were prepared. Prepared specimens were exposed to ultra-violet rays, CO₂/NO₂, and NaCl, which are known to have the greatest influence on the stability of pigments. We found that factors affecting the color stability were NO₂ gas, ultra-violet rays, and water-soluble salts (NaCl). Among them, NO₂ has the most severe impact on color change of the pigments. Results of the component analysis showed that the color change depends on the potassium and cobalt content of the hoecheong pigment. Among the specimens, smalt-3 showed the most vulnerability after exposure to NO₂ gas and water-soluble salts. Pigment film stability is affected by watersoluble salts, giving rise not only to color change, but also weakening the physical properties of the film. However, there was no significant change in composition and color after exposure to CO₂ gas. In conclusion, we found that hoecheong pigments underwent color change and increased instability of the coating film when exposed to any of the atmospheric environmental factors used in this study, except for CO₂.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.17 no.6
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• pp.847-852
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• 2010

The anthocyanin pigment composition and color of several grape cultivars including Campbell Early, Muscat Bailey A, Kyoho (black berries), and North Red (red berries), were investigated. Twelve types of anthocyanins were identified in these cultivars by LC-MS. Black-colored cultivars, especially Muscat Bailey A, contained the widest range of anthocyanins, whereas the anthocyanin composition of North Red, the red-colored cultivar, was relatively simple. Anthocyanins extracted from the skin of berries were red in color at low pH, regardless of the origin of the extract. At higher pH, however, various colors, including blue, violet, brown, and black, were evident, depending on the cultivar. Differences in color expression among cultivars may be related to variations in the types and amounts of anthocyanidins synthesized, from which anthocyanin pigments are derived. The colors expressed by anthocyanin pigments were strong and diverse even at low concentrations. Therefore, anthocyanins extracted from grapes may be useful as natural food colorants.

• Conservation Science in Museum
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• v.28
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• pp.109-136
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• 2022

This study analyzes the , one of the three panels of 《Welcoming Banquets for the Governor of Pyeong-an》, a documentary painting of the late Joseon Dynasty, with the aim to identify the coloring materials used in the painting. The painting was first imaged at each wavelength in order to minimize the potential problems in the process of analyzing specific parts. This study applied X-rays to identify ink, gold, and organic and inorganic pigments and used infrared rays to find ink and copper-based pigments. It also applied hyperspectral imaging to distinguish organic pigments from black, blue, and green materials. It also analyzed spots selected for each color to identify the following materials: white lead (white), ink/indigo (black), a combination of red lead and cinnabar (red), pink dye, purple dye, iron oxides (brown), orpiment/dye (yellow), malachite/malachite and yellow dye/indigo (green), azurite/white lead and indigo/indigo (blue), indigo and cochineal (violet), and gold leaf (gold). It is expected that more efficient analysis will be made possible by securing a sufficient library for each wavelength.

• Korean Journal of Microbiology
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• v.30 no.6
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• pp.483-487
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• 1992

Among a few number of UV-resistant isolated form various environmental sources (10), we made a comparative physio-chemoanalytical study on one of spherical bacteria isolated from air dust, presumably Deinococcus sp. (CM strain 29) with an UV resistant bacterium, Deinococcus radiophilus ATCC 27603 as the reference strain. Our isolate of UV resistant coccus, Deinococcus sp. CM 29 and D. radiophilus ATCC 27603 showed more than 75% matching coefficient in metabolic activity of various substrates. The most predominant cellular fatty acid of both strains was palmitoleic acid (C 16 :1, cis 9), but the detail fatty acid profiles were slightly dissimilar to each other. Cell-bound arange pigment seemed to be an identical chemicals on spectrophotometric analysis. L-ornithine was detected as cell-wall amino acid in both strains. Galactose was detected as cell-wall sugar in D. radiophilus ATCC 27603, whereas glucose in Deinococcus sp. CM 29. G-C molar ratio of both strains was comparable, 63-65%.

• The Journal of the Korean Society for Microbiology
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.53-62
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• 1986

An attempt was made to verify the antibacterial activities of the soluble extracts of Gardenia jasminoides(SEGJ) against mycobacteria other than tubercle bacilli (MOTT); M. kansasii, M. scrofulaceum, M. simiae, M. szulgai, M.xenopi, M. avium-intracellulare complex, M. gordonae and M. flarescens. In addition, the effect of the SEGJ on the yellow pigmentation and violet pigmentation (crocin reaction) of the colonies of the MOTT grown on7H10-crocin agar plates was observed. The SEGJ gave a growth stimulatory activity against most species of mycobacteria except for M. szulgai at low concentration of the SEGJ in terms of crocin pigment OD=0.02 or less, but exerted an inhibitory activity at high concentration of OD=0.04 or more. The growth-inhibitory activity of the SEGJ was dose-dependent but the yellow pigmentation of the scotochromogens was not affected by the dose of the SEGJ that was growth-inhibitory. Crocin positive reaction was observed only with M. kansasii.

• Applied Chemistry for Engineering
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• v.26 no.5
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• pp.533-537
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• 2015

Micro-algae Chlorella vulgaris (C. vulgaris) is an important source for bio-diesel because of the high content of neutral lipids. In this study, we intended to induce mutants of C. vulgaris by UV-B irradiation. C. vulgaris was first exposed to UV-B for 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 min. As the UV-B exposure time increased, the cell viability and pigment content were decreased. Mutants of C. vulgaris were also induced through ultraviolet irradiation and two strains were selected with respect to lipid contents, where were named as 'UM10', 'UM15'. They were then cultivated in the same way as to the wild type. After 21 days of cultivation, the cell growth, dry cell weight, pigment contents, and lipid contents were measured for investigating characteristics of mutants. As a result, the cell growth and dry cell weight of both mutants increased about 1.4 and 1.5 times, respectively compared with those of wild type. In addition, chlorophyll and carotenoid contents were measured in order to investigate pigment contents in micro-algae through photosynthesis. It was shown that chlorophyll and carotenoid contents of both mutants decreased about 10% compared to those of wild type. Lipid contents in UM10 and UM15 increased about 1.2 and 1.5 times, respectively compared to that of wild type.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Crop Science Conference
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• 2017.06a
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• pp.83-83
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• 2017

The National Agrobiodiversity Center (NAS, RDA, Republic of Korea) has continually collected new valuable genetic resources. In this study, we regenerated conserved kidney bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) germplasm which couldn't be available because of seed quantity and quality, and we also surveyed their morphological characters for the sustainable utilization. A total of 431 kidney bean accessions were regenerated and 18 morphological traits were surveyed according to the characterization guideline of RDA Genebank. Among the surveyed traits, flowering time ranged from May 23 to September 4 and 73.8% of tested accessions were mainly flowering in June. The maturity time ranged from July 1 to October 15 and main flowering time was July (91.4%). For plant type, 270 accs (62.6%) were climbing type followed by medium type of 86 accs (20.0%) and dwarf type of 65 accs (15.1%). The seed coat colors were various; yellow (34.6%), white (22.3%), brown (17.9%), red (10.7%), black (5.8%), violet (11%), pink (1.4%), navy (0.9%). Principal component analysis indicated that five principal components (PCs) with Eigen values >1 accounted for more than 65.8% variability. The first PC was more related to growth habits such as growth type, flowering time, and plant type. The second and third PCs showed higher values of the pigment characters such as seed coat color, flower color, and pod color. In fourth and fifty PCs, there were the higher positive values of the pod shapes. Our results provided insight into the characteristics kidney beans, thus the utilization basis of kidney beans might be elevated for bio-industry.

• International Journal of Advanced Culture Technology
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• v.7 no.4
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• pp.125-136
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• 2019

The radish skin and radish greens are an edible part of the radish. But they are removed before eating the radish and used as a byproduct or an animal feed material because of their tough and rough texture. Melanin is a pigment that gives colour to our skin. But increased production of melanin can turn into benign or malignant tumours. These days due to global warming, the amount of Ultra violet (UVB) rays has been extensively increased with sunlight. Due to this, a phenomenon called exogenous photo aging is widely observed for all skin colour and types. As a result of this phenomenon, a set of enzymes called matrix metalloproteinases (MMP's) that serves as degradation enzymes for extracellular matrix proteins mainly collagen is increased, causing depletion in collagen and resulting in early wrinkles formation. Therefore in our study we used the murine melanoma cell line B16/F10 to study the melanogenesis inhibition by Heated radish extract (HRE) in vitro and we used HRM-2 hair less mice exposed to artificial UVB for checking the efficacy of Heated radish extract in vivo. Furthermore, we prepared a 3% Heated radish extract (HRE) cream and checked its effects on human skin. Our results have clearly demonstrated that Heated radish extract (HRE) have potently suppressed the tyrosinase activity and melanin production in B16/F10 cells. It had also reduced the expression of components involved in melanin production pathway both transcriptionally and transitionally. In in vivo studies, HRE had potently suppressed the expression of MMP's and reduced the wrinkle formation and inhibited collagen degradation. Moreover, on human skin, ginseng cream increased the resilience, skin moisture and enhanced the skin tone. Therefore in light of these findings, we conclude that HRE is an excellent skin whitening and antiaging product.

• Mycobiology
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• v.35 no.2
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• pp.91-96
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• 2007

In the present study we first report in Korea the identification and characterization of Fusarium oxysporum isolated from rotten stems and roots of paprika (Capsicum annuum var. grossum) at Masan, Kyungsangnamdo in 2006. The fungal species produced white aerial mycelia accompanying with dark violet pigment on PDA. The optimal temperature and pH for the growth of the species was $25^{\circ}C$ and pH 7, respectively. Microscopic observation of one of isolates of the species shows that its conidiophores are unbranched and monophialides, its microconidia have oval-ellipsoidal shape with no septate and are of $3.0{\sim}11{\times}1.5{\sim}3.5\;{\mu}m$ sizes, its macroconidia are of $15{\sim}20{\times}2.0{\sim}3.5\;{\mu}m$ sizes and have slightly curved or slender shape with $2{\sim}3$ septate. The results of molecular analysis show that the ITS rDNA of F. oxysporum from paprika shares 100% sequence identity with that of known F. oxysporum isolates. The identified species proved it's pathogenicity by causing rotting symptom when it was inoculated on paprika fruits. The growth of F. oxysporum from paprika was suppressed on PDA by agrochemicals such as benomyl, tebuconazole and azoxystrobin. The identified species has the ability of producing extracelluar enzymes that degrade cellobiose and pectin.

• Korean Journal Plant Pathology
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.109-114
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• 1998

To investigate Phomopsis species causing fruit decays of Japanese apricot, apple and kiwifruit, we collected diseased fruits from the fruit markets in 1995 and 1996 respectively. Phomopsis mali Roberts was identified based on cultural characteristics, morphological aspects and pathogenicity. There were no remarkable differences with respect to $\alpha$ and $\beta$ conidia, growth rates and colony characters among the isolates from Japanese apricot, apple and kiwifruit. The pathogens grew more than 70 mm on potato dextrose agar in 5 days at $25^{\circ}C$. The agar was slightly discolored by the production of a reddish purple pigment under the light at $25^{\circ}C$ and 3$0^{\circ}C$ respectively. Only $\alpha$ spores of the different isolates of P. mali were formed at 15$^{\circ}C$ and $\beta$ spores were mainly produced at 3$0^{\circ}C$, but and $\alpha$ and $\beta$ spores were produced in approximately equal numbers at 2$0^{\circ}C$ and $25^{\circ}C$. Pycnidia were a few under the dark condition but were abundant at wide range of 15~3$0^{\circ}C$ under near ultra violet illumination. Conidia were two types : $\alpha$ spores were unicellar, fusoid, hyaline and biguttulate, whereas $\beta$ sores were unicellar, acicular to filiform, straight or hooked and hyaline. An ascigerous stage was not formed in cultures or in nature. Isolates of Phomopsis mali from japanese apricot, apple and kiwifruit could infect fruits of apple, pear, apricot, Japanese apricot and kiwifruit. There were some differences in pathogenicity depending on stocks of fruit crops tested.