• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.46 no.1
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• pp.40-48
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• 2013

This study evaluated the close crop recycling method by using the extract from defective onions. The mixture of the diluted extract (1/500) and nutrients was applied seven times on the onion leaves without spilling it onto the field. The yield and quality of the onions produced by this method (recycle) were compared to those grown organically (control) and conventionally (normal). The yield from the recycling field was increased significantly by 9% compared to that of the control field, while it was decreased by 11% compared to the normal field (p < 0.05). This lower yield was explained by the differences of the mulching vinyl and the fertilizers between the treatments which effect the onion growth during the winter. The content of quercetin in the onions from the recycling filed was increased significantly by 34% and 44% compared to those of the control and normal field, respectively (p < 0.05). It seemed that minerals and biologically active substances in the defective onion extract were effective in increasing the onion growth. In terms of soil microbial biomass, arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi was increased significantly in the recycle field by 40.1% and 30.6% compared to those of the control and normal fields, respectively (p < 0.05). On the other hand, microbial stress (cy19:0/18:1w7c) was decreased in the recycle field by 21.0% and 14.1% compared to those of the control and normal fields, respectively.

• Polymer(Korea)
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• v.32 no.3
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• pp.246-250
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• 2008

Colloidal stability of the biodegradable nanoparticle was characterized by measuring the variation of particle size with time using photon correlation spectroscopy. Three kinds of polymers, namely, poly(D,L-lactide-co-glycolide)(PLGA), PLGA/poly(L-lactide) blends, and PLGA/poly(L-lactide)-g-poly(ethylene glycol) blends were used as matrix material for nanoparticle preparation. Nanoparticles were prepared with or without using poly(vinyl alcohol)(PVA) as suspension stabilizer to evaluate the condition of preparation. Nanoparticles from the blend of amphiphilic graft copolymer with short poly(ethylene glycol) chain and PLGA maintained suspension for 1 day when protein stock solution was introduced. This is somewhat improvement in colloidal stability against protein adsorption compared with that of nanoparticles without PEG moiety. Suspension stabilizer, PVA, had a significant effect on the colloidal stability against freezing and protein adsorption which led to coagulation of nanoparticles. It is important to consider effect of suspension stabilizer as well as materials used to prepare nanoparticle on the colloidal stability.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.65-75
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• 1976

To compare the maternal health status between women in island and land, the study was conducted to adjacent land (kukdong) and island (kyonghodong) areas in Yosoo city during April 1976. The results obtained from 174 interviewee in island and 192 in land areas were the same as follow, 1. General characteristics of both area. Age: Land, group 20-29 year of age was the largest. Island, 30-39 year of age was the largest. Education; Low educated group, less than primary grade (land 88.6%, island 93.1%), was predominant in both area. Occupation of herself; agriculture and labor was the main occupation (land 50%, island 82.2%) in both area. Occupation of husband: labor and fishery was general (81.2%) in land, and agriculture and fishery was general (81.6%) in island. Duration of residence; Land, 25.0% being resided here more than 10 years. Island, 64.3% being resided here more than 10 years. 2. Marriage, Pregnancy, and Present children. Average age at marriage; Land, 20.7 years. Island, 20.9 years. Average frequency of pregnancy; Land, 4.4 times. Island, 4.3 times. Wastage of pregnancies: Land, 236 per 1000 pregnancies. Island, 151 per 1000 pregnancies. Wastage occupied by induced abortion; land, 73.5%. island, 60.5%. Number and sex of present children; Land, 3.3 per family, sex ratio 52.4 to 47.6. Island, 3.6 per family, sex ratio 53.3 to 46.7. 3. Prenatal and postnatal care. Prenatal consutation: Land, 16.1% received by doctor or midwife. Island 9.2% received by doctor or midwife. Complications during last pregnancy; Land, 46.6% complained. Island, 51.1% complained. Return to work within 1 week after delivery; Land, 40.6%. Island, 50.6%. 4. Delivery environment Home delivery; Land, 97.4% Island, 97.3%. Delivery attdended by non medical professions at home; Land, 80.2% Island, 93.7%. Solo home delivery; Land, 13.0%, Island, 12.9%. Delivery attended by layman without taking any disinfective preparations; Land, 48.1%, Island, 49.1%. Material mainly used to cut umbilical cord at home; Land, scissors (97.4%). Island, scissora (98.8%). Cord cutting material used without giving any disinfective preparations; Land, 79.9%, Island, 84.0%. Delivery sheets used at home; Cement bag paper (land 50.0%, island, 31.3%). Vinyl sheets (land,17.5%, island, 27.6%). News paper (land, 3.2%. island, 11.7%). No sheets (land 19.5%. island, 12.9%). etc. Maternal Meal; Seaweed soup with rice was the most general in both area. (land 95.3%, island, 91.4%).

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.1 no.2
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• pp.120-124
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• 1993

Effect of eight different treatments to stimulate germination and of seedling ageson the growth and tuber yields of Liriope platyphlla was carried out in vitro(room temperature)and in vivo(field). Treatments, in vitro, of sulfuric acid(2%), $GA_3$(100ppm), and stratification were most stimulated the germination of L.platyphylla. Among them the stratification was also the most effective for emergence in field and was shortened the days to germination in vitro and in vivo. Plant height and the number of leaves and tillers per plant in the sulfuric acid and the vinyl mulch treatments were the poorest, but those in other treatments were highered without any differences. Seeding of L.platyphylla was taken 66 days to emerge and the growth of that was more decreased than that of the seedlings. The younger seedling, the shorter the day of emergence of a new shoot. The olders were bloomed earlier and more increased the growth than the yongers and the divided seedlings, but the tuber yield was most increased in the 3 years seedling.

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.101-109
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• 2016

Background: The purpose of this study was to evaluate methods to reduce seeding expenses, thereby increasing farm income. This study investigated the effects of rain shelter controlled cultivation and adapted seeding times on the stable seed production of Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi. Methods and Results: Seed germination was conducted under 10 condition compose to control, water washing, cold storage at $4^{\circ}C$ for 15 days, seed sterilization with a benomyl pesticides, hormone treated seed by submerging in 100 ppm $GA_3$ with the cold storage at $20^{\circ}C$ and $25^{\circ}C$, darkness in a covered petridish and illuminated with a 1,500 Lux lamp. There were three cultivation type, open cultivation with non-woven fabric mulching, cultivation with a vinyl covering and rain sheltered in a plastic greenhouse. Sowing dates were April 27, May 18, June 7 and June 28, 2013. Plants were spaced 10 cm apart in rows 30 cm apart. Mixed oil cake fertilizer, $N-P_2O_5-K_2O$ (12-10-10) was applied at $600kg{\cdot}10a^{-1}$. Conclusions: Optimum germination occured in darkness at $25^{\circ}C$ and cold storage after submerging in $GA_3$. The highest seed yields ($4.5kg{\cdot}10a^{-1}$) occurred in the plastic greenhouse for the April 25 sowing. The highest root yield (17%) was found on April 1, under greenhouse conditions.

• Membrane Journal
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• v.8 no.4
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• pp.235-242
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• 1998

Pervaporation separation of methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE) and methanol (MeOH) mixture, of which the former compound is well known as the octane booster was carried out. Poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) membranes crosslinked with poly(acrylic acid) which have been successfully applied on the water-alcohol mixtures were used in this study. The PVA/PAA ratio in the crosslinked membranes was 95/5, 90/10, 85/15, 80/20, and 75/25 by weight. The operating temperatures were 30, 40, and 50$\circ$C, and the compositions of MTBE and MeOH to be separated were 95/5, 90/10, and 80/20 (MTBE/MeOH) solutions. PVA/PAA=85/15 membrane showed the separation factor $\alpha_{MeOH/MTBE}$=4000 and the permeation rate of 10.1 g/m$^2$hr for MTBE/MeOH=80/20 solution at 50$\circ$. When the same membrane was used, the separation factor and permeation rate for MTBE/MeOH=90/10 solution at 40$\circ$C were $\alpha_{MeOH/MTBE}$=6000 and 8.5 g/m$^2$hr, respectively. Also, the hydrophilic/hydrophobic balance of the membranes would take an important role in the relationships between the membranes and separation performances in terms of the flux and the separation factor.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.34 no.6
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• pp.885-891
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• 2005

The study was carried out to find the effect of freeze drying on the volatile organic components in garlic (Allium sativum L.). The volatile organic compounds from fresh and freeze dried garlic were extracted by simultaneous steam distillation and extraction (SDE) method and identified with GC/MS analysis. A total of 42 and 32 compounds were identified in fresh and freeze-dried garlic, respectively. Sulfur containing compounds in the garlic samples were detected as the major compounds, and alcohols, aldehydes and esters were detected as minor compounds. Diallyl disulfide, diallyl trisulfide, allyl methyl disulfide and ally1 methyl trisulfide were the main sulfur compounds in fresh and freeze dried garlic. The amount of sulfur containing compounds were decreased freeze-drying but methyl propyl trisulide, 3- allylthiopropionic acid, cyclopentyl ethyl sulfide etc. were increased. The others, non- sulfur containing compounds such as ethyl acetate, ethanol, 2-propenol, 2- propenal and hexanal were increased in freeze-dried garlic. Consequently, the total amount of volatile organic compounds in garlic became lower during freeze-drying from 853.42 mg/kg to 802.21 /kg, and the composition of major components were nearly same in fresh and freeze-dried garlic.

• Journal of Biomedical Engineering Research
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.243-251
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• 1997

In this paper, we have reported two interesting flow effects arising in the TRFGE sequence using water flow phantom. First, we have shown that the TRFGE sequence is indeed not affected by "in-flow" effect from the unsaturated spins flowing into the imaging slice. Second, the enhancement of "in-plane flow" signal in the readout gradient direction was observed when the TRFGE sequence was used without flow compensation. These two results have many interesting applications in MR imaging other than fMRI. Results obtained were also compared with the results obtained by the conventional gradient echo(CGE) imaging. Experiments were performed at 4.7T MRI/S animal system (Biospec, BRUKER, Switzerland). A cylindrical phantom was made using acryl and a vinyl tube was inserted at the center(Fig. 1). The whole cylinder was filled with water doped with $MnCl_2$ and the center tube was filled with saline which flows in parallel to the main magnetic field along the tube. Tailored RF pulse was designed to have quadratic ($z^2$) phase distribution in slice direction(z). Imaging parameters were TR/TE = 55~85/10msec, flip angle = $30^{\circ}$, slice thickness = 2mm, matrix size = 256${\times}$256, and FOV= 10cm. In-flow effect : Axial images were obtained with and without flow using the CGE and TRFGE sequences, respectively. The flow direction was perpendicular to the image slice. In-plane flow : Sagittal images were obtained with and without flow using the TRGE sequence. The readout gradient was applied in parallel to the flow direction. We have observed that the "in-flow" effect did not affect the TRFGE image, while "in-plane flow" running along the readout gradient direction enhanced the signal in the TRFGE sequence when flow compensation gradient scheme was not used.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.428-436
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• 2012

This study aimed to develop the multi-span plastic greenhouse which is suitable for tomato cultivation and is safe against climatic disasters such as typhoon or heavy snow. The width and heights of eaves and ridge of newly developed tomato greenhouse are 7, 4.5 and 6.5 m, respectively. The width is the same but the eaves and ridge heights are 1.8 and 2 m higher than conventional 1-2 W greenhouses, respectively. Cross beam has been designed as a truss structure so it can sustain loads of tomato and equipment. Tomato greenhouse has been designed according to climatic disaster preventing design standard maintaining the high height. In other words, the material dimensions and interval of materials including column and rafter have been set to stand against $40m{\cdot}s^{-1}$ of wind and 40 cm of snow. Tomato greenhouse has been equipped with rack-pinion type roof vents which have been used in glass greenhouse in order to prevent excessive rise in air temperature. This vent type is different from that of 1-2 W type greenhouse which is made by rolling up and down the vinyl at upper part of column. Roof vents are installed at ridge, and thus external air inflow and natural ventilation are maximized. As the height increases, heating cost increase as well and, therefore, tomato greenhouse has been equipped with multi-layered thermal curtain, of which thermo-keeping is excellent, to prevent heat from escaping.

• Journal of Energy Engineering
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.270-282
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• 2013

Combustible waste into energy policy is an effective method to respond to climate change and depletion of fossil fuels. Combustible waste into energy is the process of generating energy in the form of electricity and/or heat from the combustible waste such as vinyl, paper and plastic. This study tries to estimate the external benefit of enhancing the ratio of combustible waste into energy to primary energy from 1.89% to 5% using contingent valuation(CV) method. To this end, we report the results from a CV survey to elicit the willingness to pay (WTP) for combustible waste into energy. A CV survey of 500 households was conducted in the Seoul by using person-to-person interviews. Thus, the procedures of applying and the findings from the one-and-one-half bounded dichotomous choice spike model used to deal with the zero WTP responses are provided in the paper. The results show that the average WTP is estimated to be 2,724 won per household per month and statistically significant at the 5% level. Expanding the value to the Seoul gives us an aggregate value of 13.7 billion won per year.