• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제54권1호
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• pp.54-66
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• 2021

Purpose: Considering the various health benefits of vegetables, it is necessary to identify maternal correlates of vegetable preference and consumption in children for shaping desirable vegetable-related eating habits. This study aimed to investigate the maternal factors related to vegetable preferences and consumption in preschool-aged children. Methods: This is a cross-sectional study that surveyed 303 mother-child pairs (146 boys, 157 girls) to explore general characteristics, vegetable preferences, and cooked vegetable consumption in mothers and children using a questionnaire method. Maternal correlates of the child's vegetable preference and consumption were tested using a generalized linear model using SAS program. Results: Mothers' vegetable preferences and consumption were significantly higher than those in their children (p < 0.001). Mothers' vegetable preferences showed a significant positive correlation with the vegetable preferences of their children (mother-son, p < 0.001; mother-daughter, p < 0.001). Additionally, mothers' cooked vegetable consumption showed a significant positive correlation with the cooked vegetable consumption of children (mother-son, p < 0.001; mother-daughter, p < 0.001). Mothers' vegetable preferences and consumption respectively increased those of their children, in both boys and girls. Conclusion: Findings that mothers' vegetable preference and consumption correlates of children's vegetable preferences and consumption, indicate the importance of the mothers' role in increasing vegetable consumption in children. Mothers should be aware of the effects of their vegetable eating habits on their children's vegetable consumption and try to develop healthy eating habits. We suggest that the government or local communities provide nutrition education for mothers to adopt healthy eating habits and present information to educate their children on food and healthy dietary habits.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제42권5호
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• pp.713-720
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• 2013

본 연구에서는 채소 관련 영양교육의 효과성을 평가하기 위해 경남 창원지역에 소재하는 A초등학교 학생 122명(교육집단 61명, 비교육집단61명)을 대상으로 2010년 10월 4일부터 10월 25일까지 4주간 영양교사가 직접 영양교육을 실시하였으며, 교육집단과 비교육집단을 대상으로 영양교육 전후에 각각 설문조사를 실시하였다. 영양교육의 효과성 평가를 위해 영양지식(채소 인지도, 채소 관련 영양지식), 채소 기호도, 채소 섭취 행동(채소 섭취 경험 정도, 채소 반찬 섭취율)의 변화를 분석하였으며 그 결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 채소 관련 영양교육이 채소 인지도에 미치는 영향 분석 결과 교육집단과 비교육집단 모두 교육전보다 교육후 채소 인지도가 유의적으로 높아졌으나(p<0.001), 교육집단의 상승폭이 비교육집단의 상승폭보다 컸다. 또한 채소 관련 영양지식의 경우 비교육집단에서 유의한 차이가 없었으나 교육집단에서는 유의한 차이를 보여(p<0.001) 영양교육으로 인해 채소 관련 영양 지식이 높아졌음을 알 수 있었다. 둘째, 채소 기호도의 변화를 분석한 결과 비교육집단에서는 유의한 차이가 없었으나 교육집단에서는 유의한 차이를 보여(p<0.001) 영양교육이 영양지식의 향상에 효과적인 영향력이 있음을 알 수 있었다. 셋째, 채소 관련 영양교육이 채소 섭취경험의 변화에 미치는 영향을 살펴본 결과 비교육집단(p<0.001)과 교육집단(p<0.001) 모두에서 유의한 차이를 보였으나 교육집단에서의 상승폭이 더 크게 나타났다. 즉 채소 관련 영양교육으로 인해 다양한 채소 섭취를 경험하게 됨을 알 수 있었다. 학교급식에서 제공되는 채소 반찬의 섭취율의 변화에 미치는 영향 분석 결과 시금치반찬(p<0.001), 배추김치(p<0.001), 깍두기(p<0.001)의 섭취율이 교육집단에서 유의적으로 증가하는 것을 알 수 있었다. 넷째, 교육집단을 대상으로 채소 관련 영양교육에 대한 인식을 조사한 결과 조사대상의 67.2%가 '영양교육수업이 흥미 있었다'고 응답하였으며, '영양교육 수업이 영양지식의 향상에 도움이 되었다'는 응답은 62.3%였다. 영양교육 후 채소반찬 제공 시의 섭취행동에 대해서는 '골고루 조금씩 먹는다'는 응답이 44.3%로 가장 많이 조사되어 채소 관련 영양교육이 학생들에게 긍정적인 영향을 미치는 것을 알 수 있었다. 본 연구 결과에 의하면 영양교사에 의한 채소 관련 영양교육이 학생들의 채소 인지도, 채소 관련 영양지식, 채소 기호도, 채소 섭취 경험 및 채소 반찬 섭취율의 변화에 긍정적인 영향을 미치는 것을 알 수 있었다. 본 연구 결과에 근거한 제언은 다음과 같다. 첫째, 본 연구에서는 4주간의 짧은 교육기간이었음에도 불구하고 교육집단의 영양지식과 기호도, 섭취율이 향상되는 결과를 제시하였다. 따라서 올바른 식습관 정착을 위해서는 향상된 영양지식을 지속적으로 실천할 수 있도록 장기적인 교육이 필요함을 알 수 있었다. 둘째, 교육 실시 직후 바로 영양교육의 효과를 측정하여 측정시기가 1회로 그쳤으나 3개월에서 6개월 뒤에 측정함으로써 교육 효과의 지속성에 대한 평가가 이루어져야 할 것 같다. 셋째, 지금까지는 일반적인 영양지식 및 식습관 위주로 영양교육이 이루어졌는데, 향후에는 좀 더 다양한 구체적인 주제별로 체계적인 영양교육 프로그램 및 교육 체계가 마련되어야 할 것이다.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• 제11권4호
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• pp.340-346
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• 2017

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Despite the importance of consuming sufficient amounts of vegetables, daily vegetable intake among adolescents in Korea is lower than the current dietary recommendation. The objective of this study was to examine determinants affecting vegetable preference in order to suggest a stage-tailored education strategy that can promote vegetable consumption in adolescents. SUBJECTS/METHODS: Adolescents (n = 400, aged 16-17 years) from two high schools participated in a cross-sectional study. Survey variables were vegetable preference, the social cognitive theory (SCT) and stages of change (SOC) constructs. Based on vegetable preference, subjects were classified into two groups: a low-preference group (LPG) and a high-preference group (HPG). SOC was subdivided into pre-action and action/maintenance stages. To compare SCT components and SOC related to vegetable preference, chi-squared and t-tests, along with stepwise multiple-regression analysis, were applied. RESULTS: In the LPG, a similar number of subjects were classified into each stage. Significant differences in self-efficacy, affective attitudes, and vegetable accessibility at home and school were detected among the stages. Subjects in the HPG were mainly at the maintenance stage (81%), and there were significant differences among the stages regarding self-efficacy, affective attitudes, and parenting practice. In the predictions of vegetable preference, self-efficacy and parenting practice had a significant effect in the "pre-action" stage. In the action/maintenance stage, outcome expectation, affective attitudes, and vegetable accessibility at school had significant predictive value. In predicting the vegetable preference for all subjects, 42.8% of the predictive variance was accounted for by affective attitudes, self-efficacy, and vegetable accessibility at school. CONCLUSION: The study revealed that different determinants affect adolescent vegetable preference in each stage. Self-efficacy and affective attitudes are important determinants affecting vegetable preference. Additionally, school-based nutrition intervention that focuses on enhancing affective attitudes, self-efficacy, and vegetable exposure may constitute an effective education strategy for promoting vegetable consumption among adolescents.

• 한국식품영양학회지
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• 제36권2호
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• pp.103-113
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• 2023

This study investigated the correlation between parents' nutrition quotient (NQ) and the nutrition quotient of Korean preschoolers (NQ-P) of picky eaters (PE) aged five years living in Dobong-gu, Seoul. The questionnaire was conducted online by parents of 187 preschoolers between May 25 and June 5, 2020. PE was defined as an average score of 3 or more on the picky eating questionnaires; non-picky eaters (NPE, n=120) and PE (n=67). The correlation between preschoolers and their parents was assessed using the NQ-P and NQ, respectively. Compared to the NPE, picky eating (p<0.001) was significantly higher, and vegetable preference (p<0.001), NQ-P (p<0.05), moderation dimension (p<0.05), frequency of vegetable intake (p<0.05) of balance dimension, and processed beverages (p<0.01) of moderation dimension were significantly lower in the PE. The correlation between the NQ and NQ-P was related to the diversity (p<0.05), moderation (p<0.05), and environment (p<0.01) of NQ in the NPE and not related to the PE. PEs should increase their frequency of vegetable intake and reduce their intake of processed beverages. To increase the NQ-P of PE, parents should eat a balanced diet. Future studies on the NQ-P of preschoolers aged 3 to 5 are needed.

• 대한지역사회영양학회지
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• 제14권5호
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• pp.531-544
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• 2009

This study was conducted to survey multiple factors of aversion to vegetables and preferences for vegetable-related recipes in school meal services among elementary school children in order to help develop various menus and recipes for school meal services. Questionnaire survey was carried out with the study subjects, who were 401 children in 6th grade attending elementary schools in Chonnam and Kwangju metropolitan regions. Results from the survey can be summarized as follows: 65.1% of respondents answered they try to eat vegetables and other namul side dishes served in school meal service for health. As for the frequency of taking vegetables and namul side dishes out of daily meals, 47.4% of respondents chose 'once or twice'. The reasons for aversion to vegetables in boys were taste and cooking method, while girls were taste and feeling between teeth. In boys there were no differences between regions of Kwangju and Chonnam but the tendency of aversion to vegetables was significantly high in girls. As for the aspects of vegetable aversion of subjects, 46.9% of respondents took up 'black & purple' in the unfavorable color of vegetables. 49.1% in 'bitterness' and 39.2% in 'greasiness' were in terms of the aversive taste of vegetables. The aversive vegetable recipes were 58.6% in 'raw & seasoned' and the unfavorable feeling of vegetables were 53.1% in 'squashiness'. There were differences between regions of Kwangju and Chonnam with boys in color and cooking method in girls. Results from the survey on their preferences for vegetable recipes showed that leafy vegetables like crown daisy (raw/slightly seasoned) and pak choi (broth/pot stew) fell to the most aversive category, while bean sprouts (broth/pot stew) were chosen as the most favorable one. Among root vegetables bell-flowers were found to belong to the least preferred recipe, while potatoes were proven to be most preferable in terms of recipes. As for fruit vegetables and other vegetables, all respondents didn't like 'fatsia shoots' vegetable and it's cooking method and they preferred 'green pumpkins (broth/pot stew)'. In respect of mushrooms, enoki mushroom (broth/pot stew) was found most preferred and had high tendency of preferences in boys and girls in Kwangju compared with Chonnam region. The study results indicated that respondents did not show big differences in factors influencing them to be averse to vegetables and their preferences for vegetable recipes depending on regions. In order to have high preference and intake in children's diets, it needs to study in reform of menu about using namul or vegetables mixed with meats and fruits that children preferred or applying roasted and fried other less than namul.

• 한국식생활문화학회지
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• 제24권2호
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• pp.146-154
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• 2009

This study was conducted to investigate the vegetable eating behaviors and preferences of elementary school students by stage of change for vegetable intake. The subjects consisted of 191 fourth and fifth grade elementary school students from Gyeonggi province. The stage of change for vegetable intake was categorized into three groups: precontemplation (PC, 18.4%), preparation (P, 43.5%), and action/maintenance (A&M, 48.2%). The trend to eat a variety of foods was more distinctive as the students went from the PC to the A&M stage. The stage of change for vegetable intake was closely related with the kimchi-eating pattern of the students. The A&M group ate more vegetables than the PC group because they liked vegetables and/or wanted to prevent disease. The PC group had a lower tendency to follow recommendations for vegetable eating than the P and A&M groups. The PC group also had an incorrect notion that low vegetable consumption over an extended time would not have a big impact on their health. The vegetables of high preference for the elementary school students were potato, sweet potato, lettuce, radish, perilla leaf, cucumber, and cabbage. The vegetables of low preference were spinach, onion, balloon flower, and green pepper. The PC group had lower preferences for most vegetables than the P and A&M groups. Therefore, careful nutrition education is necessary especially for students in the PC group in order to explain the positive effects of vegetable intake and negative effects of an unbalanced diet. It is also necessary to survey students' tastes consistently and to develop recipes that encourage them to consume more vegetables agreeably.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제21권2호
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• pp.81-87
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• 1988

This study attempted to investigate the relationships between vegetable preference and physical status. The subjects were 127 kindergarten children living Kwang-ju. In this study, vegetable preference and health status of the children were investigated by response of thier mothers through questionnaires. Also, rate of dental caries and anthropometric measures were obtained by examination. The results are summarized as follows; 1) Anthropometric mesures of the subjects were higher than those of Korean standards for children. 2) The mean hedonic score for vegetable preference in subjects was 2.6. The difference in vegetable preference between male and femal was not significant except for a squash item. 3) Vegetable prefernce has a significant correlation with the def. tooth rate. Especially preference of spinach, wild sesame leaf, and cucumber were negatively related to the def. tooth rate. 4) Vegetable preference and anthropometric measures did not show any significant correlation. 5) Children who ate sweets for snacks frequently disliked vegetable and showed high rate of dental caries significantly(p<0.001). Children who had anorexia and constipation disliked vegetables significantly (p<0.01). Children who complained diarrhea symptom showed significant high rte of dental caries(p<0.01). From the results above, as the negative relationship between vegetable preference and def. tooth rate was found, many cooking methods of vegetables should be studied and nutrition education should be oriented to recommend an increased intake of vegetables by children.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• 제11권2호
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• pp.130-138
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• 2017

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Low consumption of fruit and vegetable is frequently viewed as an important contributor to obesity risk. With increasing childhood obesity and relatively low fruit and vegetable consumption among Thai children, there is a need to identify the determinants of the intake to promote fruit and vegetable consumption effectively. SUBJECTS/METHODS: This cross-sectional study was conducted at two conveniently selected primary schools in Nakhon Pathom. A total of 609 students (grade 4-6) completed questionnaires on personal and environmental factors. Adequate fruit and vegetable intakes were defined as a minimum of three servings of fruit or vegetable daily, and adequate total intake as at least 6 serves of fruit and vegetable daily. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, the chi-square test, and multiple logistic regression. RESULTS: The proportion of children with a sufficient fruit and/or vegetable intakes was low. Covariates of child's personal and environmental factors showed significant associations with sufficient intakes of fruit and/or vegetable (P < 0.05). Logistic regression analyses showed that the following factors were positively related to sufficient intake of vegetable; lower grade, a positive attitude toward vegetable, and fruit availability at home; and that greater maternal education, a positive child's attitude toward vegetable, and fruit availability at home were significantly associated with sufficient consumption of fruits and total fruit and vegetable intake. CONCLUSIONS: The present study showed that personal factors like attitude toward vegetables and socio-environmental factors, such as, greater availability of fruits were significantly associated with sufficient fruit and vegetable consumption. The importance of environmental and personal factors to successful nutrition highlights the importance of involving parents and schools.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제43권6호
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• pp.597-606
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• 2010

본 연구에서는 채소와 과일 섭취 증진을 위한 영양교육이 행동변화단계의 진전에 따라 사회심리적요인에 변화를 초래하는지 파악하고자 초등학생을 대상으로 영양교육을 실시한 후 행동전단계를 두 단계로 나누어 이 두 단계 아동들의 채소와 과일 섭취의 장점과 단점에 대한 인지, 인지적 행위적 변화과정, 자아효능감의 수준 변화를 조사하였다. 충남 연기군의 한 초등학교 5학년 아동 71명에 대한 설문 조사에 의해 행동전단계 (고려전, 고려, 준비)로 분류된 47명을 대상으로 2007년 11월 19일부터 12월 24일까지 6주 동안 채소와 과일섭취 영양교육을 실시하고 교육전과 후에 사회심리적요인의 수준을 설문지법에 의해 조사하였다. 1) 영양교육 후 채소섭취의 장점에 대한 인지도 점수는 고려전단계나 고려 및 준비단계에 속한 대상자 모두에서 증가하였고, 단점에 대한 인지도 점수는 두 단계 모두에서 감소하였다. 그러나 과일섭취에 있어서는 장점에 대한 인지도 점수에서는 고려전단계와 고려 및 준비단계 모두에서 교육 후 변화가 없었으나, 단점에 대한 인지도 점수는 고려전 단계에 속한 대상자에서만 유의적인 감소가 나타났다 (p < 0.01). 채소섭취에 대한 장점과 단점에 대한 인지 개선 영양교육은 두 단계 모두에서 효과적이었다. 2) 영양교육 후 채소섭취의 인지적 변화과정에서는 고려전단계의 대상자에서 의식향상 (p < 0.001)점수가 증가되었고, 고려 및 준비단계에 속한 대상자에서는 걱정해소 (p < 0.01), 자기재진단 (p < 0.05), 환경재평가 (p < 0.01), 사회규범변화(p < 0.05) 등 여러 변수의 점수가 증가하였다. 과일섭취의 인지적 변화과정에서는 고려전단계에 있는 대상자에서 환경재평가 (p < 0.01)점수의 증가를 나타내었고, 고려 및 준비단계에서는 변화를 보인 변수가 없었다. 채소와 과일섭취의 행위적 변화과정에서는 모두 변화가 없었다. 3) 영양교육 후 채소섭취에 관한 자아효능감은 고려전단계에 있는 대상자에서 '채소를 보이는 곳에 둔다' (p < 0.01)와 '혼자 채소를 먹을 때 권장섭취 횟수만큼 먹을 수 있다' (p < 0.01). '채소 먹을 시간을 낼 수 있다' (p < 0.05)에서 증가를 나타내었다. 고려 및 준비단계에서는 고려전단계에서 나타난 '혼자 채소를 먹을 때 권장섭취 횟수만큼 먹을 수 있다' (p < 0.01)와 '채소 먹을 시간을 낼 수 있다' (p < 0.01)의 항목을 포함하여 '다양한 종류의 채소를 살 수 있다' (p < 0.01)에서 교육 후에 자아효능감이 높아졌다. 즉 채소섭취의 행동변화단계가 높아질수록 자아효능감의 수준이 성숙됨을 보였다. 과일섭취에 대해서는 영양교육 후 고려전단계에 속한 대상자에서 '과일을 보이는 곳에 둔다'의 자아효능감의 점수가 증가되었다 (p < 0.05). 이상의 연구결과에서 영양교육 후 행동전단계에 있는 아동들의 행동변화단계의 진전이 일어났고, 고려전단계와 고려 및 준비단계에서 모두 사회심리적요인의 수준이 높아졌으나 두 단계 간에는 교육효과의 유의적인 차이가 없었다. 과일에 비해 채소섭취와 관련된 사회심리적요인에서 교육 효과가 더 크게 나타났으며, 사회심리적요인들 중에서 판단 균형의 단점에 대한 인지도, 인지적 변화과정, 자아효능감이 영양교육의 평가지표로 사용될 수 있는 가능성을 보였다.

• 원예과학기술지
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• 제33권5호
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• pp.772-783
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• 2015

본 연구는 컬러푸드 채소류를 활용한 원예활동과 영양교육을 실시하여 채소편식을 감소시키고 정서지능을 향상 시키고자 하였다. 컬러푸드 채소류 원예활동은 유치원 7차 교육과정의 건강생활영역을 기초로 하여 영양교육의 요소들을 적용하였고, 유아의 지속적인 식습관의 개선과 효과를 위해 가정과 연계한 학부모교육 프로그램을 통합 실시하였다. 연구대상은 서울시에 소재한 어린이집의 만 4세반 유아들로 총 70명을 대상으로 실시하였다. 원예활동 영양교육군은 컬러푸드 채소류 원예활동과 영양교육을 실시하였고, 영양교육군은 영양교육만 실시하였으며 대조군은 원예활동과 영양교육 모두를 실시하지 않았다. 연구기간은 2011년 9월부터 12월까지 주 1회 60분씩 총 12회 실시하였다. 유아용 영양지식검사 결과는 대조군에 비해 영양교육군과 원예활동 영양교육군의 영양지식은 향상되었으며, 특히 원예활동 영양교육군에서 더욱 유의하게 향상되었다. 편식행동에서는 대조군에 비해 원예활동 영양교육군에서 유의한 감소를 보였다. 또한 채소선호도에서도 원예활동 영양교육군은 채소류의 선호도 증가에 유의한 향상을 보였다. 정서지능에서는 하위항목인 자기인식, 자기조절, 타인인식, 타인조절에서 자기인식과 타인인식에서는 대조군, 영양교육군과 원예활동 영양교육군 사이에 유의한 차이가 없었다. 반면 자기조절에서 대조군에 비해 영양교육군과 원예활동 영양교육군의 점수가 높았지만, 영양교육군과 원예활동 영양교육군의 사이에서는 유의한 차이가 없었다. 또한, 타인조절에서는 원예활동 영양교육군이 영양교육군 보다 매우 유의하게 향상되었다. 이러한 결과를 볼 때 영양교육만을 실시한 유아들 보다 원예활동을 실시한 유아들이 채소와 과일의 색에 자연스럽게 반응하고 즐거워하는 정서적 감성과 컬러푸드 채소를 직접 키워보는 원예활동을 통해 자발적인 섭취를 하게 되어 채소편식이 감소되는 결과를 알 수 있다. 그러므로 본연구의 컬러푸드 채소류 원예활동은 채소 편식으로 인한 유아의 건강의 불균형 문제점을 해결하는데 효과적인 대안이 될 수 있을 것이라 생각한다.