• Research in Plant Disease
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• v.12 no.3
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• pp.294-297
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• 2006

Leafy lettuce(Lactuca sativa L.) is one of the most important vegetable crops in Korea, cultivated throughout the year in greenhouses. During the autumn of 2005, powdery mildew of lettuce that is a new disease caused by Podosphaera fusca occurred in several plantings grown in plastic houses near Suwon in central Korea. Further survey on commercial fields of the plant in central and southern Korea revealed its widespread occurrence and severe losses. Infections occur on upper part of mature leaves often cause leaf distortions, withering, and reduced vigor and growth. Among 184 greenhouses surveyed 121 were infested by the disease and 52 showed over 10% infection rate. Yields were greatly reduced by the disease reaching only 59% compared to healthy plants. About 60% leaves of infected plant were not marketable and fresh weight of the leaves was 73.6% compared to healthy leaves. Total yield of the greenhouses infested by the disease ranged from $100{\sim}140kg$, while it was 260 kg in a non-infested greenhouse at one time harvest. Since the disease represents a threat to safe cultivation of leafy lettuce in Korea, environmentally-friend control strategies should be urgently developed.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.36 no.8
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• pp.965-974
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• 2007

This study was performed to investigate the effects of vegetable sprout powder on serum and adipose tissue lipid metabolism in rats fed high-fat diet for 4 weeks for induction hyperlipidemic model rat. Weight-matched male Sprague-Dawley rats were assigned to five groups according to dietary fat level (10% or 20% of diet wt.) and mixture of vegetable sprout powder levels (5% or 10% 10% or 20% of diet wt.). Vegetable sprout powder was the mixture of same amounts of dried barley, broccoli, rapeseed, alfalfa, radish, mustard, buckwheat and brussels sprouts. Experimental groups were normal fat diet with 5% cellulose (NF-C), high fat diet without fiber (HF-N), high fat diet with 5% cellulose (HF-C), HF-C diet with 5% vegetable sprout powder (HF-CSL), and HF-C diet with 10% vegetable sprout powder (HF-CSH). The body weight of HF-N group increased 16% compared with the NF-C group, while it was decreased by 15% and 22% for HF-CSL group and HF-CSH group, respectively. Fat mass and fat cell size of adipose tissue were lower in HF-CSL group and HF-CSH group compared with HF-C group, and lower in HF-CSH group compared with HF-CSL group. Serum triglyceride, total cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol contents were markedly decreased by vegetable sprout powder containing diet, while the serum HDL-cholesterol and phospholipid contents were higher in vegetable sprout powder containing diet in a dose-dependent manner. Leptin and insulin levels in serum showed a decrease in HF-CSH group. Significantly increased contents of triglyceride, total cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, leptin and insulin in the serum of HF-N group were returned to normal or even below normal levels by feeding 10% vegetable sprout powder diet. The increased activities of NADP-malate dehydrogenase (ME), glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PDH) and 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase (6PGDH) and lipoprotein lipase (LPL) in adiposetissue by HF-N group were decreased to the activity of normal fat group by feeding vegetable sprout powder in a dose-dependant manner. These results indicate that lipid metabolism in rats fed high-fat diet was suppressed by feeding vegetable sprout powder.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.167-181
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• 1995

An Ecocomplex is proposed for ecological design of the estuarine environment of Han River, which is designed upon an alternative mamagement concept of estuarine environment. The concept reveals interrelationships among estuary, delta region and urban inland with inputs/outputs and feedbacks among them. The Ecocomplex emphasizes an integration of wastewater treatment with aquaculture, agriculture and recreation, and carries out ecological treatment, recycling, and harvest processes. A module of wastewater treatment pond system is employed in the Ecocomplex, which treats a flow of 3,786 ㎥/day and is composed of a four-facultative-pond series. Treatment ponds stabilize wastewater discharged from the urban area, and concurrently produce algae for commercial or recreational fish farming. Effluent from treatment and fish ponds is reused for agricultural production. Through the waste-algae-fish-vegetable-recreation processes, wastewater from the urban settlement is recycled back to the urban ecosystem. This resource-conserving design approach can maintain a sustainable urban ecosystem, managing an estuarine environment more naturally, healthly, and economically.

• Korean Journal of Organic Agriculture
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.963-974
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• 2015

This study was conducted to determine the effects of organic vegetable cultivation on the soil physical properties in 33 farmlands under plastic greenhouse in Korea. We were investigated 5~8 farms per organic vegetable crops during the period from August to November 2014. The main cultivated vegetables were leafy lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.), Perilla leaves (Perilla frutescens var. Japonica Hara), cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.), strawberry (Fragaria ananassa L.) and tomato (Lycopersicon spp.). We have analyzed soil physical properties. The measured soil physical parameters were soil plough layer, soil hardness, penetration resistance, three soil phase, bulk density and Porosity. The measurement of the soil plough layer, soil hardness and penetration resistance were carried out direct in the fields, and the samples for other parameters were taken using the soil core method with approximately 20 mm diameter core collected from each organic vegetable field. Soil plough layer was average 36 cm and ranged between 30 and 50 cm, and slightly different depending on the sorts of vegetable cultivation. The soil hardness was $0.17{\pm}0.15{\sim}1.34{\pm}1.02$ in the topsoil, $0.55{\pm}0.34{\sim}1.15{\pm}0.62$ in the subsoil. It was not different between topsoil and subsoil, but showed a statistically significant difference between the leafy and fruit vegetables. Penetrometer resistance is one of the important soil physical properties that can determine both root elongation and yield. The increase in density under leafy vegetables resulted in a higher soil penetrometer resistance. Soil is a three-component system comprised of solid, liquid, and gas phases distributed in a complex geometry that creates large solidliquid, liquid-gas, and gas-solid interfacial areas. The three soil phases were dynamic and typically changed in organic vegetable soils under greenhouse. Porosity was characterized as range of $54.2{\pm}2.2{\sim}60.3{\pm}2.4%$. Most measured soils have bulk densities between 1.0 and $1.6gcm^{-3}$. To summarize the above results, Soil plough layer has been deepened in organic vegetable cultivation soils. Solid hardness (the hardness of the soil) and bulk density (suitable for the soil unit mass) have been lowered. Porosity (soil spatial content) was high such as a well known in organic farmlands. Important changes were observed in the physical properties according to the different vegetable cultivation. We have demonstrated that the physical properties of organic cultivated soils under plastic greenhouse were improved in the results of this study.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.31 no.3
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• pp.205-211
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• 2012

BACKGROUND: Generally, nitrogen (N) fertilization higher than the recommended dose is applied during vegetable cultivation to increase productivity. But higher N fertilization also increases the concentrations of nitrate ions and nitrous oxide in soil. In this experiment, the impact of N fertilization was studied on nitrous oxide ($N_2O$) emission to standardize the optimum fertilization level for minimizing $N_2O$ emission as well as increasing crop productivity. Herein, we developed $N_2O$ emission inventory for upland soil region during red pepper and Chinese milk vetch cultivation. METHODS AND RESULTS: Nitrogen fertilizers were applied at different rates to study their effect on $N_2O$ emission during red pepper and Chinese milk vetch cultivation. The gas samples were collected by static closed chamber method and $N_2O$ concentration was measured by gas chromatography. The total $N_2O$ flux was steadily increased due to increasing N fertilization level, though the overall pattern of $N_2O$ emission dynamics was same. Application of N fertilization higher than the recommended dose increased the values of both seasonal $N_2O$ flux (94.5% for Chinese cabbage and 30.7% for red pepper) and $N_2O$ emission per unit crop yield (77.9% for Chinese cabbage and 23.2% for red pepper). Nitrous oxide inventory revealed that the $N_2O$ emission due to unit amount of N application from short-duration vegetable field in fall (autumn) season (6.36 kg/ha) was almost 70% higher than that during summer season. CONCLUSION: Application of excess N-fertilizers increased seasonal $N_2O$ flux especially the $N_2O$ flux per unit yield during both Chinese cabbage and red pepper cultivation. This suggested that the higher N fertilization than the recommended dose actually facilitates $N_2O$ emission than boosting plant productivity. The $N_2O$ inventory for upland farming in temperate region like Korea revealed that $N_2O$ flux due to unit amount of N-fertilizer application for Chinese cabbage in fall (autumn) season was comparatively higher than that of summer vegetables like red pepper. Therefore, the judicious N fertilization following recommended dose is required to suppress $N_2O$ emission with high vegetable productivity in upland soils.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.8 no.3
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• pp.209-215
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• 1999

In order to develop facility for complex farming with aquaculture and vegetable nutrient culture and to investigate growth of tilapia and water quality in the channel type aquaculture system, these experiments were carried out. When tilapia(Tilapia nilotica) was reared in the channel type aquaculture system, Quality of culture water and growth of tilapia were normal. And the growth of tilapia in the channel type and round type aquaculture system was much the same. Channel type aquaculture facilities was applicable to the dual culture system for aquaculture and vegetable culture. Channel type integrated system was composed of aquaculture and sandculture bed, and it was thought that suitable size of the system was about 1.4m(width) $\times$ 1m(height) $\times$ 20m(length).

• Journal of Practical Agriculture & Fisheries Research
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.29-41
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• 2008

This research was conducted to develop a technology transfer and farmer's extension of newly released technology of Bokto seeding method for crop and vegetable production based on the theory of Asian and Pacific Center for Transfer of Technology(APCTT). This technology has recently transferred to not only Korea but also other countries like North Korea, China, Japan, Taiwan, Russia and Africa(Cameroon, Sudan and South Africa) since 2005. It has known as a highly reduction of production cost in terms of labors, chemical fertilizer and pesticides as well as environmental friendly due to a deep and side banded placement of chemical fertilizer at basal application. In addition this technology was proven to a precision farming on sowing depth and mechanism of chemical application method and also highly resistant against disasters like typhoon, flooding, low temperature, drought and lodging due to silicate application. It has improved a constraints such as a poor seedling establishment, weed occurrence, lodging, low yield and poor grain and eating quality in the previous direct seeding methods but still have a problem in occurrence of weedy rice and ununiformed operation of wet or flooded soil condition. Also this technology has a limit in marketing and A/S system. Based on a theory of APCTT evaluation and analysis this technology may be more concentrated on establishment of a special cooperation team among researcher and scientists, extension workers, industry sections and governmental sectors in order to rapidly transfer this technology to farmer's field. Also there will be needed to operate a web site for this newly released technology to inform and exchange an idea, experiences and newly improved information. A feed back system might be operated in this technology as well to improve a technology under way on users' operation. Also user's manual will be internationally released and provided for farmer's instruction and training at field site.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture International Edition
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• no.1
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• pp.150-158
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• 2001

Maintenance open spaces and community development in large scale housing development is one of the most important issues. We(UDC) established a resident participation activity for maintenance and use open space with community development in Hachioji New Town from 1997. The purpose of this study is to establish resident participation activities for maintenance and use open space with community development in Hajichioji New Town, and to clarify the characteristics and to on sider about efficiency of the activity. We established Minamino Shizen-Juku as a methodology for maintenance and use open spaces at the same time Hachioji New Town was opened in 1997. The activity has continued by now in 2001. We conducted questionnaire survey to make sure efficiency and characteristics of the activity past three years. Minamino Shizen-Juku (nature friendly lessons) is a resident participation activity in Hachioji New Town. It was established in 1997 as soon as the new town was opened, this year is fifth since it was started. It has three objects. 1)Maintenance and use woody environment, 2) Community development, 3) Continuation and renewal native culture. And it has general course, three special courses and one extra course were established in the activity. 1) General course is an activity participated all of member. It's included farming experience in the native field and seasonal events. 2) Rice growing and woods maintenance course is rice growing and wild wood maintenance in the park as a series of annual farming activities. 3) Benefaction from farm course is started from planting spring vegetable at Mizukoshi(Leader of Minamino Shezen-Juku)'s field. There is the number of participant limit because of the area of the field. 4) Watching nature course is watching seasonal wild flowers, trees, animals and plants to know about native nature. 5) Extra program is programmed to know about native history and tradition. It's planned including participant's ideas. Not member can participate in this course too.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Culture
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.41-47
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• 2008

Survey on the food intake status and health condition of the elerly over 65 years old living in Damyang Jeonnam was performed and meal menus for the pavillion were developed using local products. Allowance of the elderly less than 100,000 won was 45%. The local products of the area recognized by the elderly were bamboo shoot (30%) > bamboo (22.5%) > bamboo basket (12.5%) > do not know (15%) > green tea (10%) > rice(7.5%) > vegetable. In dental health, 52.5% of them had bad condition but 62.5% did not use denture at all. The most favorate foods were Korean (92.5%) and Chinese and Japanese were favored by 5%, and 2.5%, respectively. In percentage of eat-out and use of instant foods, 42.5% of them answered that eating-out chances were very rare and 62.5% answered that they do not use instant foods at all. Potassium intakes for the male and female elderly were significantly very low with values of 2579.2 mg and 2601 mg, respectively (p < 0.05). Calorie intakes for men were 1678.5 kcal, which was only 84% of RI and 1470.8 kcal for women (92%). Shortages of nutrition including calcium intake and others were very serious and the meal was not nutritionally balanced based upon the study of GMDFO. The menu for the elderly in busy farming season of the area were developed with the use of local products and the information from the study.

• Journal of People, Plants, and Environment
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.1-14
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• 2019

This study was designed to examine agro-healing services and programs provided and operated by farms in Korea. The results of the analysis of the agro-healing programs and operation of farms were as follows. The purpose of the operation of farms was to raise productivity by managing farms in a cooperative way through agricultural production, education and healing, and to raise income by processing and selling agricultural products. It was difficult to access farms by public transport and thus visitors had to use their own cars. The size of farms varied. The main resources utilized in the surveyed programs were plants, rural environments and landscapes, and agricultural products. The programs were conducted using resources that were commonly found in rural areas. Facilities on each farm were equipped with facilities (indoor and outdoor learning place, gardens, vegetable gardens, orchards, etc.) and convenience facilities (parking lots, drinking fountains, kiosks, etc.) to support program operation. However, facilities for the handicapped and accommodation facilities were insufficient. The programs operated on each farm utilized agricultural resources, farm produce, and rural resources and were classified into activities such as making, feeling, and growing. The average number of people who operated the family-centered program was 2-3, having qualifications such as welfare horticultural therapists, forest interpreters, experience instructors, and social workers. In addition, they had expertise in medicinal food, dietary life, and social welfare, and they also had essential expertise required to operate programs.