• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제47권1호
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• pp.23-32
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• 2023

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a highly infectious respiratory disease caused by a severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2). SARS-CoV-2 infection may cause clinical manifestations of multiple organ damage, including various neurological syndromes. There are currently two oral antiviral drugs-Paxlovid and molnupiravir-that are recognized to treat COVID-19, but there are still no drugs that can specifically fight the challenges of SARS-CoV-2 variants. Nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-like receptor pyrin domain-containing-3 (NLRP3) inflammasome is a multimolecular complex that can sense heterogeneous pathogen-associated molecular patterns associated with neurological disorders. The NLRP3 activation stimulates the production of caspase-1-mediated interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-18, and other cytokines in immune cells. Panax (P.) ginseng is a medicinal plant that has traditionally been widely used to boost immunity and treat various pathological conditions in the nervous system due to its safety and anti-inflammatory/oxidant/viral activities. Several recent reports have indicated that P. ginseng and its active ingredients may regulate NLRP3 inflammasome activation in the nervous system. Therefore, this review article discusses the current knowledge regarding the pathogenesis of neurological disorders related to COVID-19 and NLRP3 inflammasome activation and the possibility of using P. ginseng in a strategy targeting this pathway to treat neurological disorders.

• IMMUNE NETWORK
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• 제10권2호
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• pp.35-45
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• 2010

Background: Expression of recombinant antibodies and their derivatives fused with other functional molecules such as alkaline phosphatase in Escherichia coli is important in the development of molecular diagnostic reagents for biomedical research. Methods: We investigated the possibility of applying a well-known Fos-Jun zipper to dimerize $V_H$ and $V_L$ fragments originated from the Fab clone (SP 112) that recognizes pyruvate dehydrogenase complex-E2 (PDC-E2), and demonstrated that the functional zipFv-112 and its alkaline phosphatase fusion molecules (zipFv-AP) can be produced in the cytoplasm of Origami(DE3) trxB gor mutant E. coli strain. Results: The zipFv-AP fusion molecules exhibited higher antigen-binding signals than the zipFv up to a 10-fold under the same experimental conditions. However, conformation of the zipFv-AP seemed to be influenced by the location of an AP domain at the C-terminus of $V_H$ or $V_L$ domain [zipFv-112(H-AP) or zipFv-112(L-AP)], and inclusion of an AraC DNA binding domain at the C-terminus of VH of the zipFv-112(L-AP), termed zipFv-112(H-AD/L-AP), was also beneficial. Cytoplasmic co-expression of disulfide-binding isomerase C (DsbC) helped proper folding of the zipFv-112(H-AD/L-AP) but not significantly. Conclusion: We believe that our zipFv constructs may serve as an excellent antibody format bi-functional antibody fragments that can be produced stably in the cytoplasm of E. coli.

• 한국세라믹학회지
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• 제52권5호
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• pp.299-303
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• 2015

The electrolyte is an important component in determining the performance of Fuel Cells. Especially, investigation of the conduction properties of electrolytes plays a key role in determining the performance of the electrolyte. The electrochemical properties of Yttrium stabilized zirconia (YSZ) were measured to allow the use of this material as an electrolyte for solid oxide fuel cells (SOFC) in the temperature range of $700-1000^{\circ}C$ and in $0.21{\leq}pO_2/atm{\leq}10^{-23}$. A Hebb-Wagner polarization experimental cell was optimally manufactured; here we discuss typical problems associated with making cells. The partial conductivities due to electrons and holes for 8YSZ, which is known as a superior oxygen conductor, were obtained using I-V characteristics based on the Hebb-Wagner polarization method. Activation energies for holes and electrons are $3.99{\pm}0.17eV$ and $1.70{\pm}0.06eV$ respectively. Further, we calculated the oxygen ion conductivity with electron, hole, and total conductivity, which was obtained by DC four probe conductivity measurements. The oxygen ion conductivity was dependent on the temperature; the activation energy was $0.80{\pm}0.10eV$. The electrolyte domain was determined from the top limit, bottom limit, and boundary (p=n) of the oxygen partial pressure. As a result, the electrolyte domain was widely presented in an extensive range of oxygen partial pressures and temperatures.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• 제33권10호
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• pp.3248-3252
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• 2012

Vibrio extracellular metalloprotease (vEP), secreted from Vibrio vulnificus, shows various proteolytic function such as prothrombin activation and fibrinolytic activities. Premature form of vEP has an N-terminal (nPP) and a C-terminal (C-ter100) region. The nPP and C-ter100 regions are autocleaved for the matured metalloprotease activity. It has been proposed that two regions play a key role in regulating enzymatic activity of vEP. Especially, C-ter100 has a regulatory function on proteolytic activity of vEP. C-ter100 domain has been cloned into the E. coli expression vectors, pET32a and pGEX 4T-1 with TEV protease cleavage site and purified using gel-filtration chromatography followed by affinity chromatography. To understand how C-ter100 modulates proteolytic activity of vEP, structural studies were performed by heteronuclar multi-dimensional NMR spectroscopy. Backbone $^1H$, $^{15}N$ and $^{13}C$ resonances were assigned by data from standard triple resonance and HCCH-TOCSY experiments. The secondary structures of vEP C-ter100 were determined by TALOS+ and CSI software based on hydrogen/deuterium exchange. NMR data show that C-ter100 of vEP forms a ${\beta}$-barrel structure consisting of eight ${\beta}$-strands.

• Experimental Neurobiology
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• 제26권5호
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• pp.241-251
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• 2017

Saturation mutagenesis was performed on a single position in the voltage-sensing domain (VSD) of a genetically encoded voltage indicator (GEVI). The VSD consists of four transmembrane helixes designated S1-S4. The V220 position located near the plasma membrane/extracellular interface had previously been shown to affect the voltage range of the optical signal. Introduction of polar amino acids at this position reduced the voltage-dependent optical signal of the GEVI. Negatively charged amino acids slightly reduced the optical signal by 33 percent while positively charge amino acids at this position reduced the optical signal by 80%. Surprisingly, the range of V220D was similar to that of V220K with shifted optical responses towards negative potentials. In contrast, the V220E mutant mirrored the responses of the V220R mutation suggesting that the length of the side chain plays in role in determining the voltage range of the GEVI. Charged mutations at the 219 position all behaved similarly slightly shifting the optical response to more negative potentials. Charged mutations to the 221 position behaved erratically suggesting interactions with the plasma membrane and/or other amino acids in the VSD. Introduction of bulky amino acids at the V220 position increased the range of the optical response to include hyperpolarizing signals. Combining The V220W mutant with the R217Q mutation resulted in a probe that reduced the depolarizing signal and enhanced the hyperpolarizing signal which may lead to GEVIs that only report neuronal inhibition.

• BMB Reports
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• 제52권6호
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• pp.397-402
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• 2019

Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) uses the spike (S) glycoprotein to recognize and enter target cells. In this study, we selected two epitope peptide sequences within the receptor binding domain (RBD) of the MERS-CoV S protein. We used a complex consisting of the epitope peptide of the MERS-CoV S protein and CpG-DNA encapsulated in liposome complex to immunize mice, and produced the monoclonal antibodies 506-2G10G5 and 492-1G10E4E2. The western blotting data showed that both monoclonal antibodies detected the S protein and immunoprecipitated the native form of the S protein. Indirect immunofluorescence and confocal analysis suggested strong reactivity of the antibodies towards the S protein of MERS-CoV virus infected Vero cells. Furthermore, the 506-2G10G5 monoclonal antibody significantly reduced plaque formation in MERS-CoV infected Vero cells compared to normal mouse IgG and 492-1G10E4E2. Thus, we successfully produced a monoclonal antibody directed against the RBD domain of the S protein which could be used in the development of diagnostics and therapeutic applications in the future.

• 대한수학회보
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• 제50권5호
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• pp.1693-1710
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• 2013

In this paper, we consider the biharmonic elliptic systems of the form $$\{{\Delta}^2u=F_u(u,v)+{\lambda}{\mid}u{\mid}^{q-2}u,\;x{\in}{\Omega},\\{\Delta}^2v=F_v(u,v)+{\delta}{\mid}v{\mid}^{q-2}v,\;x{\in}{\Omega},\\u=\frac{{\partial}u}{{\partial}n}=0,\; v=\frac{{\partial}v}{{\partial}n}=0,\;x{\in}{\partial}{\Omega},$$, where ${\Omega}{\subset}\mathbb{R}^N$ is a bounded domain with smooth boundary ${\partial}{\Omega}$, ${\Delta}^2$ is the biharmonic operator, $N{\geq}5$, $2{\leq}q$ < $2^*$, $2^*=\frac{2N}{N-4}$ denotes the critical Sobolev exponent, $F{\in}C^1(\mathbb{R}^2,\mathbb{R}^+)$ is homogeneous function of degree $2^*$. By using the variational methods and the Ljusternik-Schnirelmann theory, we obtain multiplicity result of nontrivial solutions under certain hypotheses on ${\lambda}$ and ${\delta}$.

• 대한임베디드공학회논문지
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• 제10권6호
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• pp.345-352
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• 2015

Recently, by developing many training systems in battle field, the demand for interconnecting and internetworking between Live, Virtual, Constructive training systems has been increased to support efficient data distribution and system control. But, there are lots of problems for them to interwork, because the existing researches only support L-L, V-V, C-C Interoperability. Therefore, we propose L-V-C gateway to provide interoperable simulation environment based on HLA and DDS between them. First, we illustrate FOM Management that parses RPR-FOM XML file to acquire Data information to be shared between them, and generates common data structure and source code used for L-V-C Gateway. L-V-C Gateway created from FOM Management supports Data Conversion and Quality of Service between HLA and DDS. HLA Federate and DDS Domainparticipant in L-V-C Gateway play a role of logical communication channel and relay data from HLA Federation to DDS Domain and vice versa.

• 한국대기환경학회지
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• 제27권6호
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• pp.772-790
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• 2011

In this paper, we use the HDDM (High-order Decoupled Direct Method)-driven ozone sensitivity to predict change in ozone concentrations in response to domain-wide $NO_x$(Oxides of Nitrogen) and VOC (Volatile Organic Compound) emission controls over the Seoul Metropolitan Area during June 11~19, 2007. In order to validate the applicability of HDDM to $NO_x$ and VOC control scenarios, the HDDM results are compared to Brute Force Method (BFM). For VOC controls, NME (Normalized Mean Error) between BFM and HDDM remains less than 2% until the domain-wide VOC emissions are reduced by 80%. The NME for a 40% reduction in the domain-wide $NO_x$ emissions is less than 5% but increases abruptly after further reductions in the $NO_x$ emissions (i.e., 80% reduction). The results indicates that it may be inaccurate to use ozone sensitivity coefficients estimated at a given base emission condition in predicting ozone after $NO_x$ reductions larger than ~50% of the domain total in the SMA. Therefore, HDDM application on piecewise emissions is desirable to predict ozone response to emission controls with accuracy (i.e., truck emissions rather than the domain total). For computational efficiency, HDDM shows approximately 30% faster than the BFM sensitivity approach.

• 한국전자파학회논문지
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• 제19권10호
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• pp.1175-1184
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• 2008

본 논문에서는 Delay-Sum Back Projection(DSBP) 기법과 finite-difference time-domain 방법으로 구현된 time reversal(FDTD-TR) 기법을 실험 데이터에 적용하고, 그 결과를 비교한다 두 기법은 모두 시영역에 기반을 둔 기법으로서 초광대역 레이더 신호를 처리하여 표적의 실제 위치와 모양에 가까운 영상을 생성할 수 있다. 실험을 위한 초광대역 레이더는 네트워크 분석기, 저항성 V 다이폴 안테나, 스캐너, 제어 컴퓨터로 구성되며, 레이더 개구면은 안테나를 1차원 스캔하여 합성된다. 실험 데이터는 신호 왜곡과 클러터를 포함하는데, 이를 제거하는 보정 절차가 수행된다. 두 기법은 동일한 플랫폼에서 동일한 데이터에 적용되며, DSBP 기법은 FDTD-TR 기법에 비해 더 나은 영상을 생성하지만 더 많은 시간이 걸린다는 것을 보인다.