• International conference on construction engineering and project management
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• 2011.02a
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• pp.286-291
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• 2011

Onsite usage of construction equipment accounts for a 6.8% of air pollution in Korea. The high concentration of carbon dioxide in such emissions impact not only climate change, but also people's health. However, greenhouse gas emissions from onsite equipment usage have not yet been fully investigated. This study presents a comparative analysis on how much greenhouse gas is generated by various equipment types used in different construction activities. Two ongoing cases which involve a typical road construction project in Korea were selected for the comparison purpose. Greenhouse gas emissions from each onsite equipment usage of the different activities were estimated on the ground of design documents. The estimates were compared and analyzed to derive the main sources of greenhouse gas emissions. The result showed that earthwork constituted the largest part-more than 90%-among work types. Dump truck, bulldozer, and loader were major sources for such emissions. The study results are expected to be used as a basis for reduction of greenhouse gas emission from onsite equipment usage.

• Journal of the Korea Fashion and Costume Design Association
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.221-234
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• 2007

The purposes of this study were to identify the effect of clothing involvement and shopping orientations on the usage of information sources and to investigate the differences of clothing involvement, shopping orientation and clothing purchasing behavior according to the types of information source usage. The study subjects comprised 302 females living in Seoul. The datas were analyzed with factor analysis, regression, ANOVA, discriminant analysis, and $x^2$-test. The results generated from this study are as follows: First, clothing involvement and shopping orientation factors influenced the usage of information source. Among the clothing involvement factors, fashion/clothing involvement was the most important factor to the types of information source. Second, according to usage of information sources, female consumers were classified into four groups, such as active, nonpersonal, personal, and non-active information source usage group. Fashion/clothing involvement was the most significant involvement factor to divide four groups. Third, among the demographic variables, only age was the useful factor which can differ the usage of information source. For example, 30s' were more active than other groups, on the other hand 50s' use personal information source more than other groups. Therefore, marketer should blow consumer's clothing involvement and shopping orientation which are effective to the usage of information source, and use this knowledge on the advertising and marketing plan.

• Journal of the Korean Society for information Management
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• v.22 no.2 s.56
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• pp.5-21
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• 2005

As the use of electronic information sources becomes increasingly common, the need for understanding their use becomes critical. This paper describes what usage statistics of electronic materials entail, how they can be used for a variety of library decision making, and the process in which the data can be best acquired, processed, analyzed and presented. It also offers a general introduction to on-going standardization efforts related to usage statistics of electronic resources and services. Some of the research opportunities that these newly developed data sources present to library and information science field are identified.

• KSII Transactions on Internet and Information Systems (TIIS)
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.97-115
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• 2022

Smart power grid is a user friendly system that transforms the traditional electric grid to the one that operates in a co-operative and reliable manner. Demand Response (DR) is one of the important components of the smart grid. The DR programs enable the end user participation by which they can communicate with the electricity service provider and shape their daily energy consumption patterns and reduce their consumption costs. The increasing demands of electricity owing to growing population stresses the need for optimal usage of electricity and also to look out alternative and cheap renewable sources of electricity. The solar and wind energy are the promising sources of alternative energy at present because of renewable nature and low cost implementation. The proposed work models a smart home with renewable energy units. The random nature of the renewable sources like wind and solar energy brings an uncertainty to the model developed. A stochastic dual descent optimization method is used to bring optimality to the developed model. The proposed work is validated using the simulation results. From the results it is concluded that proposed work brings a balanced usage of the grid power and the renewable energy units. The work also optimizes the daily consumption pattern thereby reducing the consumption cost for the end users of electricity.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Building Construction Conference
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• 2023.05a
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• pp.215-216
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• 2023

As the introduction of new climate system, efforts to change carbon neutrality, efforts to convert carbon neutrality. In Korea, we are setting up carbon emissions through greenhouse gas and energy target management system for business and companies that emit carbon emissions. The construction industry quantitatively predict the carbon emissions, but it is struggling to set up the amount of carbon emissions before construction stage, but it is suffering from lack of data. Therefore, this study was conducted by collecting data on the energy usage amount of carbon emissions according to the energy usage of the construction phenomenon and low-capacity prediction of the construction phenomenon. Through collected data, the average energy usage amount by building users and evaluated the average carbon emissions. It also evaluated the contribution of carbon emissions by energy sources.

• Journal of Distribution Science
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• v.20 no.11
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• pp.89-98
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• 2022

Purpose: Increasing competition in the higher education sector has prompted universities to enhance their marketing efforts and understand their potential customers. The study aims to explore how information sources are used and changed among prospective Vietnamese students during the decision-making process. Research Design, Data, and Methodology: This study undertakes a longitudinal study involving multiple rounds of data collection to better understand the decision-making process of prospective students. Data was collected from 12th -grade students in Vietnam through two rounds of quantitative surveys with 251 students and one round of qualitative interviews, spanning the duration of their senior year. The three stages of the decision-making process correspond to the three stages of pre-purchase period. Results: Most students decide that attending open days, taking career assessments, and looking up information online are the most important information sources to consider. The WOM sources are more important in the early stages, while university-generated sources and events are important in the later stages. Conclusion: Implications from this study may contribute to the design of more effective marketing communications campaigns as university marketers gain a better understanding of the distribution of information sources utilized for each specific stage of the decision-making process.

• Journal of the Korea Institute of Information and Communication Engineering
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• v.10 no.12
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• pp.2235-2242
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• 2006

It became important to develop a wrapper for web information sources due to prevalence of information services through web information sources. We present a wrapper prototype that is a middleware to integrate web information sources. We present the derivation strategy of XML Schema from HTML documents and the query processing method based on XQJ. The usage example of wrapper API will show the usefulness of our prototype system.

• Journal of Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.387-396
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• 2003

A field study was conducted during the summer time of 2002 to determine compositions of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) emitted from vehicles and to develop source emission profiles that is applied to CMB model to estimate the source contribution of certain area. Source emission profile is widely used for the estimation of source contribution by the chemical mass balance model and have to be developed applicable for the target area of estimation. This study was aimed to develop source emission profile and estimation of source contribution of VOCs after application of the chemical mass balance (CMB) receptor model. After considering the emission inventory and other research results for the VOCs in Seoul, Korea, the sources like vehicle emission (tunnel), gas station (gasoline, diesel), solvent usage (painting operation, dry cleaning, graphic art), and gas fuels were selected for the major VOCs sources. Furthermore, ambient air samples were simultaneously collected from 09:00 to 11:00 for four days at eight different official air quality monitoring sites as receptors in Seoul during summer of 2001. Source samples were collected by canisters, and then about seventy volatile organic compounds were analyzed by gas chromatography with flame ionization detector (GC/FID). Based on both the developed source profiles and the database of the receptors, CMB model was intensively applied to estimate mass contribution of VOCs sources. Examining the source profile from the vehicle, the portion of alkanes of VOCs was highest, and then the portion of aromatics such toluene, m/p-xylene were followed. In case of gas fuel. they have their own components; the content of butane, propane, ethane was higher than any other component according to the fuel usage. The average of the source apportionment on VOCs for 8 sites showed that the major sources were vehicle emission and gas fuels. The vehicle emission source was revealed as having the highest contribution with an average of 49.6%, and followed by solvent with 21.3%, gas fuel with 16.1%, gasoline with 13.1%.

• Journal of Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment
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• v.26 no.3
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• pp.276-285
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• 2010

Recently the Korean government has tried to cut down the $PM_{10}$ concentration by the Special Law for Air Quality Improvement. But the concentrations of $PM_{10}$ have exceeded the air quality standard at most monitoring stations. Primary $PM_{10}$ emitted from various sources and emission data have large uncertainty. The biomass burning is one of the major sources of $PM_{10}$ emission. The biomass burning is composed of wood stove usage, meat cooking and agricultural combustion etc.. Activity data and emission factors for the biomass burning are limited, and it is hard to calculate the air pollution emissions from these sources. In this study, we tried to estimate the air pollution emission from residential wood stove usage. The number of total wood stoves is estimated by the survey of wood stove manufacturer. And air pollution emission factors for the wood stove are investigated using the flue gas measurement by U.S. EPA particulate test method (Method 5G). As the results, the $PM_{10}$ and CO emission factors of wood stove are estimated as 7.7 g/kg-wood and 78.8 g/kg-wood respectively. The annual $PM_{10}$ and CO emissions from wood stove are calculated as 1,200~3,600 ton/year and 12,600~36,400 ton/year in Korea. It is confirmed that wood stove is the one of major sources of biomass burning, and the survey for activity data and the measurement for emission factors are needed for reducing the uncertainty of these emission data.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• v.55 no.7
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• pp.2670-2677
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• 2023

In the nuclear safety studies, a new trend refers to the evaluation of uncertainties as a mandatory component of best-estimate safety analysis which is a modern and technically consistent approach being known as BEPU (Best Estimate Plus Uncertainty). The major objectives of this study consist in performing a study of uncertainties/sensitivities of the major analysis results for a generic CANDU 6 Nuclear Power Plant during Station Blackout (SBO) progression to understand and characterize the sources of uncertainties and their effects on the key figure-of-merits (FOMs) predictions in severe accidents (SA). The FOMs of interest are hydrogen mass generation and event timings such as the first fuel channel failure time, beginning of the core disassembly time, core collapse time and calandria vessel failure time. The outcomes of the study, will allow an improvement of capabilities and expertise to perform uncertainty and sensitivity analysis with severe accident codes for CANDU 6 Nuclear Power Plant.