• Clinical and Experimental Reproductive Medicine
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.103-117
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• 1988

Ovulation induction was done with 3 different regimens as clomid combined with HMG, HMG only, and FSH combined with HMG in 28 menstrual cycles for IVF-ET and GIFT program. The appearance of endogenous LH surge, estradiol plateau, atypical LH surge, and time from initiation to peak of LH surge in serum and urine were observed and compared in 3 groups. 1. The estradiol concentration of serum LH surge day was similar in three groups but 1st group (Clomiphene Citrate+Sequential HMG) was slightly higher at $1924.0{\pm}865.1\;pg/ml$. In regards to the existence of serum estradiol plateau, 3rd group (FSH+Sequential HMG) was highest at 60%, and 1st group and 2nd group (HMG only) were similar at 33% and 44% respectively. 2. The number of ovarian of ovarian follicle which was more than 18mm in diameter was $4.1{\pm}2.0$, $4.2{\pm}2.1$ respectibely for 2nd group and 3rd group. Although the numbers were slightly higher thean 1st group for each ovarian follicle, serum estradiol value per follicle was higher for 1st group at $583.0{\pm}261.2pg/ml$. 3. When measuring the urine LH surge according to Hi-Gonavi and according to the standard set by three different types of surge, simultameous satisfaction for 1st group, 2nd group, 3rd group was two cases, five cases, four cases respectively at 40%, and the remained cases were composed of numorous type combination which satisfied the two definition, simultaneously in this study, the LH surge starting time was determined only in the cases tow combination were satisfied simultaneously at first, but there are something to study more. In one case of the 3rd group. 4. The concentration of LH surge start in urine and serum of 2nd group was highest at306. $0{\pm}287.2IU/l$ and $34.0{\pm}9.9mIU/ml$ and 1st group was low at $116.6{\pm}66.1IU/l$ and 7.4mIU/ml. The urine and serum value of LH was highest at $1644.4{\pm}988.8IU/l$, $65.9{\pm}15.0mIU/ml$ for 2nd group, 1st group was low at urine, and 3rd group was low of serum. With pregnancy established, the LH concentration of urine was relatively high but on the contrary the LH concentration of serum was low compared to urine concentration. 5. Time from LH surge start to the maximun of urine and serum value was highest at 15. $7{\pm}9.1$ hrs and $10.8{\pm}4.9$ hrs for 1st group and 3rd group. With pregnancy established, time was shortened for urine but on the contrary serum showed an increase in time. 6. The concentration of LH which increases with time on urine was highest at 2nd group ($194.6{\pm}76.8\;IU/hour$). The lowest increase for serum was at 3rd group (2.1mIU/hour). With pregnancy established, urine showed more increase than control group ($266.5{\pm}47.4\;IU/hour$) and for serum there was similar increase ($3.4{\pm}0.8\;mIU/hour$). 7. There were two examples of non-typical surge from 1st group and 3rd group each. Among these three cases showed a reestablishment of LH surge after 10-24 hours. 8. Endogenous spontaneous Lh surge occurs once for each 2nd group and 3rd group.

• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.173-182
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• 2002

Exposure to environmental tobacco smoke(ETS) increases the risk of lung cancer and other diverse health effect for nonsmokers. Health risk assessment of nonsmokers related to ETS exposure requires large and exact data of ETS exposure to nonsmokers. This study presented the data of ETS exposure to workers at three category of restaurants(Korean restaurant, coffee shop, wine shop) in Seoul. Markers of ETS exposure measured in this study were area and personal NO$_2$, area and urine nicotine, area respiratory suspended particulate(RSP) and urine cotinine. The mean concentration of RSP and nicotine of all restaurant indoor samples was 177.8$\mu\textrm{g}$/㎥(range:75.3~317.0$\mu\textrm{g}$/㎥) and 7.8$\mu\textrm{g}$/㎥(range:0~57.3$\mu\textrm{g}$/㎥). The mean concentration of urine cotinine measured for the biomarker of ETS exposure was 77.3ng/mL(range:17.3~174.6ng/mL). In all measurements, the concentration of ETS markers at the wine shop was higher than those at other restaurants. The correlation coefficient among the ETS markers measured in the study was significant between area RSP and nicotine concentration and between area NO$_2$and nicotine concentration.

• Journal of Korean Society of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.338-345
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• 2015

Objectives: The objective of this study was to evaluate the distribution of urine cadmium levels of residents in the surrounding areas of an industrial complex. Methods: During the period of three month from August to October 2012, informed consent was obtained from a total of 362 residents in Kwangyang and Yeosu. We collected urine sample from all subjects and their demographic characteristics, including alcohol drinks and smoking habits, using a questionnaire. The urine samples were analyzed using atomic absorption spectrometer. Results: The urinary cadmium geometric mean concentration of total participants was $0.87{\mu}g/g\;cr$. The results of this study showed that higher urine cadmium levels were observed in females and some subjects with a higher level of education level and a lower BMI. Also, those subjects who preferred to take vegetables and took fish 3 days before urine sampling procedure revealed higher urine cadmium concentrations. The urine cadmium concentrations of subjects in the exposed area($0.91{\mu}g/g\;cr$) were significantly higher than those in the control area($0.78{\mu}g/g\;cr$). Conclusions: An additional study is needed to assess health risks of residents in the vicinity of environment-unfriendly areas, coupled with endeavors to examine possible heavy metals contamination factors that may affect the human body.

• Journal of Korean Society of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.108-114
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• 2008

Objectives : To estimate the normal range of blood and urine cadmium levels using data from occupationally non-exposed office workers to cadmium in selected Korean women. Methods : A total of 437 women from healthy office workers were analyzed. To analyze blood and urine cadmium levels, blood and urine samples of study subjects were collected carefully and analyzed. Using a structured questionnaire, characteristics of the study subjects were investigated by well trained interviewers. Results : Mean blood cadmium concentration (CdB) was $0.46\;{\mu}g/{\ell}$ (GM; 0.16), whereas mean urine cadmium concentration (CdU) was $0.94\;{\mu}g/g$ creatinine (GM; 0.37). A significant increase of cadmium levels in blood and urine was observed by the rise of age (p=0.007; p=0.002, respectively). In the analysis of smoking state, blood and urine cadmium levels were higher in current smokers than in nonsmokers. In the multiple regression analysis, the rise of age and currently smoking were observed as a significant factor associated with cadmium level. Conclusion : These findings suggest that mean cadmium level in blood and urine indicated a relatively low level, although the rise of age and currently smoking were observed as a significant factor related to cadmium level. It can be used for the basic data to prevent harmful effects of cadmium exposure among female workers occupationally exposed to cadmium.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• v.43 no.4
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• pp.301-308
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• 2010

Objectives: In most DEHP exposure assessment studies, single spot urine sample was used. It could not compare the exposure level among studies. Therefore, we are going to represent the necessity of selection of proper sampling time of spot urine for assessing the environmental DEHP exposure, and the association urinary DEHP metabolites with steroid hormones. Methods: We collected urine and plasma from 25 men. The urine sampling times were at the end of the shift (post-shift) and the next morning before the beginning of the shift (pre-shift). Three metabolites of DEHP {mono(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate [MEHP], mono-(2-ethyl-5-hydroxyhexyl)phthalate [MEHHP], and mono(2-ethyl-5-oxohexyl)phthalate [MEOHP]} in urine were analyzed by HPLC/MS/MS. Plasma luteinzing hormone, follicle stimulating hormone, testosterone, and $17{\beta}$- estradiol were measured at pre-shift using a ELISA kit. A log-transformed creatinine-adjusted urinary MEHP, MEHHP, and MEOHP concentration were compared between the post- and pre-shift. The Pearson’s correlation was calculated to assess the relationships between log-transformed urinary MEHP concentrations in pre-shift urine and hormone levels. Results: The three urinary metabolite concentrations at post-shift were significantly higher than the concentrations in the pre-shift (p<0.0001). The plasma hormones were not significantly correlated with log-transformed creatinine - adjusted DEHP metabolites. Conclusions: To assess the environmental DEHP exposure, it is necessary to select the urine sampling time according to the study object. There were no correlation between the concentration of urinary DEHP metabolites and serum hormone levels.

• Toxicological Research
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.15-18
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• 2011

The toxicities of phenanthrene (PH) and pyrene (PY) are less than benzo(a)pyrene (BaP), but both compounds are found in higher concentrations in the air, feed, and food. Most PAHs are metabolized to hydroxylated compounds by the hepatic cytochrome P450 monooxigenases system. Metabolites are excreted into urine and feces. We determined concentrations of PH, PY and BaP in muscle and hydroxylated metabolites, 3-OH-PH, 1-OH-PY, and 3-OH-BaP, respectively, in urine from dairy cattle (n = 24). We also evaluated the relationship between parent compounds in muscle and their metabolites in urine. Concentrations of PH and PY in muscle ranged from 0.7~4.8 ng/g ($1.8{\pm}1.7$) and 0.4~4.1 ng/g ($1.2{\pm}1.2$), respectively. Concentrations of 3-OH-PH and 1-OH-PY in urine ranged from 0.1~5.9 ng/ml ($2.9{\pm}3.7$) and 0.5~3.6 ng/ml ($1.9{\pm}2.3$), respectively. Correlation coefficient for PY concentration in muscle versus 1-OH-PY in urine was 0.657 and for PH concentration in muscle versus 3-OH-PH in urine was 0.579. Coefficient determination for PY and PH concentrations in muscle was 0.886 and for 1-OH-PY and 3-OH-PH in urine was 0.834. This study suggests that 1-OH-PY and 3-OH-PH could be used as biomarkers for PAHs exposure in dairy cattle.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Tobacco Science
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.40-45
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• 1997

This study was conducted to evaluate the personal effects of tobacco smoke and environmental tobacco smoke(ETS) by measuring the concentration of nicotine and cotinine in the urine. While 129 urine samples were being collected, Personal characteristics such as sex, age, number of years since a Person has been a smoker, average consumption number of cigarettes per day, and number of smoker in family were also surveyed. Collected urine samples were used for analysis of nicotine and cotinine by GC/NPD after Passing the extrelut column. In the urine of the smoker, the average contents of nicotine and cotinine were 5.38$\mu\textrm{g}$/ml and 3.14 $\mu\textrm{g}$/ml, respectively. The average contents of nicotine and cotinine were 0.18$\mu\textrm{g}$/ml and 0.07$\mu\textrm{g}$/ml in the urine of male non-smoker, respectively. The contents of nicotine and cotinine in the non-smoker's urine were dependent on sex and age. On the other hand, the contents of nicotine and cotinine in smoker's urine were dependent on average consumption amount of cigarettes per day. Also, there was a direct relation between nicotine levels in the smoker's urine and the average consumption number of cigarettes Per day of smoker. The Possible sources of nicotine and cotinine in the non-smoker's urine seemed to be caused by food, beverage and En, Our results indicate that the number of smoker in family had no effect on increasing nicotine and cotinine contents in the urine of non-smoker.

• YAKHAK HOEJI
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• v.29 no.5
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• pp.260-267
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• 1985

A gas chromatography with flame ionization detection was developed to measure tranylcypromine in rat urine. The method involves extraction of the drug and the internal standard, phenylpropylamine from the urine using ethyl acetate and back extraction into 0.5N $H_{2}SO_{4}$. Following final extraction using dichloromethane, both the drug and the internal standard were converted to trifluoroacetyl derivatives and analyzed using a column of 3% SE-30 on 80/100 mesh Chromosorb W(HP). A calibration curve was constructed in the range of $5~50{\mu}g$tranylcypromine sulfate in 0.5ml urine and found to be linear. The detection limit was $2{\mu}g$. The tranylcypromine could be analyzed with the percent recovery of $100.81{\pm}8.13$ (SD) ina concentration range of $8-40{\mu}g$ in 0.5ml urine. When 0.4mmol/kg dose of the drug was administered through, an oral route, excretion percent of tranylcypromine in rat urine over 36hr was found to be $11.90{\pm}6.04$ (SD) for tranyleypromine sulfate and $2.23{\pm}0.63$ (SD) for benzyl trans-2-phenylcyclopropanecarbamate.

• Journal of the Korea Institute of Information and Communication Engineering
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• v.24 no.10
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• pp.1394-1397
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• 2020

The urine test used as a basic test method of in vitro diagnosis for health care has been used for a long time to be simple and convenient. The urine test method is using a color that appears depending on the change in the ion concentration that reacts over time buried in the standard color test paper(Strips) with a urine sample applied to some reaction reagents. In this paper, it was proposed a neural network algorithm to obtain a suitable and reproducibility and accuracy classifier suitable for the urine analysis system. The experimental results were compared with the visual colorimetric analysis, and the neural network algorithm showed better results.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• v.22 no.4 s.28
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• pp.480-485
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• 1989

The objective of this study was to examine the correlation between personal exposure of toluene at workplace and the concentration of hippuric acid in urine of male solvent workers. The study groups are 60 toluene exposed workers who worked at video tape factory and printing factory. The results are as follows : 1. The coefficient of correlation between toluene concentration of personal exposure and concentration of urinary hippuric acid was 0.649 (regression equation Y=0.015X+0.936, Y=urinary hippuric acid concentration, X=Toluene concentration of personal exposure). 2. Urinary hippuric acid concentration of workers with TLV 100 ppm of toluene was calculated 2.44 g/L by the regression equation (Y=0.015X+0.936).