• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• 제4권3호
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• pp.265-270
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• 1996

The purpose of this study was to determine pharmacokinetic parameters and tissue distribution patters of urinary trypsin inhibitor(UTI) in Sprague-Dawley rats. $Na^{125}$I was conjugated to UTI to make $^{125}I-UTI$ and the concentrations were determined by $\gamma$-counter. With the aid of nonlinear least-square regression analysis for i.v bolus injection of 1,000 unit UTI including $^{125}I-UTI$, the temporal concentration curves were best fitted by 2-compartment open model. The distribution phase half-life was 0.39$\pm$0.02 hours whereas the elimination half-life was 12.99$\pm$1.05 hours in male rats. The volume of distribution and total body clearance in male rats were 0.28$\pm$0.01 1/kg and 83.16$\pm$1.15 ml/kg/h, respectively. We could not find any difference of pharmacokinetic parameters of UTI between male and female rats. UTI were distributed widely in rat organs. In both male and female rats, the kidney was the highest distributed organ. Amount of UTI in 24 hour cumulative urine in male rats was 36.22$\pm$8.74% and that in 48 hours was 43.32$\pm$10.55%. Excretion via feces was very scanty, with the 24 hours cumulative amount being only 2.76$\pm$0.97%. This data suggest the main excretion route of UTI is urine.

• 한국자원식물학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국자원식물학회 2018년도 춘계학술발표회
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• pp.90-90
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• 2018

Kochiae Fructus is a medicinal plant used as medicine of the urinary organs, skin disease and inflammation. In this study, anti-inflammatory activity of Kochiae Fructus extract and its possible mechanisms of action were examined. The anti-inflammatory activity was investigated by inhibition of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) induced nitric oxide (NO), pro-inflammatory cytokine production and matrix metalloprotease-9 (MMP-9) in murine macrophage-like cell line Raw 264.7 cells. The measurement of the induced pro-inflammatory cytokine levels were carried out by ELISA. The phosphorylation of ERK1/2, JNK and MAPK and the nuclear expression of nuclear factor $NF-{\kappa}B$ p65 were investigated by Wesern blot analysis. The extract suppressed the phosphorylation of ERK1/2, JNK, and p38 MAPK, and the nuclear translocation of $NF-{\kappa}B$ p65 in activated cells. As a result, we suggest that the extract of Kochiae Fructus decreased the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines ($TNF-{\alpha}$, IL-6), nitric oxide, MMP-9 in LPS-induced Raw264.7 cells. Kochiae Fructus has possibility to be used as therapeutic benefits against inflammatory diseases.

• 사상체질의학회지
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• 제26권3호
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• pp.328-337
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• 2014

Objectives The aim of this study was to report significant improvement of vertigo, tinnitus and aural fullness after treatment with Cheongsimyeonja-tang in a Taeeumin patient with Meniere's disease. Methods The patient was diagnosed with Taeeumin Dry-heat symptomatic pattern and treated with Cheongsimyeonja-tang and acupuncture. The patient's subjective symptoms of vertigo, tinnitus and aural fullness were observed using Global Assessment Scale (GAS) during the treatment period. Results & Conclusions The symptoms of vertigo, tinnitus and aural fullness decreased from GAS 100 to GAS 0 for seven weeks. Furthermore, the patient's symptoms of insomnia, urinary frequency, chest discomfort and fatigue were reported to be improved after treatment. In conclusion, this study shows that Sasang Constitutional Medicine can be effective treatment for Taeeumin patient with Meniere's disease diagnosed as Dry-heat symptomatic pattern.

• Applied Microscopy
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• 제26권1호
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• pp.47-57
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• 1996

This study analysed the transport properties of bladder mucosa known as the typical system of 'tight epithelia' by using TEM observation with both rapid freeze-fracture electron microscopy and thin-section method and mainly analysed the cellular characteristics of turtle bladder epithelial cells. The bladder epithelium, like other tight epithelia, consists of a heterogenous population of cells. The majority of the mucosal cells are the granular cells and may function primarily in the process of active $Na^+$ reabsorption in turtle bladder. The remaining two types of cells are rich in mitochondria and is believed to be res-ponsible for a single major transport system, namely, $H^+$ transport by A-type of cell and urinary $HCO_{3}^-$ secretion by B-type of cell. As viewed in freeze-fracture electron micrograph, the tight junctions form a continuous tight seal around the epithelial cells, thus restricting diffusion in tight epithelia. In addition, the apical surface membranes have a population of rod-shaped intramembranous particles (IMPs). It is believed that these IMPs probably represent the components of the proton pump. However, it is likely that these characteristics of the apical transporter remain to be clarified in tight epithelial cells.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• 제45권3호
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• pp.413-417
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• 2002

증후군은 원위세뇨관 Na-Cl 공동운반체 유전자 이상으로 발생하는 상염색체 열성 유전질환으로, 저칼륨혈증, 저마그네슘혈증, 대사성 알칼리증, 그리고 저칼슘뇨증 등의 임상적 특징을 보이는 질환이다. 저자들은 Bartter 증후군과의 감별진단과 Gitelman 증후군의 확진을 위해 임상적으로 Gitelman 증후군이 의심되는 두명의 환아에서 신장청소검사를 시행하였다. 각각의 환아는 밤사이 금식을 시킨 후 물 20 mL/kg를 30분에 걸쳐 경구 투여하였고, 곧 이어 half saline을 정맥을 통해 분당 5 mL의 속도로 투여하기 시작하였다. 소변양이 분당 10 mL에 도달했을 때의 검체로 삼투질제거율, 유리수분제거율, 염소제거율, 원위분획염소재흡수율을 계산하였다. 그 후에 첫째 날은 furosemide, 둘째 날은 hydrochlorothiazide를 각각 투여하고 나서 같은 신장청소검사를 시행하였다. 이뇨제를 투여하기 전 원위분획염소재흡수율은 각각 73%, 75%로 정상범위에서 약간 감소되어 있었다. furosemide를 투여한 후 삼투질제거율은 증가하였고 유리수분제거율은 감소하였다. 염소제거율은 10배 이상 증가하였으며, 원위분획염소재흡수율은 현저한 감소를 보였다. Thiazide를 투여한 후에는 위와 같은 청소율의 변화들을 관찰할 수 없었다. 신장청소 검사의 소견은 본 연구의 환아들이 헨레의 고리 상행각의 이상보다는 원위세뇨관 Na-Cl 공동운반체의 이상이 있음을 보여주고 있어 Gitelman 증후군의 병태 생리와 잘 일치한다고 사료된다.

• 동의생리병리학회지
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• 제18권1호
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• pp.84-92
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• 2004

The present study examined the effects of Taekunyukmijiwhang-tang (TV) on blood pressure and renal function in nitric oxide (NO)-dependent hypertensive rats. A phamacological inhibition of nitric oxide synthase (NOS) for 4-6 weeks produces renal vasoconstriction, renal dysfunction, and progressive severe hypertension. Treatment of rats with NG-Nitro-L-arginie methylester (L-NAME) (100 mg/L, 6 weeks), which is a nonspecific NOS inhibitor, cause a sustained increase in systolic blood pressure (SBP), along with the decrease in expression of ecNOS in the kidney and thoracic aorta. The expression of Na, K-ATPase α1 subunit in the kidney was also reduced in the L-NAME induced hypertensive rats group. The renal functional parameters including urine osmolality (Uosm), creatinine clearance (Ccr), which is an index of glomerular filtration (GFR) were decreased in rat with L-NAME induced hypertension. while solute-free water reabsoption (TcH₂O) was unchanged in all experimental group. However, the group combined treated with TV and L-NAME did not develop hypertension and expression of ecNOS in the aorta was restored. The expression of Na/sup +/, K/sup +/-ATpase α1 subunit in the kidney was markedly restored in L-NAME-induced hypertension rats by administration of TV along with the restoration of urinary volume (UV) and sodium excretion (UNaV), whlie Na/sup +/, K/sup +/-ATPase /β1 subunit was not altered. These results suggest that TV attenuates an increase in SSP in the L-NAME induced hypertension and restores partially renal function, which seems to be caused by up-regulation of expression of Na/sup +/, K/sup +/-ATPase α1 subunit in the kidney and ecNOS in thoracic aorta.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제31권4호
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• pp.658-663
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• 2002

본 연구에서는 철의 섭취수준이 증가함에 따라 다양한 무기질의 이용변화를 알아보기 위하여 흰쥐를 대상으로 적정수준, 적정수준의 2배와 4배의 철을 6주간 공급한 후 칼슘, 마그네슘, 나트륨, 칼륨, 철, 구리, 아연의 혈청 수준 및 섭취량과 배설량에 의한 평형상태를 비교, 분석하였으며, 그 결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 사료 섭취량, 체중 증가량 및 사료효율은 철 보충에 따른 유의한 차이가 없었다. 철 보충에 따른 혈청 철과 아연 함량은 각 군별 차이를 보여 철 함량은 2배 공급군이 유의하게 낮았고 아연 함량은 4배 공급군이 다른 두군에 비해 유의적으로 높았다(p<0.05, p<0.05). 철 보충에 따라 철 섭취량이 유의적으로 증가한 것(p<0.01)을 제외하고 그 밖의 무기질 섭취량은 유의한 차이가 없었다. 소변 중 무기질 배설량은 철 보충에 따라 칼슘, 나트륨, 철, 구리, 아연이 각 군별 유의한 차이를 보였다(p<0.01, p<0.01, p<0.001, p<0.05, p<0.01). 대변 중 무기질 배설량은 철 보충에 따른 유의한 차이가 없었다. 1일 무기질 보유량은 철 보충에 따라 나트륨과 철이 유의한 차이를 보여(p<0.05, p<0.01) 철 보충이 증가할수록 이들 무기질의 보유량이 높게 나타났다. 그러나 무기질 흡수율은 철 보충에 따라 유의한 차이가 없었다. 이상의 연구결과를 종합할 때 요구량의 2배와 4배의 철 보충에 따라 무기질의 겉보기 흡수율은 유의한 차이가 없었다. 그러나 칼슘, 철, 구리, 아연의 소변중 배설량은 철 보충에 따라 유의적으로 감소함으로써 장기적인 철 보충이 이루어진다면 이와 같은 무기질의 체내 보유량이 감소함에 따라 영양상태가 저하될 수 있을 것으로 보여진다. 이와 같은 결과는 다양한 무기질의 평형상태를 유지하기 위 해서는 무기질 보충제를 이용하는 것보다 균형 잡힌 영양섭취나 일상식사를 통해 적정한 섭취수준을 유지하는 것이 중요하다는 것을 제시해주며, 앞으로 이에 대한 영양지도와 지속적 인 연구가 요구된다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제14권2호
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• pp.243-249
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• 2001

Thirty six barrows with an initial body weight of 28 kg were used to determine the effect of two dietary Se sources and a wide range of Se levels encompassing 0.3, 1.0, 3.0, 5.0, 7.0, and 10.0 mg/kg Se. The organic Se form was a Se-enriched yeast product, whereas the inorganic Se source was sodium selenite. The experiment was a $2{\times}6$ RCB design conducted in three replicates. Each barrow was placed in an individual metabolism crate and provided their dietary treatment and water on an ad libitum basis for a minimum 2 wk period, whereupon feed intake was adjusted to a constant intake within replicate at approximately 90% of intake for a 4 d adjustment period. Urine and feces were subsequently collected for a 7 d period and analyzed for Se and minerals. The results demonstrated that urinary Se was approximately 25% higher when pigs were fed sodium selenite (p<0.01), whereas fecal Se was lower by 25% (p<0.01). Se retention tended to be higher when organic Se was provided (p>0.15). Urinary Se increased as dietary Se level increased for both Se sources but increased more and at a high rate when sodium selenite was fed resulting in an interaction response (p<0.01). Fecal Se increased linearly as the dietary level of both Se sources increased, but the fecal Se from organic Se increased at a faster rate resulting in an interaction response (p<0.01). Se retention increased linearly (p<0.01) as dietary Se increased for both Se sources. The apparent digestibility of Se increased by Se level when pigs were fed sodium selenite, but not when the organic Se source was provided resulting in an interaction response (p<0.05). Retention of consumed Ca, Zn increased when pigs were fed organic Se (p<0.05) whereas P and Na retention were higher when the inorganic Se was provided. Mineral retention was not affected by dietary Se level except P. These results suggest that Se excretion by urine was the main route of excretion when pigs were fed sodium selenite but the fecal route when Se-enriched yeast was provided. The excretion of Fe, Zn, Mn, and Cu via urine and feces was not affected by high dietary Se level or dietary Se sources.

• Toxicological Research
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• 제30권1호
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• pp.7-11
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• 2014

Malondialdehyde (MDA), used as an oxidative stress marker, is commonly assayed by measuring the thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) using HPLC, as an indicator of the MDA concentration. Since the HPLC method, though highly specific, is time-consuming and expensive, usually it is not suitable for the rapid test in large-scale environmental epidemiologic surveys. The purpose of this study is to develop a simple and rapid method for estimating TBARS levels by using a multiple regression equation that includes TBARS levels measured with a microplate reader as an independent variable. Twelve hour urine samples were obtained from 715 subjects. The concentration of TBARS was measured at three different wavelengths (fluorescence: ${\lambda}-_{ex}$ 530 nm and ${\lambda}-_{em}$ 550 nm; ${\lambda}-_{ex}$ 515 nm and ${\lambda}-_{em}$ 553 nm; and absorbance: 532 nm) using microplate reader as well as HPLC. 500 samples were used to develop a regression equation, and the remaining 215 samples were used to evaluate the validity of the regression analysis. The induced multiple regression equation is as follows: TBARS level (${\mu}M$) = -0.282 + 1.830 ${\times}$ (TBARS level measured with a microplate reader at the fluorescence wavelengths ${\lambda}-_{ex}$ 530 nm and ${\lambda}-_{em}$ 550 nm, ${\mu}M$) -0.685 ${\times}$ (TBARS level measured with a microplate reader at the fluorescence wavelengths ${\lambda}-_{ex}$ 515 nm and ${\lambda}-_{em}$ 553 nm, ${\mu}M$) + 0.035 ${\times}$ (TBARS level measured with a microplate reader at the absorbance wavelength 532 nm, ${\mu}M$). The estimated TBARS levels showed a better correlation with, and are closer to, the corresponding TBARS levels measured by HPLC compared to the values obtained by the microplate method. The TBARS estimation method reported here is simple and rapid, and that is generally in concordance with HPLC measurements. This method might be a useful tool for monitoring of urinary TBARS level in environmental epidemiologic surveys with large sample sizes.

• Toxicological Research
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• 제30권4호
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• pp.305-309
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• 2014

Recently, there has been an increase in the use of several nephrotoxicity biomarkers in preclinical experiments. In addition, it has been indicated that the result may have been influenced by secondary factors, such as sample storage condition or storage period. In this study, we have assessed the variation in urinary nephrotoxicity biomarkers as a result of urine storage conditions and storage period of the urine. Urine was sampled from specific pathogen-free Sprague-Dawley rats (19 weeks old), which were housed individually in hanged stainless steel wire mesh cages. Urine was stored at $20^{\circ}C$, at $4^{\circ}C$, or at $-70^{\circ}C$ after sampling. The levels of the biomarkers such as beta-2 microglobulin (B2M), cystatin-C (Cys-C), N-acetyl-${\beta}$-D-glucosaminidase (NAG), micro albumin (MA), micro protein (MP) were measured at 6, 24, 48 and 144 hr after sampling. The B2M level was significantly decreased at 6, 24, 48, and 144 hr compared to 0 hr at $-70^{\circ}C$ (p < 0.05, p < 0.01, p < 0.05, and p < 0.05, respectively) and 24 and 144 hr at $20^{\circ}C$ (p < 0.01, p < 0.01, respectively). The Cys-C level was significantly decreased at 144 hr compared to 0 hr at $4^{\circ}C$ (p < 0.01), at $20^{\circ}C$ (p < 0.05) and at $70^{\circ}C$ (p < 0.01). MP and MA levels were not different for 144 hr in all storage conditions. Taken together, B2M and Cys-C levels were modulated by storage temperature and period. For the enhancement of test accuracy, it is suggested that strict protocols be established for samples to minimize the effects of the storage conditions on the detected levels of biomarkers.