• Journal of Auto-vehicle Safety Association
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• v.13 no.4
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• pp.7-13
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• 2021

This paper presents an vulnerable road user (VRU) classification and tracking algorithm using vision and LiDAR sensor fusion method for urban autonomous driving. The classification and tracking for vulnerable road users such as pedestrian, bicycle, and motorcycle are essential for autonomous driving in complex urban environments. In this paper, a real-time object image detection algorithm called Yolo and object tracking algorithm from LiDAR point cloud are fused in the high level. The proposed algorithm consists of four parts. First, the object bounding boxes on the pixel coordinate, which is obtained from YOLO, are transformed into the local coordinate of subject vehicle using the homography matrix. Second, a LiDAR point cloud is clustered based on Euclidean distance and the clusters are associated using GNN. In addition, the states of clusters including position, heading angle, velocity and acceleration information are estimated using geometric model free approach (GMFA) in real-time. Finally, the each LiDAR track is matched with a vision track using angle information of transformed vision track and assigned a classification id. The proposed fusion algorithm is evaluated via real vehicle test in the urban environment.

• Korean Journal of Remote Sensing
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• v.38 no.4
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• pp.421-434
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• 2022

Fine particulate matter (PM2.5) has been the biggest environmental problem in Korea since the 2010s. The present study considers the value of urban forests and green infrastructure as an ecosystem service (ES) concept for PM2.5 reduction based on satellite and spatial data, with a focus on Seoul, Korea A method for the spatial ES assessment that considers social demand variables such as population and land price is suggested. First, an ES assessment based on natural environment information confirms that, while the vitality of vegetation is relatively low, the ES is high in the city center and residential areas, where the concentration of PM2.5 is high. Then, the ES assessment considering social demand (i.e., the ESS) confirms the existence of higher PM2.5 values in residential areas with high population density, and in main downtown areas. This is because the ESS of urban green infrastructure is high in areas with high land prices, high population density, and above-average PM2.5 concentrations. Further, when a future green infrastructure improvement scenario that considers the urban forest management plan is applied, the area of very high ESS is increased by 74% when the vegetation greenness of the green infrastructure in the residential area is increased by only 20%. This result suggests that green infrastructure and urban forests in the residential area should be continuously expanded and managed in order to maximize the PM2.5 reduction ES.

• Journal of Distribution Science
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.69-77
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• 2024

Purpose: This paper aims to tackle the challenges and opportunities of cities' response to COVID-19 and provide cities with policy implications for better adapting to the post-pandemic era. Cities around the world are facing new challenges and have had to adapt to maintain social distancing measures while also addressing equity and social inclusion issues. Research design, data and methodology: The research methodology relies on an examination of existing literature, coupled with trend analysis employing discourse analysis to investigate post-pandemic urban resilience. The article also attempts to employ the concepts of adaptive urbanism and spatial flexibility and their potential to address these challenges not only in response to the pandemic, but also in the long-term. Results: The article explores the impact of COVID-19 on urban spatial structure through a public health lens and proposes actions that cities are able to take to enhance their resilience in the aftermath of the pandemic. Conclusions: It underscores the significance of reconstructing with improved distribution dynamics and provides valuable guidance for companies and policymakers on navigating these challenges. Ultimately, it also suggests that the pandemic has initiated a worldwide restructuring of urban planning, potentially leading to the emergence of smart cities grounded in science and technology.

• Journal of Wellbeing Management and Applied Psychology
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.1-7
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• 2024

Purpose: The improvement of the social security system can greatly affect residents' future uncertainty, and it is important to study the relationship between public pensions and household consumption. Research design, data and methodology: Using the 2018 China Household Panel Survey (CFPS) data, the instrumental variable method is used to analyze the impact of pension insurance on urban residents' consumption. Results: The results of the study show that there are differences in the impact of three different pension insurance systems on household consumption. The pension insurance for public sector significantly boosts household consumption, and having a pension insurance for public sector can increase household consumption by 7.7%. The pension insurance for enterprise employee will reduce household consumption, but this is only significant for urban households. The pension insurance for urban and rural residents has a negative impact on household consumption. For the 16- to 39-year-old group, having a pension insurance for urban and rural residents will reduce household consumption by 5.7%. At the same time, household income, assets, scale, and education level will positively stimulate household consumption. Conclusions: The study reveals varying impacts among different pension types, highlighting the need for optimizing social security schemes to incentivize higher consumption rates.

• Journal of Korean Society of Transportation
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• v.31 no.4
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• pp.32-46
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• 2013

Because of short length between interchanges, traffic congestion has been caused by a lot of short trip traffic in the urban section of interregional expressway. Also, in case of expressway with Bus Only Lane, bus causes dangerous situation by conflicting between vehicles and buses in order to access from Bus Only Lane to IC. Therefore, this study aims to propose Express Lane applied by Bus Only Lane as a new lane operation in order to efficiently operate and to analyze the effectiveness on constructing Express Lane to the Pangyo-Hannam section in Gyeongbu Expressway. The study analyzes effectiveness by scenario using the micro traffic simulation tool, VISSIM 5.4. For this, the indicators which evaluate construction effect of Express Lane, are used by average delay time, average speed and total travel time. The results of the study showed the best effectiveness when Express Lane installed one, and it represented an ideal traffic condition when long distance trip traffic of the whole traffic is 25% in the study section. Therefore, the construction of Express Lane using Bus Only Lane achieves positive effectiveness on safety and expense aspect as well as uncongested flow.

• Journal of the Korean Geographical Society
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• v.29 no.3
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• pp.360-368
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• 1994

To this day, a number of quantitative analytical methods have been employed in clarifying regional characteristics in the discipline of geography. This paper attempted, as a part of application of those quantitative analyses, to make clear the urban functions and consequently the urban characteristics statistically by adopting newly-introduced CHAID, a sort of discriminant analyis technique. The processing of data was sonducted in two phases. To begin with, the urban functions were classified after designating twenty cities - the population of each city counting 250, 000 or more - as predictor variable, and at the same time four major urban functions like administration, marketing, finance and production as response variable. And then, preeminent functions of individual region were discriminated and concurrently classified by treating the remaining traffic, education, medicare, culture and transportation functions as predictor variable, and the following five regions as response variable: Metropolitan Seoul Area. Pusan region, Taegu region, Kwangju region and Chungcheong region. According to the result of this analysis, marketing and administration are emereed as meaningful functions in Seoul and Taegu respectively. As for the finance function only Pusan and Pucheon can be discriminated. Seoul, Pusan and Seongnam reveal their dominancy in production function. To take a look at the result of the latter analysis, the Metropolitan Seoul area shows, among other functions, strong traffic and finance functions. When it comes fo Pusan region, adminstration, education and finance functions are recorded as a leading ones, and Taegu region is preferable in education, medicare and transportation functions. In case of Kwangju region adminstration, production and education functions are discriminated from any other functions. Chungcheong region shows similar aspect with only traffic function replacing the production function of Kwangju region. Based on aforementioned anlysis, it can be said that the CHAID technique, which is capable of processing large amount of categorical data and, by presenting its outcome in the form of dendrogram, facilitates the interpretation work, is an effective, meaningful means to classify and discriminate certain geographical regions and their characteristics.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.15 no.3
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• pp.17-28
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• 2012

This study aims to present the ground for the introduction of energy-saving landscape facilities which can meet the requirements of the age and create a new space by introducing the facilities which saves energy and that users prefer at the space where urbanites enjoy leisure activities in the urban parks. Thus, in addition to a spatial analysis of the parks for 10 urban parks in Gimpo, through an attitude survey on the users' behaviors, the following conclusions were drawn out. First, as a result of putting all facilities in the urban parks in Gimpo, on average, 6.9 out of the standards of 9 (76.6%) have been installed, and as a result of an analysis on the total number of the installed facilities, on average, about 28 kinds of facilities have been installed, so only 22.4% of the total 125 facilities were installed. Second, many urbanites are using the parks for the purpose of taking a walk and exercise to improve their health; however, the legal standards regulate only 2.9 exercise facilities on average in the target area, which are somewhat insufficient. Third, regarding the citizens' intent to participate in responding to climate change, 76% of them showed their intention of participation. Thus, if the energy-saving facilities, the purpose of this study, are introduced, many users will use them, and it is judged that costs for existing street lights and electric power plants will decrease. Fourth, as a result of an analysis of their satisfaction with the facilities, the value of R-square meaning the explanatory power of the independent variables put in a linear model for dependent variables was 0.860, approximately 81% of the total satisfaction, which was a high explanatory power. This study conducted an attitude survey on the users of urban parks in Gimpo at the dimensions of the introduction of energy-saving facilities in the urban parks, the national policies and responses to climate change. It is significant that it identified the appropriateness of developing much more energy-saving landscape facilities needed for low-carbon green growth in various types, and as a subsequent project, a more precision study on this is necessary continuously.

• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.65-86
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• 1990

Living conditions of the rural elderly were assessed in terms of clothing behavior, health and nutritional status, housing and envioronmental condition, and psychological adjustment. The subjects were eighty individuals over sixty residing in the rural community of Iksan-kun, Chollabukdo. The interview method using questionnaires, direct measurement, and observation was used for this study. Data were compared with those obtained from a previous study of the elderly residing in an urban area. Clothing behavior showed that the elderly residing in the rural community were more concerned about plain and conservative design of clothes than their urban counterparts. Special protective clothes for cropdusting with agricultural chemicals had not been prepared. The following urgent needs were pointed out: development and supply of agricultural chemical protective clothing and development and education of appropriate washing and clothing care methods. The health status of the elderly was generally good, but poor eating habits were found more frequently in the rural elderly than among the urban dwellers. Several dietary nutrient intakes were insufficient. Contrasting the urban elderly with the rural group, it was found that the urban group lacked sufficient vitamin A and vitamin C and the urban women had insufficient calorie whereas the rural group was deficient in protein, vitamin A, calorie, and fat. A significant relationship was found between dietary nutrient intake and health index, food habit points, self recognized health status, meal satisfaction, and economic status. Urgent needs of the development of a nutrition education program for the elderly were pointed out. Most of elderly residing in the surveyed rural communities were living alone or with their spouse only, therefore only one room was used among the three or four available rooms. Most of the rural elderly were living either in a traditional Korean house built with differing floor levels or in a modified Korean style house. Minimal modernization had been made for kitchen facilities such as sink and gas range or for heating facilities with the briquette boiler. However, sanitary space such as lavatory and bathroom had not been remodeled. A housing welfare program for rural communities should be implemented at the national level. The comparison of psychological characteristics of the rural elderly with their city counterparts revealed that the rural elderly have a more stable psychological status and optimistic attitude than those living in a city. However, it was found that most of the elderly did not have any future plan. Community programs for the elderly including hobbies or leisure activities or education programs to generate close interpersonal relationships with their children should be developed and provided.

• Journal of Agricultural Extension & Community Development
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.49-74
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• 2008

Although demands for people to promote quality of life have been increased, rural residents especially aged was very difficult to keep in touch with the public social service system. On the other hand, many volunteers belonged to non-profit organizations(NPOs) have contributed to deliver the social service to overcome restrictive public social service system. The purpose of this study was to compare volunteer activities of both of rural and urban women NPOs, and to suggest some programs to facilitate volunteer activities in rural area. For this study, the survey was conducted by interviews based on a closed questionnaire. The subjects of the survey were members of rural and urban women NPOs in Gangneung and Anseong districts. It was conducted from August 24 to October 31, 2006. Data were collected from 582 members, of which 562 data were analyzed. The major findings were follows: Rural women participated in volunteer activity of 7 fields a year, while urban women participated in 6.5 fields. But, only 15.8% of rural women volunteers was insured for accident during activities by local Volunteer Center, on the other hand, 53.2% of urban women volunteers was insured. This study suggested measures to support compensations (accident insurance and so on) for volunteer activities of rural women, and to put emphasis on some programs especially to encourage urban women`s activities for rural area.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.8 no.10
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• pp.317-327
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• 2008

Go-Yang city, rural region by the 1980s, had rapidly grown to the big city for only 15 years because of Il-San new town development which was developed during $1990{\sim}1995$. So the population and industrial function were greatly increased too. The change of urban spatial structure was grasped by tracing the distribution of population, household and industries of Go-Yang city during $1990{\sim}2005$. The new urban center had grown to the center of the whole city, while the industries of existing centers were extended to the neighbor areas. The existing centers had been changed into 3 types - (1) changed into a part of new urban center, (2) declined to sub-center with small merchant facilities. (3) continuously grown with the development of whole city. As a result, a new town development had changed the urban structure by creating new functional relationships among the existing and new centers rather the existing centers had declined.