• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.782-798
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• 1996

This study was a survey done for the purpose of constructing a nursing theory according to Korean culture and to identify the traditional Korean view of humans and the expectations of the sick role, and to confirm changes from the traditional view of humans and expectations of the sick role according to general characteristics of the population. The subjects were all adults over 18 years old. 517 who lived in six large cities and 191 who lived in five rural communities. Data collection was done from November 19th, 1994 to January 19th, 1995 using a tool to measure the traditional view of humans and expectations of the sick role which was developed by the investigator through a literature review. Collected data were analyzed using frequency, percent, Cronbach alpha, 1-test, F-test and Scheffe post hoc contrasts, with the SAS program. The results of this study are summerized as follows : 1. The Traditional view of human score for all subject was 49.92, which shows that Korean traditional view of human is moderate. High scored items were "human need to live by making harmony with nature, not by overcoming the nature" (3.44), "Filial duty to parents and elders is important" (3.31), "Think of family more than a individual" (2.96). 2. The differences in the traditional view of humans between residential districts showed that the residents of Chungbuk(56.00), Kyungbuk(55.26), Chonbuk(51.32), Taegu(50.59) had a more traditional view of humans than those in Pusan(45.42) and Seoul (47.27). 3. The differences in the traditional view of humans according to general characteristics showed that rural community residents, males, older people, people with lower levels of education, married and house-resident groups had a significantly higher traditional view of humans than urban residents, females, younger people, people with a higher levels of education, single and apartment-resident groups. There were differences according to religion and job. Buddhism had a higher traditional view of humans than those of atheism, Christianity and Catholicism and physical workers, a significantly highers score, than technicians and professional workers. 4. Daily expected task performance during illnesses was lowest for patients with stroke (2.16) and psychosis(2.40), in which case almost no daily general tasks were expected, followed by arthritis 4.06, peptic ulcer 4.79, headache 4.99 and cough 5.58. The amount of expected role exemption during illnesses was also highest for stroke(2.25), followed by psychosis(2.08), arthritis(1.64), peptic ulcer(1.29), headache(1.16) and cough(1.09). The amount of daily task performance in the acute stage(3.05) was significantly lower than that of convalescent stage(4.95). 5. Total expectation of role exemption according to general characteristics showed that there was no significant differences in urban /rural community, marriage, level of education and religion. By sex, women showed higher expectation of role exemption during illnesses than men. By age, the 31-40 year old group showed lower expectation of role exemption than the 41-50 year old group or over the 61 year old group.or over the 61 year old group.

• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.65-86
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• 1990

Living conditions of the rural elderly were assessed in terms of clothing behavior, health and nutritional status, housing and envioronmental condition, and psychological adjustment. The subjects were eighty individuals over sixty residing in the rural community of Iksan-kun, Chollabukdo. The interview method using questionnaires, direct measurement, and observation was used for this study. Data were compared with those obtained from a previous study of the elderly residing in an urban area. Clothing behavior showed that the elderly residing in the rural community were more concerned about plain and conservative design of clothes than their urban counterparts. Special protective clothes for cropdusting with agricultural chemicals had not been prepared. The following urgent needs were pointed out: development and supply of agricultural chemical protective clothing and development and education of appropriate washing and clothing care methods. The health status of the elderly was generally good, but poor eating habits were found more frequently in the rural elderly than among the urban dwellers. Several dietary nutrient intakes were insufficient. Contrasting the urban elderly with the rural group, it was found that the urban group lacked sufficient vitamin A and vitamin C and the urban women had insufficient calorie whereas the rural group was deficient in protein, vitamin A, calorie, and fat. A significant relationship was found between dietary nutrient intake and health index, food habit points, self recognized health status, meal satisfaction, and economic status. Urgent needs of the development of a nutrition education program for the elderly were pointed out. Most of elderly residing in the surveyed rural communities were living alone or with their spouse only, therefore only one room was used among the three or four available rooms. Most of the rural elderly were living either in a traditional Korean house built with differing floor levels or in a modified Korean style house. Minimal modernization had been made for kitchen facilities such as sink and gas range or for heating facilities with the briquette boiler. However, sanitary space such as lavatory and bathroom had not been remodeled. A housing welfare program for rural communities should be implemented at the national level. The comparison of psychological characteristics of the rural elderly with their city counterparts revealed that the rural elderly have a more stable psychological status and optimistic attitude than those living in a city. However, it was found that most of the elderly did not have any future plan. Community programs for the elderly including hobbies or leisure activities or education programs to generate close interpersonal relationships with their children should be developed and provided.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.19-27
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• 2011

By studying 'Sauidangzi' written by Honggyungmo(1774~1851), this paper shows on the location, the space organization, and the landscape culture of 'Sauidang' which was upper class's house in late period of the Joseon. Sauidang was the residence of about 530 kan(about $1,750m^2$) which was given to Jeongmyunggongju(daughter of Sunzo) by Injo when she married with Hongjuwon, located at the good place where Mt. Mokmyuk, Mt. Dobong, Mt. Inwang, and Janwon peak are harmonized all together. The residence was on the foothill of Mt. Mokmyuk, facing to the northeast. The main house was facing to the east with the inner and back yards, and the separate house(Sauidang) was facing to the west with the garden, and a vegetable field was set in the outer yard where is connected with a main road where willow trees were lined up, 'Sauidang' was called as "the garden of princess", and a stair-shaped flower garden was made to the south, and one could look down the Hanyang castle as a whole. In the garden, there were trees and house plants enriching one's mind to wish an eternal life with oddly shaped stones or flowers, and symbolizing a fairly land. There were 38 types of trees that were planted either on the ground or in pots as various bundles like 1 tree, 2 trees, 3 trees, 4 trees, 5 trees, 8 trees, and 9 trees. Taehosuk, oddly shaped stones, stone panels, stone pillars, jade panels, sundial, walls and fences, stone stairs, steppingstones, and buildings were set for the landscape. Also, the residence had rare luxuries of landscaping culture like Wangheeji's Nanjungsoogyeseo, Sosik's Cheeongjeongi, Jomangboo's Jeokbyukboo, and Anpyungdaegoon's Behaedangcheop.

• Architectural research
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.1-8
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• 2014

Although Feng-Shui has been widely used in architecture and urban design and planning for thousands of years, it has not been properly studied as a scientific and thus rational approach. Feng-Shui has been recognized as an environment-friendly design and planning method in recent years due to its thoughtful consideration on the harmonious relationship between architecture and the natural environment. This study investigates its major principles and techniques that have been widely used in the design of houses through previous relevant researches. Then, the principles and techniques that are relevant to the residential uses are indexed for the quantification of Feng-Shui. Ten Feng-Shui indices are formulated and each index is quantified to make five points for a perfect match. These indices are then tested on three different types of house in Korea, namely traditional Korean houses, contemporary Korean style houses and contemporary architects' houses. The result shows that the first type of house records the highest Feng-Shui points and then the second and third types in that order. This result convinces us that the Feng-Shui indices can very effectively represent the degree of environmentally friendly design.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
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• v.31 no.2
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• pp.1-19
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• 2013

This study was carried out to analyze distribution situation of alien plants and to propose management plan in the 3 Folk village in Gyeongsangbuk-do which is Cultural property designated by the State; Hahoe, Yangdong and Hangae. This research is for improve of sincerity of historical site and provide basic information which use about administration of preservation. The results are as follows. 1. Overall flora and alien plants appearance The total flora in the 3 folk villages were listed total 752 taxa including 127 families, 430 genera, 614 species, 5 subspecies, 100 varieties and 33 forms. Among them, woody plants take 263 taxa(35.0%) and herbaceous plants take 489 taxa (65.0%). Flora in the Hahoe, Yangdong and Hangae village were total 534, 479 taxa and 408 taxa and exotic plant index was 30.1%, 38.2% and 37.0% respectively. In types of exotic plants, ornamental exotic plants were 135 taxa, deciduous exotic plants were 21 taxa, cultivating exotic plants were 64 taxa, and naturalized exotic plants were 80 taxa and those result lead that the ornamental exotic plants is the highest ratio. According to the villages, Hahoe village had 161 taxa(30.1%), Yangdong Village had 183 taxa(38.2%), and Hangae village had 151 taxa(37.0%) that Yangdong village showed the most number of exotic plants. 2. Planting of landscape exotic plants in the unit cultural assets Meanwhile, Ornamental exotic plants in old house's gardens in Andong Hahoe village which is designated as a unit assets, those are total 30 taxa; followed by the Okyeon house(8 taxa) is highest and the Yangjindang(7), the Hadong house(6) and the Chunghyodang(5). Magnolia denudata appears the most as for 4 times and Campsis grandiflora etc. each took 2 times. Based on the Yangdong village, Gyeongju, that are found total 51 taxa; followed by the Dugok house(16 taxa) the Sujoldang(14), the Mucheondang(13), and the Sangchunheon (12). High appearance rate of ornamental exotic plants were Viburnum opulus for. hydrangeoides, Lycoris squamigera, Caragagna sinica and Magnolia denudata etc. Based on the Hangae village, Seongju, that are designated total 62 taxa; followed by the Jinsa house(35 taxa), the Gyori house(25), the Hanju head family house(20), and the Hahoe house(16). Taxa with high appearance rates were Caragana sinica, Juniperus chinensis var. horizontalis, Magnolia denudata, Viburnum opulus for. hydrangeoides, Chaenomeles speciosa etc. 3. Problems of exotic plant landscapes in the outer spaces of the folk villages Problems of exotic plant landscapes in the outer spaces of the Hahoe village are as follows. In lower of the Mansongjeong forest, Ambrosia artemisifolia, which are ecosystem disturbance plants designated by the Ministry of Environment, live with high dominance value. This should be have a remove with Sicyos angulatus immediately. In the Nakdong river bed around the Mansongjeong forest is covered with a riparian vegetation forest belt of Robinia pseudoacacia L. forest, Populus nigra var. italic community, and Populus x tomentiglandulosa community colony. Based on the Yangdong village, the planted or naturally distributed Ailanthus altissima colony, sporadically distributed Robinia pseudoacacia as well as Amorpha fruticosa are detected all over the village and ecotones. Based on the Hangae village, Ailanthus altissima and Robinia pseudoacacia are sporadically distributed around the village and there is a sign of spreading. similarity of exotic plantsis 47.0% to 48.6% and a reason why this happened is all of research site in Gyeongsanbuk-do and that is why growth norm of plant is similar, exotic plant which is sales for ornamental and it infer to require related countermeasure of each villages and joint related countermeasure.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
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• v.33 no.4
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• pp.112-128
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• 2015

To consider an identity about traditional folk village, this study analyzes color characteristic of traditional folk village by targeting Cuandixia folk village in China. For method of study, color is analyzed by KSCA(Korea Standard Color Analysis) program and images of color are drawn by I.R.I. Based on these, four results are came out. First, color distribution of Cuandixia is appeared in YR, R, Y, GY order. Furthermore, there are no affiliation of BG, and B but a lot of affiliation of YR. Second, the whole is made up of color that is applied to mist gray/low chroma in the value and chroma stakes. Especially, high chroma is extracted by only commercial old house, the rest is made up of middle and low chroma color. Third, dark color is the most by KS Color System and dark reddish gray and medium gray are occupied most part. Fourth, the whole atmosphere of village is static and hard, and the image is researched as gentle. Through the research, It applies extracted color palette for plan and preservation of traditional folk village. As using the color that is reflected in national and local distinct characteristic, preserving the color reflected in history and culture of the village, and applying color planning considered harmony with surrounding environment, it is expected that it can help to direct the color involved traditional and cultural meaning.

• Journal of Families and Better Life
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.45-60
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• 2009

This study was designed to examine the meaning of housing in modern Korea, and to draw the interrelationship of people and housing. In-depth interviews were conducted, and the qualitative research investigated various aspects of housing history among four individuals during the different phases of social and economic transitions. Each narratives showed the unique characteristics of life history, and the conceptual frameworks for interpretation were microsociological approach by Morris and Winter(1978) and pathway approach by Clapham(2005). One narrater named "K" had gone through various housing experiences since her birth in 1933 at a traditional Korean housing, and she moved to a traditional rural community. Another narrater called "S" was born in housing built during the Japanese colonization, gained wealth through the housing boom of the industrialization, and has lived in a suburban condominium. "G" spent her entire life in an urban area, had never owned a house, and lived in a house with poor quality. The other narrater named "L" had lived in a single-family home with a large yard since her childhood, and she has resided in multi-family housing by herself after having a lot of experiences of building houses. The results revealed that housing could play as a simple role as a shelter, be transformed over family life cycle, become prestige of extended family, social and family status, investment. Meaning of housing from the pathway approach were closely related to hometown, the relation to birth family at postmarriage, economic status, and housing experiences according to the social change. As a conclusion, the meaning of housing is vary, and housing conveys numerous implications including psychological, social and economic aspects.

• Journal of the Korean Geographical Society
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• v.19
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• pp.41-51
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• 1979

Since 1971 when the nation wide 'New Community' movement was launched to improve rural standards of living, dol and thatched-roof houses have been reshaped or removed, thereby making it hard to find time-honored people's living structures in the countryside. Since 1977, the improvement work of rural houses has started throughout the country, so many new rural residences have been constructing along the highway, main roads, railways and around the sightseeing area, New rural houses do not show, for the most part, the traditional architectural style and the nation's unique conventional ways of living. The writer tried to find solutions to the problems derived from improvement work of rural residence, in a comparative method of traditional rural houses and newly constructed rural ones. The greater part of new rural houses' types, painting colors, and fence types had been recommended by provincial administrative trative officials. Officials recommended them to the farmer with their standards, which did not consider farmer's convenience of traditional way of life, but a fine sight from the highways or railways. Korea's three basic roof types are the HAPKAK roof (gabled and hipped), the UCHINKAK roof(hipped), and the BAKKOONG roof(gabled). However, the gabled roof houses, having their entrance on the gabled side, are found more ofter in new rural village. As mentioned above, architectural style is not harmonious with the topography and climate i Korea, because it is not Korean traditional type, but one of the western styles. And new rural house plans are inconvenient in the conservation rural family system, because of the same category with urban houses plans. Other problems derived from ton-traditional architecture style are roof painting in 4-5 colors in a new village, types of wall and fence, and attached building in the site.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
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• v.32 no.2
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• pp.124-133
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• 2014

The study on Musa basjoo planting in traditional gardens in of folk villages and traditional temples was conducted to identify the phenomenon of Musa basjoo planting which frequently appears in paintings and literatures of the late Joseon dynasty and how the cultural custom is being handed down. The result of the study is as follows. As a result of studying state-designated folk villages 6 sites, the custom is being handed down in a few limited gardens including Asan Oeam Village and Seongju Hangae Village. In case of Oeam Village, there are three gardens where Musa basjoo was planted including Seolimbang, Vice Minister's Residence, and Geonjae House where Musa basjoo withered now. In case of Hangae Village, it was found in Bukbi House, Hahoe Residence and Gyoridaek Jinsa's Residence and most of them were planted in front of guesthouses and main building with the assemble-planting method. Musa basjoo planting was confirmed in 39 traditional temples and it was found that Yangsan Tongdosa Temple and attached hermitage Geukrakam are currently prevalent in Musa basjoo planting. Musa basjoo was planted on either side of the stairs of Buddhist sanctums for Buddha and Avalokitesvara Guan Yin of main temples and gwaneum temples with the assemble-planting method and it has a tendency of pair planting. Considering that Musa basjoo is a southern plant, most of Musa basjoo planting was distributed around Jeollanam-do and Gyeongsangnam-do, which is closely related to the isotherm distribution of the Korean Peninsula. Especially, it was found that planting flora was centered on $12^{\circ}C$ of Warmth Index $100^{\circ}$ and annual average temperature.

• Journal of the Korean Geographical Society
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• v.37 no.4
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• pp.317-336
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• 2002

Dongrae-bu, the administrative central area in Busan in Chosun-dynasty(1392-1910), performed the large parts of diplomatic and trading functions with Japan because of its geographical conditions. Because of his location, landscape of Dongrae city-wall is the mirror of political and military meaning in Chosun-dynasty period. Elements of landscape, such as site of city-wall, location and morphology of gates, government official buildings and the road systems can be interpreted by the functional and socio-cultural terms. The changes of landscape during Japanese colonial period(1910-1945) show that destruction of city-walt went on for the purpose of imperialism. Especially, the landscape which had political meaning in Chosun-dynasty had erased in terms of modem urban planning. Cates of city-wall, official guest house, fortress which symbolize the governing and political power of Chosun-dynasty were destructed almost perfectively. New road system was imported Urban planning was effective instrument through which city-wall could be destroyed for the Japanese colonialism. Under those processes, traditional structure was changed towards the dependency on Japan. Those relict landscape are remained in present urban landscape such as road system, cul-de sac, house and cornerstones. Those results of this study show that city-wall in Korea should be studied in terms of socio-cultural aspects in each periods.