• Journal of Environmental Policy
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.111-133
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• 2010

Environmental conservation plan, notwithstanding their feasibility and potential utility in construction of environment-friendly spaces, has long been perceived in practice as "declarative" and a "formality." Such perceptions are largely the result of the failure to provide spatial planning that is directly relevant to development of the space in question, and to sufficiently interconnect with urban development plan. This demonstrates the need for ways to link disparate plans, i.e. to enact "spatial environment plan." In response to these issues, this study proposes the systematization of spatial environment data as a necessary prerequisite to the establishment of spatial environment plan, which would provide both linkages with other plans, and ensure the applicability of environmental conservation plan. To this end, this study analyzed existing environmental data, and then proposed systems for links with spatial environment plan. In respect of this, the study examined spatial data systems, and then classified applicable spatial according to each environmental medium. The study also produced spatial information and planning items that can be included in spatial environment plans for each of the nine environmental media, and then constructed a system that could link the existing spatial information system, current spatial environment data, and spatial environment management plan. Furthermore, the study proposed matters for improvement in the construction of spatial environmental data to ensure the activation of spatial environment plan. The construction of a systematic spatial database, by facilitating the smooth establishment of spatial environment plan, can enhance and upgrade environmental conservation plan, while contributing to enhanced linkages with related spatial plans.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.557-566
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• 2018

Shopping malls have been developed to increase sales revenue and attract visitors. This study focused on the sense of the outdoor characteristics of these shopping malls by comparing open and enclosed types of shopping malls in common spaces in LA and Korea through case study analyses. This research through case studies will form the foundation of comfortable shopping mall space design. The results are the follows. 1. Enclosed shopping malls tend to provide large indoor space to create a sense of outdoors. 2. The common space of enclosed shopping malls is developed through space expansion with horizontal and vertical connections that appear in different combinations depending on the space constraints and contexts. 3. The architectural planning of enclosed shopping malls are largely dependent on the concept of everyday life portrayed in the identity of each space, which usually involve the inclusion of sizable atriums to host indoor sports or special performances.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.31-44
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• 1990

This study was carried out to investigate the changes of rural residential environmemts accompanied by the rural village improvement projects. The results of this study can be a guidoline for further betterment works of rural village envirnments. This sutdy is composed of the survey of two major parts, one Is the interview of the residents and the survey of existing conditions of residential environments, and the other is a questionnaire survey of the mental image, preference and satisfaction for each village residential environments. Based on preliminary investigation, five rural villages, located In Kyungsamgun., Kyungbuk province, were selected as sutdy sites. The major results are summarized as follows; 1. In socio-cultural enveronments, the ratio of compound and non - agricultural household are increased with the modernization of rural villages. On the ocher hand, the numbers of neighbor's association are considerably decreased. This means the traditional community of korean rural villages are diminishing. 2. In physical environments, the ratio of improved western type gouses are increased In modprnized villages. And the modernization is most remarkable in the palls of fences and gardens. 3. By the result of the analysis of residfnt's environmental image and preference, the image scores of urban, formal, mdoern, etc. are showed to be high. And the preference is also high in modernized villages. But in general, the Preference for the village environment is comparatively low in all villages. This means the improvememt work should be continuous and systematic. 4. By the result of stepwise regression analysis, the variables, affecting the preference of village environment. are regularity, familiarity, amount of greenery, beauty of surrounding scenery, convenience, cleanness, etc. The R2s of the perference models were 0.4486 ∼0.9395, Which are considered to be high. 5. In the satisfaction for each residences, the toilets are mostly dis - satisfying. With the modernization of vilelages, the needs for environmental quality by residents are increased. 6. In the satisfaction for village enveironments, the satisfaction level is most low in service facilities, such as public bath, barbershop. And the satisfaction for the scenic beauty, the amenity of surrondings, and the com munity of the traditional villages, are commparatively high in conventional villges. 7. The imporvement works, based on the characteristics of each rural villages, are recommended. And the tradition of Jung - ja tree spaces and harmony with surrounding landscape of traditional villages, must be conserved with good regards.

• Journal of Korean Tunnelling and Underground Space Association
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• v.21 no.6
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• pp.749-762
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• 2019

In recent years, in urban areas, underground of roads are being promoted in order to resolve traffic congestion and to secure green spaces, and due to the low ratio of large vehicles, they are planned or constructed as road tunnels for small cars only. In addition, the tunnels being built in the city is a tendency to be enlarged to play the role of main roads. Accordingly, the capacity of the ventilation system is increasing and various ventilation methods are required, and the importance of maintenance after the completion of the tunnel such as the operating cost of the ventilation system is emphasized. Therefore, the need for optimization of the operation stage for reducing the power consumption of the ventilation system and the study of the ventilation system operation control logic is increasing. In this study, the study on the necessity of the optimization of operation stage and control logic of the ventilation system was carried out to realize the energy-saving operation for the small car only passing through tunnels which is applied of ① jet fan and combination ventilation system (② jet fan + air purifying equipment, ③ jet fan + vertical shaft, ④ jet fan + supply air semi-transverse). As a result of this study, there can be various operating combinations in the case of the combined ventilation system, and even though the amount of ventilation air is the same, the operating power varies greatly according to the operating combinations. It was found that operating the axial fan first rather than the jet fan first operation method has an effect on power saving.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
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• v.33 no.1
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• pp.119-128
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• 2015

The purpose of this study was to look at the Jungeun-sasang(中隱思想) and garden of Bai Juyi in the perspective of landscape architecture and inquiry the meaning of Bai Juyi's construction activities, thought shown in his gardens, and how his construction method influenced later and the result is as follows. First, the 'Jungeun-sasang(中隱思想)' of Bai Juyi improved the Eunil-sasang(隱逸思想) and the birth of 'Jungeun-sasang(中隱思想)' became a clue to be developed up to the garden art. In addition, different from before that built gardens hiding in mountains, it prepared the turning point to build gardens in cities. Second, the space principle of 'paradise' shown in the garden of Bai Juyi was a means and principle to absorb the nature such as positioning rocks, formation of mounds, and positioning of flowers in the limited and small spaces different from previous gardens of splendid and magnificent. The garden became not only outer scene but also the 'Simwon(心園) that reflected the inside world. 12) Third, the gardening act and thought appeared in the poem of Bai Juyi were expressed in pictures and his own gardens as his poem was borrowed and quoted. As a result, Bai Juyi's literary view on the art and thought prepared the base in the popularity of literary gardens and forming of characteristic styles through practical activities that he managed his own gardens. Forth, Bai Juyi's level of Confucianism realization and delicate aesthetical consciousness gave meanings to the scene of gardens through the discovery of the fusion of mountains and creeks, ways of adding, and the aesthetical consciousness of Taihushi(太湖石)and influenced in the forming of garden culture later on.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Geographic Information Studies
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• v.11 no.3
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• pp.92-106
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• 2008

The purpose of this study is to identify land use types and to develop and evaluate biotope maps for Gangseo-Gu (ward) in Busan Metropolitan City, South Korea, using the Degree of Hemeroby. Hemeroby is a measurement concept or tool to assess the magnitude of human impact on ecosystems. Gangseo-Gu is the second largest Gu in Busan and is under strong development pressure. Before the field survey, biotopes were pre-classified based on digital maps, aerial photos and high-resolution satellite images. The method employed in biotope survey and mapping was adopted from the modified method used in Seoul, which carried out the first biotope mapping in Korea in 2000. In the field survey, a comprehensive biotope mapping method was used. The results showed that the total surface area of biotopes in Gangseo-gu was $172,620,207m^2$(42,655 acres) and there were 29 biotope types with 13,631 polygons. The ratio of urban or built-up area 22.6% and the remaining areas were forest and open spaces, of which 22.6% were actual forest areas and 35.6% were paddy fields and other field areas. The Hemeroby Index of Gangseo-gu was 54.7, which suggests that Gangseo-gu has not yet been developed extensively and needs a long-term conservation and coordinated development plan.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.39 no.6
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• pp.46-56
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• 2011

This study an alyzes the spatial experience of a notable sense of place in five cities-Seoul, Gyeongju, Chuncheon, Anseong and Gwacheon. A survey targeting 300 citizens was carried out to survey meaningful, memorable places and measured spatial experiences in those places. The types of spatial experiences were divided among places to determine the implications thereof. To do this, first, those places that have a notable sense of place have relevance in natural and historical resources such as parks, cultural assets, etc. Second, the main experiences in making sense of place included 'relaxation and walking' and 'a view and appreciation'. These were divided into two types, Spatial Contact and Human Contact. Third, cities such as Seoul, Anseong, Gwacheon offer a variety of experience in places having a notable sense of place. Fourth, in cities noted for natural landscape, history and culture, those spaces with a notable sense of place are concentrated in the center of the city. They exhibit a variety of behaviors, complexly and simultaneously. These results-based spatial experiences of citizens and spatial character have important meaning for city identity and city marketing. Through defining those places that have a notable sense of place and understanding the spatial features in these places, this study can suggest basic information for forming the development strategy of the city.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.123-132
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• 2020

Seasonal changes in the CO₂ fixation rate and water-use efficiency in the leaves of six evergreen and two deciduous broad-leaved tree species on Jeju Island, Korea, were measured using a portable photosynthesis analyzer, to identify which species are most efficient in taking up CO₂ from the air. The CO₂ fixation rate was high in the deciduous species in spring and summer and decreased in fall, whereas it was high in the evergreen species in summer and fall and decreased in winter. The rate remained high in the deciduous tree Prunus yedoensis from spring to fall (> 7.1 μmol CO₂/m₂/s) and in two evergreen trees, Castanopsis cuspidata var. sieboldii and Cinnamomum camphora, in summer and fall (7.0 9.9 μmol CO₂/㎡/s). Therefore, these tree species fix atmospheric CO₂ effectively. The water-use efficiency was higher in evergreen species than in deciduous species regardless of the season. Exceptionally, it was high in the deciduous species Zelkova serrata in spring and summer (> 100 μmol CO₂/mol H₂O), suggesting that Z. serrata is a useful tree for dry conditions due to its tolerance of water stress. The regressions of the CO₂ fixation rate versus the evaporation rate and stomatal conductance were linear and non-linear, respectively. This suggests that the stomatal activity of leaves plays an important part in CO₂ fixation of plants. In conclusion, C. cuspidata var. sieboldii, C. camphora, and P. yedoensis should be planted along roads or in urban spaces for the greening of cities and mitigation of CO₂ concentrations in the air.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.35 no.6
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• pp.84-96
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• 2008

This research investigated the landscape characteristics of the skyline and the cognitive characteristics of Mt. Mudeung (1,186m) from various viewpoints. Mt. Mudeung, the representative landscape of Gwangju City, has been recognized as a natural landmark and theme of paintings. By analyzing the perspective from 32 points with a digital terrain model, some landscape indices of the skyline were derived and the relationships are discussed. Assessment of the semantic differential scale with 21 adjective variables and representativeness to 15 landscape photographs of the mountain were accomplished. 1. Through regression analysis of the skyline indices, significant relationships were found between them the angle from the visual axis and number of skyline jumps, the vertical angle fluctuation and number of jumps per degree, the visual depth fluctuation and vertical angle fluctuation of skyline, and between the vertical angle mean and number of jumps per degree. Meaningful relations were found between the number of jumps of skyline to number of jumps per degree and the angle from visual axis to visual distance. However, in the representative assessment no difference was found on the angle from visual axis of viewpoints. On the other hand, it seemed to relate representativeness with visual clarity based on visual distance. 2. We found 4 factors "familiarity", "fluctuation of skylines", "openness", and "feeling of texture" in the results of factor analysis of semantic differential assessment. When considering the results of assessment for representativeness, adjective words for familiarity and openness seemed to have a close assessment. Specifically, the research showed that the landscape representation was highly assessed in a view which could be seen from the higher parts to the lower part of hills. This result indicates that the management of viewpoints which could get a scene from intermediate to distant, and locating a high elevation is important. 3. In the picturesque expression of Mt. Mudeung, various impressions from the different points, a skyline based on the top of Mt. Mudeung and a mono structure by overlapping hills were common characteristics. These common characteristics were also partially found through the analysis of topographical landscape indices and landscape images. Therefore, the viewpoints for the representative landscape management should be selected in natural or open spaces.

• Journal of Navigation and Port Research
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• v.31 no.5 s.121
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• pp.409-414
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• 2007

The effect of multipath is especially serious in urban area and sea surface where buildings and water reflect GPS signal. Multipath brings about the performance degradation on many GPS application because the presence of multipath causes the diminution of pseudorange measurement accuracy in turn position accuracy. In this paper, a multipath mitigation named weighted correlation method is implemented on software GPS receiver, in which the asymmetric correlation function is compensated by modifying the late correlation value. Asymmetry compensation is obtained as weighted sum of two correlators which have different early-late chip spaces. This structure is adopted to lessen the computation load lower keeping up performance similar to that. The performance of implemented multipath mitigation technique is evaluated using GPS signal and multipath signal generated by GPS signal generator and software GPS receiver. The test results show that the weighted correlation method gives hefter performance than the standard correlator and the narrow correlator.