• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.46 no.6
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• pp.26-40
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• 2018

As urban regeneration and revitalization projects become increasingly popular in Korea, interests in residential environment, landscape improvement and community activities have risen, resulting in increased interest in community garden, a type of urban agriculture. However, the concept of community garden in Korea is yet to be defined apart from the general concept of urban agriculture. Also, any discussion regarding a practical scheme for community gardens remains nascent. Therefore, in order to define and to understand community gardens, and to draw meaningful implications for the community garden research in Korea, this study conducted a preliminary field survey of four North American cities from where the idea of community gardening originates. A total of 166 community gardens in Seattle, New York, Philadelphia and Vancouver were visited during this survey. Four community gardens from each city were selected for further analysis, with particular emphasis on spatial organization and social functions. The results showed that the community gardens in each city perform a diverse array of functions depending on location, type and societal needs. Community gardens in Seattle and Vancouver, which may be classified as 'uptown,' focused on their roles as fields of 'community participation.' Those in New York and Philadelphia, which are classified as 'downtown,' emphasized their function in 'urban beautification.' This study demonstrates that the community gardens in North America serve their roles as urban amenities and multi-functional public spaces for the entire local population. The implication of the results is that considerations for the social roles the community gardens serve and the spatial elements that allow the space to perform such functions are necessary for the further developments in the community garden research in Korea.

• Korean Journal of Organic Agriculture
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• v.27 no.4
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• pp.409-424
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• 2019

This study investigates the usage behavior and the perception of horticulturalists (horticultural activists) and simple users for urban community gardens. To this end, we surveyed 100 horticulturalists and 213 simple users. Questions in the survey are divided into five categories: 1) usage behavior of community gardens, 2) perception on the benefits of community gardens, 3) perception on the pros and cons of setting up community gardens, 4) willingness to pay for community gardens, 5) importance of specific benefits provided by community gardens. According to the survey, 95.0 percent of horticulturalists and 93.4 percent of simple users supported setting up community gardens. 58.0 percent of horticulturalists and 60.6 percent of simple users were willing to pay their residence tax for community gardens. And the annual membership fee plus resident tax of horticulturalists is 460,455 KW per person, which is 80.6 times more than willingness to pay of simple users. The results of this study can be used as basis data for valuing community gardens.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.40 no.2
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• pp.24-37
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• 2012

In this study, Community Garden of various national and international practices trends to an advanced research, the concept of community garden participated with a group operation out of initiative to produce safety food while securing space for the community, ensuring the area that has gone through a new form of active secure urban green space plan, urban renewal movement was defined as the mean. Furthermore, for the purpose of improving the poor welfare environment by attempting to experimentally make a community garden of a disabled welfare house rooftop and how to target its planning and construction process, partnership involvement, business processes have been investigated, such as cost sharing. The whole process including a budget for development of this case was conducted by the Busan Green Trust. Standard Chartered (SC) First Bank's 50% fund share by community chest, participation of volunteers, support of Busan City and Saba-gu, outside of that, sharing parts or trial to participate by diverse partnership of enterprise, public corporation and laboratory, these are the key in developing community garden's model. Established community garden places resulted food production to users of welfare center for the disabled, participating urban agricultural experience program, horticultural therapy, complex community chapter and cultural center. Furthermore, we could find the meaning of rooftop community garden in the point that it is a low cost garden by applying movable and unmovable planters. This study is profitable for improving urban environment, ensuring community chapter and urban green areas, regenerating a city to develop experimental community garden model by using a welfare house rooftop.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
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• v.41 no.3
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• pp.13-26
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• 2023

Landscapes and gardens have emerged as an important medium of practice in contemporary cities. Among them, this paper examines the city through the frame of gardens. This is because gardens are being reconceptualized as a medium of activity for urban residents and have become an important subject of action in urban regeneration and the creation of urban villages. From this perspective, this paper examines and proposes an "integrated garden city theory" as a landscape theory suitable for the contemporary era by focusing on the urban structure and the behavior of urban residents through the medium of gardens, as well as the process and results. This is both a process and a result of looking back at the evolution of landscape for over a century and rethinking the identity of landscape. We first examined garden city theory, noting that Ebenezer Howard and Frederick Law Olmsted's positions on the relationship between gardens and cities were not so different, and that "working and responsive landscapes" were fundamental to cities and the beginning of landscape theory. We also examine how their ideals have not been fully realized in cities over the past century, but the prototype of gardens based on traditional garden culture is now being formed in East Asian cities, and the evolution of landscape theory in response. The conclusion is that a new version of the garden concept should be reestablished as a living infrastructure in our cities, and a new garden city theory is needed to make it work. To this end, each chapter examines three arguments, as follows First, the values of gardens and East Asian garden cultures in contemporary cities are shaped by the themes of community and integrity. Second, Korean communality, represented by apartments, is expressed through gardening and requires the reconciliation of city and life and the role of landscape architecture as a specialized field to support it. Third, we examine and consider an integrated garden city theory as a theory of practice in which city-based, everyday life, and garden mediums, i.e., city, life, and garden, are organic, based on an oriental view of nature. As a result, it is confirmed that contemporary gardens and cities are looking for important elements and values that still need to be rediscovered in East Asian landscape and garden cultures. Although the proposal of an integrated garden city theory cannot guarantee the continuation of landscaping, it can be an opportunity for all fields related to cities, not just landscaping, to collaborate and consider garden cities. Through this, it is hoped that "the concept of garden and city suitable for metropolitan or dense cities, ways to spread and support garden culture based on community, evolution of landscape theory/design theory suitable for lifestyle and terrain conditions, search for sustainable/resilient garden city theory that can respond to climate change, and establishing a new role for landscape in the 21st century" will be seriously considered.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.34 no.6 s.119
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• pp.54-65
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• 2007

There is little research on the exterior spaces or gardens of single detached urban dwellings in Korea because apartments are the general housing type of most inhabitants. However there is an increasing demand for idyllic houses in the urban fringe and for environmentally friendly dwellings or healthy houses that is represented in urban residents gardening activities. The purpose of this research is to analyze residents' preferences and problems in gardening and management of single detached urban dwellings, and to evaluate the possibility of gardens as biotopes. It also addresses the issue of providing public amenities in the urban landscape. One hundred thirty-six dwellings were selected in residential areas of the city of Gwangju. The layout and plant composition, residents' evaluation and understanding of their own gardens, and maintenance and management were investigated. The results indicated that residents associate gardening with mental health and recognized a lack of space as one environmental restriction. Watering was seen as a primary difficulty for maintaining gardens. This research suggests that providing space for gardening could be a tool for participatory community making. When considering the important aspects of gardening, residents responded that gardens offer naturalness, scenic beauty, and practicality and also felt that gardens provide a buffer from environmental pollution and relief from mental duress. Results from the factor analysis using 15 semantic differential variables showed that 'spatial openness', 'natural variety' and 'familiarity' were representative factors. Although a garden is mainly considered as a space for the appreciation of nature with plant material, our results suggest that meaning and environmental symbolism are important elements.

• KIEAE Journal
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• v.13 no.5
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• pp.23-30
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• 2013

Due to rapid urbanization and industrialization in Korea urban environmental problems such as changes in climate and shortage in green spaces and social problems such as lacks of interactions with neighbors have occurred and community garden appeared as one means to solve such problems. The purpose of this study is to comprehensively identify the evaluation items to measure the effect of community gardens. This study comprehensively researched the evaluation items through literature studies of domestic and overseas documents and verified their contents through case studies of domestic site. As a result of this study, a total of 39 measurement items for evaluation was identified and these items were divided into five large categories of "eco-environmental effect," "production and economic effect," "physical effect," "psychological effect," and "social effect" and these categories could be subdivided into 12 types. This study can be used as references for positively introducing the community gardens in Korea and has a meaning that it can be developed as an analyzing tool for measuring the concrete effects of community gardens when they are introduced in Korea in large numbers hereafter.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.5 no.4
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• pp.80-88
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• 2002

Comprehensive landscape architectural services provided from schematic design through construction document for this 22,000 square foot, linear, urban rooftop garden situated on top of an in-ground parking garage. The Butterfly Garden serves as a green buffer between a fully renovated historic, seven story condominium building and 15 newly constructed luxury town houses. The park was developed with the cooperation and input from the Washington Butterfly Society during an intensive design charette. The garden will one day soon serve as an ecological amenity to the residents of Alban Towers as well as the surrounding community.

• The Korean Journal of Community Living Science
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.33-49
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• 2009

Community gardens with log house in rural areas as a rural growth tool are able to promote rural-urban exchange and adapt to current market mechanisms by means of communication and promotion techniques. It is important to know that what community garden's users seek for their benefits and demand for well-established and settled down. The primary purpose of this study was to examine the needs of dwellers to live their community gardens so as to provide a better understanding of community gardens in Korea. An open-ended questionnaire survey was obtained from ten householders on community gardens in the study area. The results show that there needs to establish facilities such as small storehouse for farming appliances and barbecue area, and to set up the regulation to control a loud talking and sing until late night. We suggest that the government supports to help dwellers consider their needs to be comfortable on their gardening plots.

• Journal of the Korean Geographical Society
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• v.51 no.2
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• pp.269-281
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• 2016

This article problematizes and interrogates the idea of 'community' which is increasingly important in Korean urban policy-making. For the purpose, this article scrutinizes, and compares, how ordinary citizen participants and civil society activist organizations in a 'community garden' program of Seoul make sense of, utilize, and practice the policy concept. The neo-Faucauldian perspective of 'governmentality' is employed to understand the association between the community-focused policy program and neoliberalism, but Barnett's( 2005) call for 'bottom-up governmentality' is taken seriously in order to avoid any deterministic interpretation. On the basis of this eclectic perspective on governmentality, this article presents empirical findings that may suggest a contestation over community between ordinary citizens and civil society activists. More specifically, ordinary citizen participants prioritize place-based, on-the-ground community experiences that are built on common cultivation practices, whereas civil society activists tend to consider community garden as a teleological governmental technology generative of particular citizen subjects. Civic community garden advocacy as such aims to address social, economic, and spatial problems that neoliberalsim has produced, but it also appears to be in a close association with neoliberal urban policy. Thus, the community activism's meaningfulness lies in its active intervention to neoliberal urban policy, but a gap between ordinary practical achievements and civic activism can be a potential danger to urban community policy. On the basis of this discussion, this article asks more detailed investigations about the taken-for-granted positivity of urban community (re)vitalization programs, and also examinations on whether and how such projects generates emergent tensions between ordinary achievements and policy prescriptions.

• Journal of the Korean housing association
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• v.15 no.6
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• pp.57-65
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• 2004

This paper has attempted to analyze the site planning theories of Raymond Unwin (1863-1940), who is called the father of British town planning. A prominent contribution of his was to establish both the site planning of garden suburb and urban housing style in British type. Here it attempts to analyze how he greatly and firmly established the concept of Housing Group, and how he got this the concept from the life and spatial composition of villages. It could be pointed out that the main factors of the Unwin theory are social mixture, creation of community consciousness and informal landscape design, and that the small enclosed space with plenty of amenity is his main theme. It is pointed out that the Unwin theory is composed of recognizing urban life as totality, and group planning theory, and that he definitely originated a new technique: Housing Group. It is analyzed that the syntactic relations between the group planning theory and housing designs in the English garden suburbs are epitomized in Hampstead Garden Suburb, Middlesex.