• Journal of the Korean Society of Physical Medicine
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• v.10 no.4
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• pp.113-121
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• 2015

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of shoulder external rotation on muscle activities of the scapular upward rotators during arm elevation. METHODS: Nineteen healthy subjects with no medical history of shoulder pain or upper extremity disorders were recruited for this study. Electromyography (EMG) was used to measure the muscle activities of the serratus anterior (SA), upper trapezius (UP), lower trapezius (LT) and infraspinatus (IS) muscles during arm elevation. The EMG activities were recorded while the subjects performed $90^{\circ}$ arm elevation with three different arm positions; palm down (PD), neutral position (NP), and palm up (PU). While seated in a chair, the subject was asked to raise the upper extremity in the sagittal plane in random order. Subjects performed $90^{\circ}$ arm elevations in three trials at each arm position. The mean EMG activity normalized by the maximal voluntary isometric contraction was analyzed across three arm positions. Repeated measures one-way ANOVA and the post hoc Bonferroni tests were used to determine the differences in muscle activities among the three arm positions. RESULTS: The EMG activities of the SA and IS were significantly greater in the PU condition than in the other conditions during arm elevation. No significant difference was noted between the NP and PD conditions during arm elevation. CONCLUSION: These results suggest that shoulder external rotation (palm up position) can be used to activate the SA. Therefore, we recommend a scapular protraction exercise in the palm up position for strengthening the SA.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Costume
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• v.30
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• pp.201-210
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• 1996

The perpose of this study is to compare and to analyze the characters of the shape of up-per arm and armscye line between young and aged women. The subjects were measured with the Mar-tin's anthropometer and with free curve ruler. 10 items in the shape of upper arm were measured and 16 items in the shape of armscye line measured indirectly based on the measured shape taken from the subjects with free curve ruler and both date were analyzed. Mean standard deviation f-test factor analysis were performed for the statistical analysis of the date. The main results were as follows: 1) The shape of the upper arm is long and narrow in youg women compared with aged. 2) The length of the axilla of the aged women were longer than that of young women. 3) There are significant differences young and aged women on the shape of armscye line. THe length of from the front point of axilla to shoulder point width and depth of the shape of the armscye line length of axilla of aged women were longer than that of young. but the length of from the back point of axilla to shoulder point of yyoung women was longer than aged. 4.) The front point of axilla was existed lower than back point of axilla in aged women while front point of axilla was existed higher than the back point in young. 5) Through the factor analysis two factors were obtained from the shape of the upper arm and five factors from the shape on armmscye line in both groups. Factor compornents in the shape of the up per arm were length width and girth of that and in the shape of the armscye line were width and length of upper and lower back and front part of the shape of the armscye line depth of the axilla. he items in the same factor were resemble each other between two groups.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.19 no.5
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• pp.826-841
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• 1995

This study is concerned with the functional utility of movement in sleeve from an ergonomic viewpoint. Experiments were carried out which include 43 upper extremity segments, 21 motions and 35 female subjects. The major conclusions of the study are. 1. The expansion rate of upper extremity was higher in length than in circumference mesurements. The amounts of expansion were, especially high (more than 60mm) for inner arm length, axillary arm circumference, and outer arm length. Therefore, a lot of ease is necessary for these parts. On the other hand, armhole circumference, forearm circumference, and wrist circumference had low rates of expansion. The sleeve cap length was also contracted in all motions. 2. The expansion rate and the range of expansion and contraction were higher in the upper arm than in the forearm. The main points of expansion were the axillary and elbow parts. The segment of maximum expansi (rate of 44.8%) was Iii of axillary parts. As the body surface expands mainly in some segments, it is desirable to allow ease to the main segments of expansion. 3. In a basic sleeve, necessary ease was lacking in the measurements for outer arm length and axillary arm circumference, while it was too large in armhole circumference, forearm circumference, wrist circumference, and sleeve cap length. Therefore, a basic sleeve is inadequate as a functional sleeve for hard work in point of functional utility of movement. Wider application of these findings would lead to an improvement in the comfort of workers.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.21 no.6
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• pp.1031-1040
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• 1997

This study was done to analyze the body surface developments of armhole area. The major conclusions of this study are: 1. The body surface developments showed the characteristics of expansion and contraction of body at armhole area. By arm movements, front armhole lines on the body surface developments of upper arm were slow going, but back armhole lines were full and round. As a whole, armhole line of the back torso was swollen outside especially at backarmpit point area, it seemed like a line of raglan sleeve. 2. Regression Analysis was carried out to adapt armhole line on the upper arm and upper body to bodice and sleeve pattern, following the axillary circumference line and chest breadth line changed to the basic pattern form. As the result, armhole lines of 90$^{\circ}$ and 135-180$^{\circ}$ movements deviated from those of standard posture. U-type, clear armhole curve of standard posture turned to V-type, slanting line by arm movements.

• Journal of Advanced Marine Engineering and Technology
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• v.32 no.5
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• pp.724-729
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• 2008

Umbilical cord blood has been recently considered an attractive potential alternative as a source of stem cell transplantation to curing diseases such as leukemia, cancers, immune disorders. Normally the stored system of the umbilical cord blood specimen is equipped with a computer-controlled robotic arm that enables the samples to locate the identification places in liquid nitrogen tank at regulated temperature as about $-196^{\circ}C$. As the half of robotic arm is in the air and the rest part is submerged in liquid nitrogen, the temperature of robotic arm varies from ambient to liquid nitrogen temperature. In this study the temperature variation of upper part of arm above tank lid was thermally analysed by using the commercial code of Ansys. The result of analysis was that the upper part of robotic arm was seriously frozen due to heat transfer from liquid nitrogen as low as -$120^{\circ}C$. In order to solve the frost problem of robotic arm, small PTFE tube block as resistance material was introduced into the lower part of tank lid instead of the whole stainless steel(SUS) robotic arm. The results showed that the temperature of robotic arm above the lid was higher enough, and this method would be one of the very effective measure to solve the problem.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.32 no.10
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• pp.1651-1658
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• 2008

This study was to decided the proper garment pressure level on the human body parts. Six volunteers (female: 30-40years) put on the same types of bands, a brief, and a non-woven gown. Garment pressure was measured in regular order with the elastic band on the human body parts such as the upper arm, the waist, the thigh, and the calf. At the same time, physiological responses such as the skin blood flow rate on 2 fingers, 7 different skin temperatures, rectal temperature, heat rates, and subjective responses about the pressure sensation, thermal sensation, and humidity sensation were measured and inquired. The results were as follows; 1. The thicker subcutaneous fat thickness, the higher the mean garment pressure on pressurizing the upper arm(p<.001). Also the thicker subcutaneous fat thickness. the thicker the upper arm circumference. 2. Heart rates increased pressured the upper arm and decreased pressured the waist, the thigh, and the calf. The higher the garment pressure, the higher heart rates on all body parts were pressured. Especially lean subjects showed higher physiological load than others. 3. On pressurizing the upper arm, heart rates, rectal temperature, and mean skin temperature were higher than without pressured state and pressured other body parts.4. The proper garment pressure levels were decided 30gf/$cm^2$ for fat people, 20gf/$cm^2$ for others on the upper arms and 24gf/$cm^2$ on the calf.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.11-19
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• 1987

The objectives of this study were: 1. To investigate the relationship between arm movement and clothing pressure in the upper arm and shoulder blade area. 2. To find out the relationship between ease of basic pattern and clothing pressure in the upper arm and shoulder blade area. 3. To study any interaction between arm movement and ease of clothing on the clothing pressure. This study was an experimental research using the measuring devices of clothing pressure. The subjects were the unmarried college women. Arm movements were 3 types($45^{\circ}$, $90^{\circ}$, $135^{\circ}$) to the horizontal direction. The ease of basic pattern in the breast was 3 types(4 cm, 6 cm, 8cm). The statistical analyses used in this study included mean, standard deviation and one-way analysis of variance. The results obtained from this research were as follows; 1. The whole clothing pressure increased as the angle of the arm movement increased. Part of upperarm and shoulder blade above axillar gave high clothing pressure while part of upperarm and shoulder blade above upper breast, low pressure. Difference between highest clothing pressure and lowest clothing pressure increased as the arm movementdid. 2. The whole clothing pressure increased as the ease of the basic pattern in breast decreased. No matter how the ease of basic pattern in the breast area varied, the Points where generally showed high and low pressure were identical. 3. The whole arm pressure increased as the movement angle increased and the ease of pattern in breast area decreased. Difference between highest clothing pressure and lowest clothing pressure increased as the movement angle increased and the ease decreased.

• The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy
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• v.15 no.3
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• pp.202-222
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• 2003

Chronic upper extremity hemiparesis is a leading cause of functional disability after stroke. The purpose of this study were to identify effects of a 6weeks repetitive bilateral arm training on upper motor function and the reorganization of motor network. Four chronic stroke patients participated in this study. They performed for 6 consecutive weeks, 3 days a week, 30 minutes a day. In the single group study, four 5-minute periods per session of bilateral arm training were performed with the use of a custom-designed arm training machine. The results of this study was as follows. 1. Following the 6weeks period of RBAT, patient exhibited a improvement in FMA and BBT. 2. Following the 6weeks period of RBAT, it showed improvement in reaching time, symbol digit substitution and finger tapping speed of KCNT. 3. fMRI activation after RBAT showed a focal map in lesional cortical area and perilesional motor areas. These fMRI data suggest that hemodynamics response to RBAT reflect sensorimotor reorganization in contralateral hemisphere. In conclusion, these date suggest that improved upper extremity function induced by repetitive bilateral arm training after stroke is associated with reorganization of motor network as a neural basis for the improvement of paratic upper extremity function.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Automotive Engineers
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.113-125
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• 2013

This study analyzes upper arm as the part of suspension through the structural analyses of fatigue. Maximum displacement is shown at the knuckle joint connected with the bracket of automotive body. Among the cases of nonuniform fatigue loads, 'SAE bracket history' with the severest change of load becomes most unstable but 'Sample history' becomes most stable. Maximum life at 'Sample history' or 'SAE transmission' can be shown with 60 or 3.5 times more than 'SAE bracket history' respectively. In case of 'Sample history' with the average stress of $-4{\times}10^4$ to $4{\times}10^4$ MPa and the amplitude stress 0 to $8{\times}10^4$ MPa, the possibility of maximum damage becomes 3%. This stress state can be shown with 5 or 6 times more than the damage possibility of 'SAE Bracket history' or 'SAE transmission'. This study result is applied with the design of upper arm and it can be useful at predicting prevention and durability against its damage.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Costume
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• v.55 no.5 s.95
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• pp.87-100
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• 2005

This study was to provide the fundamental data for a scientific and rational clothing construction by investigating the length variation of the upper body surface, using the method of surgical tape. The subjects were 15 early elementary schoolgirls in Busan area classified by three somatotypes, Arm-movements were consisted of 6 types. The statistical analyses used in this study were mean, standard deviation and the ANOVA and LSD procedure. The results of the analysis of the length of the upper body surface are as follows: By arm-movements, in the items of horizontal, front neck base girth, back upper bust girth, back bust girth and back under bust girth were increased and the other standard lines were apt to be decreased. In the items of vertical, all standard lines of front side and side seam length showed increased, the lines of bark side were apt to be decreased. The shoulder length represented the maximum rate of decrease($-36.59\%{\~}-48.98\%$) in M6($180^{\circ}$) and the side seam showed the maximum rate of increase($49.74\%{\~}59.22\%$) in the same movement.