• Korean Chemical Engineering Research
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• 제51권1호
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• pp.127-135
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• 2013

본 연구에서는 개선된 바이오필터설계를 가지는 새로운 바이오필터의 압력강하 및 미생물 population 분포 등을 관찰하고, 같은 유효부피를 갖고 unidirectional flow (UF)를 갖는 전통적 바이오필터의 경우와 비교하였다. 개선된 바이오필터는 운전 초기 또는 정상상태의 장기운전에서 전통적 바이오필터 압력강하의 약 40~80% 이상을 감소시켰다. 미생물 population 분포는 바이오필터 담체인 폐타이어담체와 입상 활성탄의 두 경우 모두 바이오필터 top 단에서 가장 낮았고 바이오필터 밑으로 내려갈수록 미생물 population이 커졌다. 한편 폐타이어담체는 입상활성탄 담체보다 월등히 큰 미생물 population을 나타내는 미생물 콜로니 개체수(CFU counts)를 보였다. 개선된 바이오필터에서 악취가스가 $bottom{\rightarrow}up$으로 공급되는 경우에 악취가스가 $top{\rightarrow}down$으로 공급되는 경우보다 미생물 population 성장이 더욱 컸으며, 입상활성탄 담체보다 폐타이어담체에서 이 현상이 더욱 두드러졌다. 전통적 바이오필터와 개선된 바이오필터시스템 각각의 미생물 population 분포도를 비교하였을 때에, 개선된 바이오필터의 미생물 population은 전통바이오필터보다 입상 활성탄 담체와 폐타이어담체의 경우에 각각 약 15배 및 2.5배 만큼 더 고르게 분포되었다.

• 한국대기환경학회지
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• 제14권6호
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• pp.599-606
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• 1998

Removal of toluene vapor from airstreams was studied in a biological reactor known as a biofilter. The biofilter was packed porous ceramic inoculated with thickened activated sludge (MLVSS 17,683 mg/L). The lab-scale biofilter was operated for 42 days under various experimental conditions including inlet toluene concentrations and flow rates of the contaminated air streams. Removal efficiency reached up 96.6% after 4 days from start up. Nutrient limitation was proposed as a reason for the decrease in biofilter performence. Biofilter performance decreased substantially, coincident with the buildup of back pressure due to accumulation of excess VSS within the medium bed. Practically, the bed needs to be backwashed when the overall pressure drop is greater than 460.6 Pa at SV (Space Velocity) 100 h-1. Periodic backwashing of the biofilter was necessary for removing excess biomass and attaining stable long -term high removal efficiency The removal efficiency of toluene in the biofilter decreased as the gas velocity and toluene concentration in the inlet gas increased. The maximum elimination capacity of ceramic biofilter could reach up to 444.85 g/m3. hr. When the loading of toluene exceed this critical value, substrate inhibition occurred.

• 한국물환경학회지
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• 제21권6호
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• pp.669-675
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• 2005

Biological nitrate removal from groundwater was investigated in the biofilters packed with both gravel/sand and plastic media. Removal of particles and turbidity were also investigated in the 2-stage biofilter system consisted of biofilter and subsequent sand filter. In the single biofilter packed with gravel and sand, nitrate removal efficiency was dropped with the increase of filtration velocity and furthermore, nitrite concentration increased up to 3.2 mg-N/L at 60 m/day. Denitrification rate at the bottom layer below 25 cm was faster 8 times than upper layer in the up-flow biofilter. Nitrite build-up, due to the deficiency of organic electron donors, occurred at the upper layer of bed. Besides DO concentration and organic carbon, contact time in media was the main factor for nitrate removal in a biofilter. The most of the effluent particles from biofilter was in the range from 0.5 to $2.0{\mu}m$, which resulted in high turbidity of 1.8 NTU. However, sand filter followed by biofilter efficiently performed the removal of particles and turbidity, which could reduce the turbidity of final filtrate below 0.5 NTU. Influent nitrate was removed completely in the 2-stage biofilter and no nitrite was detected.

• 한국미생물·생명공학회지
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• 제41권2호
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• pp.221-227
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• 2013

Perlite와 tobermolite 담체를 각각 상 하단(바이오필터 A) 또는 하 상단(바이오필터 B)으로 충전한 상향식 바이오필터에서 상하단의 메탄산화 특성을 비교하였다. 각 바이오필터에서 상단과 하단 담체를 채취하여 메탄산화속도를 측정하고, 정량적 real time PCR 방법을 이용하여 메탄산화세균수를 정량분석 하였다. 혼합담체의 층적배열 차이에 따른 각 담체의 순수 메탄산화속도를 조사한 결과, biofilter A perlite 상단이 $845.16{\pm}64.78{\mu}mol{\cdot}VS^{-1}{\cdot}h^{-1}$로 tobermolite 하단 $381.85{\pm}42.00{\mu}mol{\cdot}VS^{-1}{\cdot}h^{-1}$에 비하여 상대적으로 높았다(p < 0.005). 또한, biofilter B tobermolite의 상단($601.25{\pm}37.78{\mu}mol{\cdot}VS^{-1}{\cdot}h^{-1}$)이 perlite 하단($411.07{\pm}53.02{\mu}mol{\cdot}VS^{-1}{\cdot}h^{-1}$)에 비하여 메탄산화속도가 높았다(p < 0.005). 바이오필터 A는 상단(1.27E+13 pmoA gene copy number/mg-VSS)보다는 하단(3.33E+13 pmoA gene copy number/mg-VSS) (p < 0.05)에 더 많은 메탄 산화 세균이 존재하였다. 그러나, 바이오필터 B는 상단과 하단간의 메탄 산화 세균수의 차이는 유의하지 않은 것으로 나타났다(p > 0.05). Perlite와 tobermolite로 충진된 각 담체의 순수 메탄산화속도는 상단부에 위치한 담체들이 높았음에도 불구하고 바이오필터내에서 메탄농도 감소폭이 컸던 하단부에서 메탄산화세균이 많이 존재하였다.

• 한국습지학회지
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• 제23권1호
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• pp.94-105
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• 2021

본 연구에서는 합성섬유로 충진된 바이오필터(FBF)와 우드칩으로 충진된 필터(WBF)로 구성된 수직흐름형 습지공정(BFS)의 처리성능을 평가하였다. BFS 시스템에서 단독 필터를 사용한 것보다 두개의 필터를 직렬로 결합한 경우 특히 질소제거에 탁월한 성능을 나타내었다. FBF 공정에서는 암모니아 질소 100%가 활발한 질산화 반응을 통하여 질산성 질소로 전환되었으며 후속 WBF에서 77%의 질산성 질소가 제거되어 우드칩이 제공하는 탄소가 탈질반응에 큰 영향을 끼치는 것으로 판명되었다. 바이오필터의 성능은 유입특성에 상관없이 독립적인 성능을 보였으며 인 제거에도 효과가 있었으나 종종 용출징후가 나타났으며 현장적용시에는 이와 같은 사항을 유념해야할 것으로 보인다. 한편 회귀식 분석결과 운전시간에 따른 바이오 필터내부의 미생물 증식상태를 간접적으로 암시해 주었다. 본 연구결과 질소제거 측면에서 본 연구에서 제안하고 있는 여재를 이용한 수직흐름형 직렬식 습지 공정은 전형적인 수직-수평흐름 습지와 비교하여 비용측면에서 많은 장점을 가지고 있다.

• 한국농공학회논문집
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• 제48권6호
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• pp.113-124
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• 2006

The feasibility of the up- and down-flow constructed wetland was examined fur rural wastewater treatment in Korea. Many constructed wetland process was suffered from substrate clogging and high plant stresses because of long term operation. The up- and down-flow constructed wetland process used porous granule materials (charcoal pumice : SSR=10:20:70) for promoting intake rate of nutrient to plant, and especially flow type was designed continuously repeating from up-flow to down-flow. $BOD_5$ and SS was removed effectively by the process with the average removal rate being about 75% respectively. The wetland process was effective in treating nutrient as well as organic pollutant. Removal of TN and TP were more effective than other wetland system and mean effluent concentrations were approximately 7.5 and $0.4mg\;L^{-1}$ which satisfied the water quality standard for WWTPs. The treatment system did not experience any clogging or accumulations of pollutants and reduction of treatment efficiency during winter period because constructed polycarbonate glass structure prevented temperature drop. Considering stable performance and effective removal of pollutant in wastewater, low maintenance, and cost-effectiveness, the up- and down-flow constructed wetland was thought to be an effective and feasible alternative in rural area.

• 한국환경과학회지
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• 제11권8호
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• pp.819-827
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• 2002

Laboratory scale experiments were conducted to evaluate the performance of a biofilter for eliminating dimethyl sulfide(DMS). A commercial compost/pine bark nugget mixture served as the biofilter material for the experiments. The gas flow rate and DMS concentration entering the filter were varied to study their effect on the biofilter efficiency. The operating parameters, such as the residence time, inlet concentration, pH, water content, and temperature, were all monitored throughout the filter operation. The kinetic dependence of the DMS removal along the column length was also studied to obtain a quantitative description of the DMS elimination. High DMS removal efficiencies(>95％) were obtained using the compost filter material seeded with activated sludge. DMS pollutant loading rates of up to 5.2 and 5.5 g-DMS/m$^3$/hr were effectively handled by the upflow and downflow biofilter columns, respectively. The macrokinetics of the DMS removal were found to be fractional-order diffusion-limited over the 9 to 25 ppm range of inlet concentrations tested. The upflow column had an average macrokinetic coefficient(K$\_$f/) of 0.0789 $\pm$ 0.0178 ppm$\^$$\sfrac{1}{2}$//sec, while the downflow column had an average coefficient of 0.0935 $\pm$ 0.0200 ppm$\^$$\sfrac{1}{2}$//sec. Shorter residence times resulted in a lower mass transfer of the pollutant from the gas phase to the aqueous liquid phase, thereby decreasing the efficiency.

• KSBB Journal
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• 제15권5호
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• pp.469-473
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• 2000

본 연구는 실험실 규모의 biofilter를 이용하여 공기 중에 혼합되어 있는 대표적인 휘발성 유기화합물인 toluene기체를 제거하는 실험이다. 생물여과실험은 일반적인 조건하에서 오 염된 공기를 바이오필터의 상단으로부터 하단으로 흐르게 하 여 수행하였다. 반웅기 컬럼의 내부는 peat와 calstone (부피 비 5:3) 혼합물로 충진 되었으며, 충진재는 반응기에 채우기 전에 미생물 (Pseudomonas putida type A)과 잘 혼합하였다. 접종된 미생물은 충진 고체충에 고정화되어 생물막을 형성하 게 된다. 바이오필터는 다양한 툴루엔 농도와 유속조건에서 약 90일 이상 운전 되었으며, 최대 제거량은 유입 toluene량 $30 g/m^3hr$에서 $20 g/m^3hr$임을 알 수 있었다. 오염왼 공기는 체류시간 1-2 min에서 제거율이 20-90%끼지 변화하는 것을 보여 주었다 한편 운전중에 발생하는 압력강하는 $1.062 cmH_2O/m$ 정도로서 반응기 전체를 통하여 무시할 수 있을 정도로 낮았다.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제17권5호
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• pp.784-791
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• 2007

The present work aims to use a biofilter technology(aerated submerged filters) for the aerobic transformation at laboratory-scale of olive washing water(OWW) generated in the first steps of olive oil processing, as well as the genetic profiling and identification to the species level of the bacteria involved in the formation of the biofilm, by means of TGGE. Chemical parameters, such as biological oxygen demand at five days($BOD_5$) and chemical oxygen demand(COD), decreased markedly(up to 90 and 85%, respectively) by the biological treatment, and the efficiency of the process was significantly affected by aeration and inlet flow rates. The total polyphenol content of inlet OWW was only moderately reduced(around 50% decrease of the inlet content) after the biofilter treatment, under the conditions tested. Partial 16S rRNA genes were amplified using total DNA extracted from the biofilm and separated by TGGE. Sequences of isolated bands were mostly affiliated to the $\alpha-subclass$ of Proteobacteria, and often branched in the periphery of bacteria] genera commonly present in soil(Rhizobium, Reichenowia, Agrobacterium, and Sphingomonas). The data obtained by the experimentation at laboratory scale provided results that support the suitability of the submerged filter technology for the treatment of olive washing waters with the purpose of its reutilization.

• 한국신재생에너지학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국신재생에너지학회 2006년도 춘계학술대회
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• pp.465-469
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• 2006

Two mesophilic trickling bed bioreactors filled with two different types of media, hydrophilic- and hydrophobic-cubes, were designed and tested for hydrogen production via anaerobic fermentation of sucrose. Each reactor consisted of a column packed with polymeric cubes and inoculated with heat-treated sludge obtained from anaerobic digestion tank. A defined medium containing sucrose was fed with changing flow rate into the capped reactor, hydraulic retention time and recycle rate. Hydrogen concentrations in gas-phase were constant, averaging 40% for all conditions tested. Hydrogen production rates increased up to $10.5 L{\cdot};h^{-1}{\cdot}L^{-1}$ of reactor when influent sucrose concentrations and recycle rates were varied. Hydrophobic media provided higher value of hydrogen production rate than hydrophilic media at the same operation conditions. No methane was detected when the reactor was under a normal operation. The major fermentation by-products in the liquid effluent of the both trickling biofilters were acetate and butyrate. The reactor filled with hydrophilic media became clogged with biomass and bio gas, requiring manual cleaning of the system, while no clogging occurred in the reactor with hydrophobic media. In order to make long-term operation of the reactor filled with hydrophilic media feasible, biofilm accumulation inside the media in the reactor with hydrophilic media and biogas produced from the reactor will need to be controlled through some process such as periodical backwashing or gas-purging. These tests using trickling bed biofilter with hydrophobic media demonstrate the feasibility of the process to produce hydrogen gas in a trickle-bed type of reactor. A likely application of this reactor technology could be hydrogen gas recovery from pre-treatment of high carbohydrate-containing wastewaters.